The other empire: Metropolis, India and progress in the colonial imagination

The other empire: Metropolis, India and progress in the colonial imagination

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 1-241

  Marriott, John ^a  

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References (351)

1. C.A. Bayly, Empire and Information. Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 49.
2. Marshall and Gwynn Williams, The Great Map of Mankind. British Perceptions of the World in the Age of Enlightenment, London, Dent, 1982, p. 57.
3. Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge. The British in India, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1996, pp. 3-5.
4. Nicholas B. Dirks, 'Introduction: colonialism and culture', in Nicholas B. Dirks (ed.), Colonialism and Culture, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1992, p. 6.
5. See also Eric Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1959.
6. Balachandra Rajan, Under Western Eyes. India from Milton to Macaulay, Durham, Duke University Press, 1999
7. Donald F. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. II. A Century of Wonder, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 381.
8. see John Gillies, Shakespeare and the Geography of Difference, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994
9. Margaret Hodgen's Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1964
10. Andrew Hadfield, Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing in the English Renaissance, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998.
11. This whole question is explored with exemplary rigour by Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600-1740, London, Radius, 1988, pp. 100-17.
12. Lawrence Manley, Literature and Culture in Early Modern London, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 301.
13. Hadfield, Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing, pp. 192-6.
14. McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, p. 118.
15. Manley, Literature and Culture in Early Modern London, p. 516.
16. Manley, Literature and Culture in Early Modern London, p. 520.
17. Raymond Schwab, The Oriental Renaissance. Europe's Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680-1880, Guildford, Columbia University Press, 1984;
18. Nigel Leask, British Romantic Writers and the East. Anxieties of Empire, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992;
19. Alan Richardson and Sonia Hofkosh, Romanticism, Race and Imperial Culture, 1780-1834, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1996;
20. Tim Fulford and Peter Kitson (eds), Romanticism and Colonialism. Writing and Empire, 1780-1830, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
21. David Ludden, 'Orientalist empiricism: transformations of colonial knowledge', in Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds), Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament. Perspectives on South Asia, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.
22. C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian. The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, London, Longman, 1989, p. 7.
23. see especially C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian. The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, London, Longman, 1989;
24. John Brewer, The Sinews of Power. War, Money and the English State, 1688-1783, London, Unwin Hyman, 1989;
25. Linda Colley, Britons. Forging the Nation, 1707-1837, London, Pimlico, 1994;
26. Kathleen Wilson, A Sense of the People. Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 1715-1785, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
27. The definition is that of David Spadafora, The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth-Century Britain, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1990, p. 6.
28. This whole question is examined with exemplary scholarship by Mary Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact. Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998
29. The best account of this remains Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
30. This telling phrase is from Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Idea of Poverty. England in the Early Industrial Age, London, Faber, 1984, p. 18.
31. For other discussions, see J.R. Poynter, Society and Pauperism. English Ideas on Poor Relief, 1795-1834, London, Routledge, 1969;
32. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, London, Pelican, 1948 [1926];
33. S. Woolf, The Poor in Western Europe in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, London, Methuen, 1986.
34. For an authoritative survey of the eighteenth century, paying due regard to moral and economic concern, see Richard Sheldon, 'The politics of bread in eighteenth-century England', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000.
35. Daniel Defoe, Giving Alms No Charity, and Employing the Poor a Grievance to the Nation, London, 1704
36. Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees. Private Vices, Public Benefits, London, Roberts, 1714
37. Thomas Alcock, Observations on the Defects of the Poor Laws..., London, Baldwin, 1752, cited in Poynter, Society and Pauperism, p. 30.
38. A.L. Beier, Masterless Men. The Vagrancy Problem in England, 1560-1640, London, Methuen, 1985.
