The experience of modernism: Modern architects and the future city, 1928-53

The Experience of Modernism: Modern Architects and the Future City, 1928-53

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-278

  Gold, John R ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85075076684     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315024899     Document Type: Book

References (311)

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71. Cohen, J.L. (1995) Scenes of the World to Come: European Archi-tecture and the American Challenge, 1893-1960, Paris: Flammarion. See also Shanor, R.R. (1988) The City that Never Was, Harmonds-worth: Penguin, pp. 16-23.
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78. Scott, M. (1969) American City Planning since 1890, Berkeley: University of California Press;
79. Collins, G.R. (1979) Visionary Drawings of Architecture and Plan-ning: twentieth century through the 1960s, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
80. Wright, F.L. (1932) The Disappearing City, New York: Payson;
81. Wright, F.L. (1935) 'Broadacre City, a New Community Plan', Architectural Record, 77, pp.243-54.
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107. Summerson, J. (1949) Heavenly Mansions, London: Cresset Press, p. 191.
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115. Ockman, J. (1985) Architecture, Criticism, Ideology, Princeton: Prin-ceton University Press, p.48.
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117. Ginzberg, M. (1926) 'Mezhdunarodny front sovremennoi arkhi-tektury', Sovremennaia Arkhitektura, 1(2), p.42.
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133. Wigley, M. (1995) White Walls, Designer Dresses: the Fashioning of Modern Architecture, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp.303-5.
134. Stritzler-Levine, N. (1996) Josef Frank, Architect and Designer: an Alternative Vision of the Modern Home, New Haven, CN: Yale University Press.
135. Blundell Jones, P (1995) Hans Scharoun, London: Phaidon, p.46.
136. Behrendt, W.C. (1927) Der Sieg des neuen Baustils, Stuttgart: Wedekind. Behrendt was also editor of the Werkbund's maga-zine Die Form.
137. Hitchcock, H.R. and Johnson, P. (1932) The International Style, New York: Museum of Modern Art; 1966 edition, New York: Norton.
138. Riley, T. (1992) The International Style: Exhibi-tion 15 and the Museum of Modern Art, Catalogue 3, New York: Rizzoli/Columbia Books of Architecture.
139. Matthews, H. (1994) 'The Promotion of Modern Architecture by the Museum of Modern Art in the 1930s', Journal of Design History, 7(1), pp.43-59.
140. van der Woud, A. (1982) Het Nieuwe Bouwen Internationaal/CIAM Volkshuisvesting/Stedebow, Delft: Delft University Press, p.7.
141. Curtis, W. (1986) Le Corbusier: Ideas and Forms, Oxford: Phaidon, p.118.
142. Benton, C. (1987) 'The Era of Great Projects', in M. Raeburn and V. Wilson (eds), Le Corbusier: Architect of the Century, London: Arts Council of Great Britain, p.165.
143. Steinmann, M. (1979) Internationale Kongresse fiir Neues Bauen: Dokumente, 1928-1939, Basle: Birkhauser Verlag, pp. 12-21.
144. Boe-singer, W. and Stonorow, O. (1964) Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret: the Complete Architectural Works, vol. 1 '1910-1929', London: Thames & Hudson, p.175.
145. Jencks, C. (1973) Le Corbusier and the Tragic View of Architecture, London: Allen Lane, p.77.
146. Giedion, S. (1941) Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a New Tradition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (5th edn (1967) consulted here), p.696.
147. Stritzler-Levine, Josef Frank', and Wilson, C. St. J. (1995) The Other Tradition of Modern Architecture: the Uncompleted Project, London: Academy Editions, p.13.
148. Schmidt, H. 'The Soviet Union and Modem Architecture', Die Nette Stadt, 6-7, pp. 146-8.
149. Schmidt, H. (1932) 'The Soviet Union and modem architecture', reproduced in Lissitzky, Russia, p.220.
150. Goldfinger, E. (1983) 'A meeting of minds', Architects' Journal, 14 December, p.28.
151. Newman, O. (1961) GAM '59 in Otterlo, London: Alec Tiranti, p.ll.
152. Ostrowski, W. (1970) Contem-porary Town Planning from the Origins to the Athens Charter, The Hague: International Federation for Housing and Planning, p.159;
153. Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: an Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Oxford: Basil Black-well, p.32;
154. Curtis, W. (1994) Denys Lasdun: Architecture, City, Landscape, Oxford: Phaidon, p.40.
155. Gold, J.R. (1997) 'The myth of the Athens Charter', unpublished ms available from the author.
156. Giedion, S. (1937) 'The work of the CIAM (Congrès Inter-nationaux d'Architecture Moderne), in J.L. Martin, B. Nicholson and N. Gabo (eds), Circle, London: Faber & Faber, 272-8 (reprinted edition (1971) consulted here, p.275).
157. van Eesteren, C. (1937) 'Rapports de base', in CIAM Logis et Loisirs, Boulogne-sur-Seine: éditions de l'Architecture d'Aujoud-'hui, p.14.
158. Seri, J.L. (1937) 'Cas d'application: villes', in CIAM Logis et Loisirs, Boulogne-sur-Seine: éditions de l'Archi-tecture d'Aujoud'hui, p.32
159. Giedion, S. (1951) A Decade of Modern Archi-tecture, Zurich: Editions Girsberger.
160. Giedion, S. (1942) 'Introduction', in J.L. Sert Can Our Cities Survive?, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p.x.
161. Fry, E.M. (1945) 'The future of architecture', in J.B. Drew (ed.), Architects' Year Book, London: Elek, p.10.
162. Hepworth, B. (1934) 'Manifesto', in H. Read (ed.), Unit One: the Modern Movement in English Architecture, Painting and Sculpture, London: Cassell, pp.18-19.
163. Orwell, G. (1962) The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius, London: Seeker and Warburg, p.85;
164. Crick, B. (1980) George Orwell: a Life, Eiarmondsworth: Penguin, p.407.
165. Bergonzi, B. (1978) Reading the Thirties, London: Macmillan, p.90;
166. Naylor, G. (1977) 'Mod-ernism: Threadbare or Eleroic?', Architectural Review, 162, p.107.
167. Saint, A. (1987) Towards a Social Architecture: the Role of School Building in Post War England, New Ffaven, CN: Yale University Press, pp.7-10.
168. Lewis, W. (1919) The Caliph's Design: Architects! Where is Your Vortex?, London: The Egoist Press;
169. Edwards, P. (1986) Wyndham Lewis: the Caliph's Design, London: Airlift Books. For more on pre-1920 modernism.
170. Farrington, J. (1980) Wyndham Lewis, London: Lund fiumphries;
171. Howlett, J. and Mengham, R. (eds) (1993) The Violent Muse: Avant-Garde Culture and the Aesthetics of Violence, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
172. Lucie-Smith, E. (1985) Art of the 1930s: the Age of Anxiety, New York: Rizzoli International, p.182.
173. Curtis, W. (1975) English Architecture, 1930s: the Modern Movement in England, 1930-9, Unit 18, History of Art and Design, 1890-1939, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, p.47.
174. Blomfield, R.T. (1934) Modernismus, London: Macmillan, pp.v and 62.
175. Conder, N. (1949) An Introduction to Modern Architecture, London: Art and Technics, p.45.
176. See Swenarton, M. (1983) 'Rationality and Rationalism: the Theory and Practice of Site Planning in Modern Architecture', AA Files, 1(4), pp.49-59.
177. Fisker, K. and Yerbury, F.R. (1927) Modern Danish Architecture, London: Ernest Benn;
178. Robertson, H. and Yerbury, F.R. (1928) Modem French Architecture, London: Ernest Benn;
179. Yerbury, F.R. (1928) Modern European Buildings, London: Victor Gollancz.
180. Le Corbusier (1925) Urbanisme, Paris: Editions Cres.
181. F. Etchells (1929) as The City of Tomorrow and its Planning, London: John Rodker.
182. Gropius, W. (1935) The New Architecture and the Bauhaus, trans. P. Morton Shand, London: Faber & Faber.
183. Lewison, J. (1982) 'Foreword', in J. Lewison (ed.), Circle, Cam-bridge: Kettle's Yard Gallery, p.5;
184. Martin, J.L., Nicholson, B. and Gabo, N. (eds) (1937) Circle: International Survey of Constructive Art, London: Faber & Faber.
185. Carrington, N. (1933) Design in Modern Life, London: BBC Publications;
186. Cherry, G.E. and Penny, L. (1986) Holford: a Study in Architecture, Planning and Civic Design, London: Mansell, p.64.
187. Dean, D. (1983) The Thirties: Recalling the Archi-tectural Scene, London: Trefoil Books, pp.ll and 35.
188. Benton, C. and Benton, T. (1979) 'Architecture: Contrasts of a Decade', in J. Hawkins and M. Hollis (eds), The Thirties: British Art and Design before the War, London: Arts Council of Great Britain, pp.48-51.