39. Christopher Hill, Liberty against the Law. Some Seventeenth-Century Controversies, London, Allen Lane, 1996;
40. N. Rogers, 'Policing the poor in eighteenth-century London: the vagrancy laws and their administration', Histoire Sociale-Social History, 24:43, 1991, pp. 127-47.
41. John Marriott, 'The spatiality of poverty in eighteenth-century London', in Tim Hitchcock and Heather Shore (eds), The Streets of London, London, Rivers Oram, 2003.
42. Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, pp. 118-21.
43. Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, pp. 433-4.
44. Clare Midgely, Woman Against Slavery. The British Campaign, 1780-1870, London, Routledge, 1992.
45. Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects. Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830-1867, London, Polity, 2002, p. 217).
46. Patrick O'Brien, 'Inseparable connections: trade, economy, fiscal state, and the expansion of empire, 1688-1815', in P.J. Marshall (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. II. The Eighteenth Century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998.
47. Anthony Pagden, Lords of all the World. Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c.1500-c.1800, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1995, p. 25.
48. Jack P. Greene, 'Empire and identity from the Glorious Revolution to the American Revolution', in Marshall (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. II, p. 214.
49. S. Ambirajan, Classical Political Economy and British Policy in India, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 2.
50. Peter Miller, Defining the Common Good. Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
51. Arthur O. Lovejoy, Reflections on Human Nature, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1961, p. 22.
52. For a recent cogent and accessible survey, see Kenan Malik, The Meaning of Race. Race, History and Culture in Western Society, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996.
53. Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being. A Study of the History of an Idea, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1961, p. 59.
54. Lois Whitney, Primitivism and the Idea of Progress in English Literature of the Eighteenth Century, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1934, p. 142.
55. For studies of this concept, see John Sekora, Luxury. The Concept in Western Thought, Eden to Smollett, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977
56. Christopher Berry, The Idea of Luxury. A Conceptual and Historical Investigation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
57. John Brown, Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times, Dublin, Faulkener, Hoey and Exshaw, 1758, pp. 16, 20.
58. Arthur O. Lovejoy, 'Foreword', in Whitney, Primitivism and the Idea of Progress, p. xii.
59. Ronald Meek, Social Science and the Ignoble Savage, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976, p. 6.
60. Thomas C. Patterson, Inventing Western Civilization, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1997.
61. Margaret Hodgen, Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1964
62. Bernard McGrane, Beyond Anthropology. Society and the Other, New York, Columbia University Press, 1989
63. Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, and The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1975.
64. see Peter Kitson and Debbie Lee (eds), Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation. Writings in the British Romantic Period, 6 vols, London, Pickering and Chatto, 1999.
65. Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, pp. 44-8.
66. Gordon Turnbull, An Apology for Negro Slavery; or, the West-Indian Planters Vindicated from the Charge of Inhumanity, London, 1786
67. Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, p. 353.
68. See my Introduction to John Marriott and Masaie Matsumura (eds), The Metropolitan Poor. Semi-Factual Accounts, 1795-1910, 6 vols, London, Pickering and Chatto, 1999.
69. J.R. Poynter, Society and Pauperism. English Ideas on Poor Relief, 1795-1834, London, Routledge, 1969, p. 91.
70. Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement. The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988, p. 88.
71. Andrew Porter, 'Religion, missionary enthusiasm, and empire', in Andrew Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. III. The Nineteenth Century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 228.
72. See, for example, T. Thomas, 'Foreign missions and missionaries in Victorian Britain', in J. Wolffe (ed.), Religion in Victorian Britain. Vol. V. Culture and Empire, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1997
73. Ainslie Embree, 'Christianity and the state in Victorian India: confrontation and collaboration', in R.W. Davis and R.J. Helmstadter (eds), Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society, London, Routledge, 1992, p. 157.
74. M. Dorothy George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century, London, Peregrine, 1966.
75. Gareth Stedman Jones, Outcast London. A Study in the Relationship between Classes in Victorian Society, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971;