189. Denby, E. (1938) Europe Re-housed, London: George Allen & Unwin, p.254.
190. Richards, J.M. (1940) An Introduction to Modern Architecture, Har-mondsworth: Penguin, pp.78-9.
191. Digby Firth, F. (1936) Mass Production and Low Cost Housing, unpublished Diploma in Archi-tecture thesis, School of Architecture, Leeds University.
192. Mumford, L. (1934) Technics and Civilisation, London: Seeker & Warburg;
193. Mumford, L. (1938) The Culture of Cities, London: Seeker & Warburg.
194. Coates, W.W. (1933) 'Modern Dwellings for Modern Needs' (conversation with G. Boumphrey), The Listener, 24 May.
195. Yorke, F.R.S. (1934) The Modern House, London: Architectural Press, pp.7-9.
196. Bertram, A. (1935) The House: a Machine for Living in, London: A. and C. Black, pp.79-80, 107.
197. Glazebrook, M. (1984) 'Unit One: Spirit of the 'Thirties', in M. Glazebrook, (ed.) Unit One: Spirit of the 30s, May-June 1984, London: Mayor Gallery, p.9.
198. The quotations are from Read, H. (ed.) (1934) Unit One: the Modern Movement in English Architecture, Painting and Sculpture, London, Cassell, pp. 11-13.
199. Elgohary, F. (1966) 'Wells Coates and his Position in the Begin-ning of the Modern Movement in England', unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, pp.71-2.
200. Richards, J.M. (1980) Memoirs of an Unjust Fella, London: Wei-denfeld fr Nicolson, p.129.
201. Swift, G. (1983) Waterland, London: Heinemann.
202. Anon (1934) 'The New Homes for Old exhibit: the MARS contribution', Architects' Journal, 20 September, pp.426-7.
203. Dean, D. (1983) The Thirties: Recalling the Architectural Scene, London: Trefoil Books, pp.62-3.
204. Banham, R. (1960) Theory and Design in the First Machine Age, London: Architectural Press.
205. See Le Corbusier (1935) La Ville Radieuse, Boulogne-sur-Seine: Vincent, Freal and Cie, translated (1966) as The Radiant City, London: Faber fr Faber, pp.321-38.
206. Yorke, F.R.S. and Breuer, M. (1937) 'A Garden City of the Future', in J.L. Martin, B. Nicholson and N. Gabo (eds), Circle: International Survey of Constructive Art, London: Faber & Faber, pp. 182-3.
207. Giedion, S. (1941) Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a New Tradition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (3rd edn, 1954, consulted here), p.25.
208. See Cohen, J.L. (1995) Scenes of the World to Come: European Architecture and the American Challenge, 1893-1960, Paris: Flam-ntarion, p.106.
209. Cherry, G.E. and Penny, L. (1986) Holford: a Study in Architecture, Planning and Civic Design, London: Mansell, p.54.
210. Crinson, M. and Lubbock, J. (1994) Architecture, Art or Profession: Three Hundred Years of Architectural Education in Britain, Man-chester: Manchester University Press, pp.101-2.
211. Rowse, E.A.A. (1939) 'The planning of a city', Journal of the Town Planning Institute, 25, pp. 168-9.
212. Perry, C.A. (1929) 'The Neighbourhood Unit', The Regional Plan of New York and its Environs, vol. 3 'Neighbourhood and Community Planning', New York: New York Port Authority.
213. Elliot, E.G.S (1935) 'American Housing before the New Deal', Town Planning Review, 16, pp.247-53;
214. Kaufmann, E.C. (1936) 'Neighbourhood Units as New Elements of Town Planning', Royal Institute of British Architects' Journal, 44, pp.165-75.
215. Information from Cocke, PL. (1973) 'Tomorrow Town', in J. Gowan, (ed.) Projects: Architectural Association, 1946-71, London: Architectural Association, p.8;
216. Pattrick, M. (1958) 'Archi-tectural aspirations', AA Journal, January, pp.153-4.
217. Johnson-Marshall, P. (1966) Rebuilding Cities, Edinburgh: Edin-burgh University Press, p. 116.
218. Lock, M. (1946) The Middlesbrough Survey and Plan, Middles-brough: Middlesbrough Corporation. Further allusion to this advisory plan is found in Chapter 7.
219. Saint, A. (1987) Towards a Social Architecture: the Role of School Building in Post-War England, New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, pp.3-4.
220. These are illustrated in Astragal (1933) 'Notes and Topics', Architects' Journal, 17 August, pp.196-7;
221. Sert, J.L. (1942) Can Our Cities Survive?: an ABC of urban problems, their analysis, their solutions, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p.170.
222. CIAM (1937) Logis et Loisirs, Paris: Les Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne, pp.79-80.
223. Fry, E.M. (1971) 'The MARS Group Plan of London', Perspecta, 13, p.164.
224. Sharp, D. (1966) Modern Architecture and Expressionism, London: Longman, p.167.
225. Ling, A.G. (1938) 'Social Units', unpublished Diploma thesis, Department of Town and Country Planning, University College, University of London.
226. Korn, A. and Samuely, F.J. (1942) 'A Master Plan for London', Architectural Review, 91, pp. 143-50;
227. Fry, E.M. (1944) Fine Build-ing, London: Faber. Among a large literature
228. Carter, E. (1962) The Future of London, Harmondsworth: Penguin;
229. Houghton-Evans, W. (1975) Planning Cities: Legacy and Portent, London: Lawrence and Wishart, pp.98-102;
230. Fischer, K.F. (1994) 'MARS, Academy and Abercrombie: British plans and their Continental counterparts', unpublished paper read to the International Planning History Conference, London, April;
231. Marmaras, E. and Sutcliffe, A. (1994) 'Planning for post-war London: the three independent plans, 1942-46.
232. Sharp, D. (1972) A Visual History of Twentieth Century Architecture, London: Heinemann/Secker and Warburg, p. 155.
233. Korn, A. (1955) History Builds the Town, London: Lund Humph-ries, p.90.
234. Brett, L. (1942) 'Doubts on the MARS Plan for London', Archi-tects' Journal, 96, 9 July, pp.23-5.
235. Sharp, T.W. (1940) Town Planning, Harmondsworth: Penguin, pp.59-64.
236. Forshaw, J.H. and Abercrombie, P. (1943) County of London Plan, London: Macmillan.
237. Gold, J.R. and Ward, S.V. (1997) 'Of plans and planners: doc-umentary film and the challenge of the urban future, 1935-52', in D.B. Clarke (ed.), The Cinematic City, London: Routledge, pp.59-82.
238. Jencks, C. (1973) Le Corbusier and the Tragic View of Architecture, London: Allen Lane, pp. 130-3
239. Baudoui, R. (1990) 'Between regionalism and functionalism: French reconstruction from 1940 to 1945', in J.M. Diefendorf (ed.), Rebuilding Europe's Bombed Cities, Basing-stoke: Macmillan, pp.33-5.
240. Giedion, S. (1941) Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a New Tradition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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242. Benton, C. (1995) A Different World: Emigré Architects in Britain, 1928-1958, London: RIBA Heinz Gallery.
243. Black, M. (1945) 'Exhibitions, 1943-1944', in J.B. Drew (ed.), Architects' Year Book, London: Paul Elek, pp.97-106.
244. Johnson-Marshall, P.E.A. (1966) Remaking Cities, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 116.
245. Tubbs, R. (1942) Living in Cities, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
246. Richards, J.M. (ed.) (1943) 'Rebuilding Britain', Architectural Review, 93, pp.86-112.
247. Paton Watson, J. and Abercrombie, P. (1943) A Plan for Plymouth: the Report prepared for the City Council, Ply-mouth: Underhill;
248. Williams-Ellis, C. (1941) Plan for Living: the Architect's Part, Rebuilding Britain Series, 5, London: Faber & Faber;
249. Simon, E.D. (1945) Rebuilding Britain: a Twenty Year Plan, London: Victor Gollancz;
250. Bournville Village Trust (1941) When We Build Again: a Study Based into Conditions of Living and Working in Birmingham, London: George Allen & Unwin;
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253. Bressey, C. and Lutyens, E. (1937) Highway Development Survey (Greater London), London: HMSO.
254. Tripp, H.A. (1938) Road Traffic and its Control, London: Edward Arnold;
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256. Tetlow, J. and Goss, A. (1965) Homes, Towns and Traffic, London: Faber & Faber, pp.53-4.
257. Pierce, S.R. (1943) 'Excerpts from a Post-War Guide to the Metropolis of Britain', Architect and Building News, p.69.
258. Pierce, S.R. (1942) 'Control: an exploratory survey', Architect and Building News, 24 April, pp.55-7.
259. Esher, L. (1981) A Broken Wave: the rebuilding of England, 1940-1980, London: Allen Lane, p.95;
260. Brett, L. (1943) 'The new Haussmann', Architectural Review, 93, pp.23-6.
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263. Lutyens, E. and Abercrombie, P. (1945) A Plan for the City and County of Kingston-upon-Hull, Hull: Brown;
264. Nicholas, R. (1945) City of Manchester Plan, Manchester: Jarrold;
265. Wolfe, L. (1945) The Reilly Plan: A New Way of Life, London: Nicholson & Watson;
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267. Sharp, T. (1946) Exeter Phoe-nix: a Plan for Rebuilding, London: Architectural Press.
268. Aber-crombie, P. (1945) Greater London Pian, 1944, London: HMSO.
269. Goldfinger, E. (1944) 'Observations on the County of London Plan, MARS Report, 2, London: MARS Group, p.I.
270. Blanco-White, J., Coppock, R., Best, M., Gibson, D.E., Thomp-son, W.H. and Denby, E. (1943) Your London has a Plan, London: Association of Building Technicians.
271. Carter, E.J. and Goldfinger, E. (1945) The County of London Plan Explained, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
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273. Fry, E.M. 'A New Architectural Statement Questionnaire', circu-lated to members of the MARS Group, January 1947. BAL file: ArO/1/1/28.
274. Diefendorf, J.M. (ed.) (1990) Rebuilding Europe's Bombed Cities, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 1, 79 and 155.
275. Young, K. and Garside, P.L. (1942) Metropolitan London: Politics and Urban Change, 1837-1981, London: Edward Arnold, p.225.
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278. Ministry of Health and Ministry of Works (1944) Housing Man-ual, London: HMSO.
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286. Reyner Banham, quoted in Landau, R. (1992) 'The End of CIAM and the Role of the English', Rassegna, 52, p.40.
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288. ranklin, H.B. (1962) Future Perfect: American Science Fiction of the Nineteenth Century, New York: Oxford University Press, p.402.
289. Billinge, M. (1993) 'Trading History, Reclaiming the Past: the Crystal Palace as Icon', in G. Kearns and C. Philo (eds), Selling Places: the City as Cultural Capital, Past and Present, Oxford: Perga-mon Press, p.103.
290. Summerson, J. (1956) 'Introduction', in Arts Council of Great Britain '45-55: Ten Years of British Architecture, London: Arts Council, p.15.
291. Gaskell, S.M. (1986) Model Housing: from the Great Exhibition to the Festival of Britain, London: Mansell, pp.121-2.
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293. Giedion, S. (ed.) (1951) A Decade of New Architecture, Zurich: Editions Girsberger, p.40.
294. Sert, J.L. (1952) 'Centres of Community Life', in Tyrwhitt, J., Sert, J.L. and Rogers, E.N. (eds), The Heart of the City: Towards the Humanisation of Urban Life, London: Lund Humph-ries, p.3.
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296. Ockman, J. (1993) Architecture Culture, 1943-1968: a Documentary Anthology, New York: Rizzoli, p. 136.
297. Glass, R. (1951) 'Town planning and the social scientist', The Listener, 14 June, pp.951-2.
298. Glendinning, M. and Muthesius, S. (1994) Tower Block: Modern Public Housing in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, p.55.
299. Giedion, S. (1948) Mechanisation Takes Command: a Contribution to an Anonymous History, New York: Oxford University Press.
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303. Massey, A, (1995) The Independent Group: Modernism and Mass Culture in Britain, 1945-59, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
304. Banham, R. (1966) The New Brutalism, London: Architectural Press, p.47.
305. Smithson, A. and Smithson, P. (1970) Ordinariness and Light: Urban Theories 1952-1960 and Their Application in a Building Project 1963-1970, London: Faber & Faber, p.45.
306. Smithson, A. (1982) The Emergence of Team 10 out of CIAM, London: Architectural Association, p.7.
307. Landau, R. (1992) 'The End of CIAM and the Role of the British', Rassegna, 52, p.ll.
308. Smithson, A., The Emergence of Team 10 out of CIAM, p.10.
309. Richards, J.M. (1954) 'Preview', Architectural Review, 115, p.8.
310. Smithson, A., The Emergence of Team 10 out of CIAM, pp.33-4.
311. Barber, W.E. (1976) 'Propaganda', in Dictionary of American His-tory, vol. 5, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p.433.