76. Leonard Schwarz, London in the Age of Industrialisation. Entrepreneurs, Labour Force and Living Conditions, 1700-1850, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992;
77. David R. Green, From Artisans to Paupers. Economic Change and Poverty in London, 1790-1870, London, Scolar Press, 1995.
78. Jose Harris, 'Between civic virtue and social Darwinism: the concept to the residuum', in David Englander and Rosemary O'Day (eds), Retrieved Riches, London, Scolar Press, 1995;
79. Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Idea of Poverty. England in the Early Industrial Age, London, Faber, 1981;
80. Stedman Jones, Outcast London; Karel Williams, From Pauperism to Poverty, London, Routledge, 1981.
81. Peter Keating, The Working Class in Victorian Fiction, London, Routledge, 1971.
82. I have recently edited two extensive collections of this material: see John Marriott and Masaie Matsumura (eds), The Metropolitan Poor. Semi-Factual Accounts, 1790-1910, 6 vols, London, Pickering and Chatto, 1999;
83. John Marriott (ed.), Unknown London. Early Modernist Visions of the Metropolis, 6 vols, London, Pickering and Chatto, 2000.
84. Lawrence Manley, Literature and Culture in Early Modern London, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 20.
85. F.W. Chandler, The Literature of Roguery, London, Constable, 1907.
86. Richard Altick, The English Common Reader. A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900, Columbus, Ohio State University Press, 1998.
87. Manley, Literature and Culture in Early Modern London, p. 369.
88. John Marriott, 'The spatiality of the poor in eighteenth-century London', in Tim Hitchcock and Heather Shore (eds), The Streets of London, London, Rivers Oram, 2003.
89. Miles Ogborn, Spaces of Modernity. London's Geographies, 1680-1780, New York, The Guilford Press, 1998;
90. Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man, London, Faber, 1986.
91. John Spranger, A Proposal or Plan for an Act of Parliament for the Better Paving, Cleansing and Lighting of the Streets, Lanes, Courts and Alleys... within the Several Parishes of the City and Liberty of Westminster, London, 1754.
92. Charles Kingsford, John Stow. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971, p. xlii.
93. John Entick, A New and Accurate History and Survey of London, Westminster and Southwark, and places adjacent..., 4 vols, London, Dilly, 1766.
94. Max Byrd, London Transformed. Images of the City in the Eighteenth Century, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1978, pp. 12-13.
95. Pat Rogers, Hacks and Dunces. Pope, Swift and Grub Street, London, Methuen, 1972, pp. 2-9.
96. Anon., Leigh's New Picture of London, or, A View of the Political, Religious, Medical, Literary, Municipal, Commercial, and Moral State of the British Metropolis, London, Leigh, 1816.
97. W. Hutton, A Journey to London, Comprising a Description of the Most Interesting Objects of Curiosity to a Visitor of the Metropolis, London, Nichols, 1818.
98. T. Williams, The Insane World; or, A Week in London, London, Westley, 1820.
99. Deborah Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets. Women, Representation, and the City, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1995.
100. Anon., The Country Gentleman's Vade-Mecum; or, His Companion for the Town. In Eighteen Letters, from a Gentleman to his Friend in the Country, wherein he Passionately Dissuades him against coming to London, London, 1699.
101. R. Strauss (ed.), Tricks of the Town, London, Chapman and Hall, 1927.
102. Anon., A Trip through the Town, containing Observations on the Humours and Manners of the Age, London, 1735;
103. Anon., A Ramble through London; or, A Trip from Whitehall to Whitechapel, London, 1738;
104. Joshua Gee, The Trade and Navigation of Great Britain Considered, London, 1729,
105. Henry Fielding, An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, etc., with some Proposals for Remedying this Growing Evil, London
106. M.R. Zirker (ed.), An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase in Robbers, and Related Writings, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988.
107. J.L. McMullan, The Canting Crew. London's Criminal Underworld, 1550-1700, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1984, p. 55.
108. F. McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England, London, Routledge, 1989.
109. J. Smith, Vagabondiana; or, Anecdotes of Mendicant Wanderers through the Streets of London, with Portraits of the Most Remarkable, London, Chatto and Windus, 1817.
110. Schwarz, London in the Age of Industrialization, pp. 90-9.
111. Christoper Hill, Liberty Against the Law. Some Seventeenth-Century Controversies, London, Allen Lane, 1996.
112. Cibber Colley, The Beggar's Wedding. A New Opera. As it is acted at the Theatre in Dublin, London, Knapton, 1729;
113. R. Dodsley, The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, London, 1741.
114. C.H. Wilkinson, The King of the Beggars. Bampfylde-Moore Carew, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1931.
115. L.B. Faller, Turned to Account. The Forms and Functions of Criminal Biography in Late Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-Century England, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
116. M.H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism. Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature, New York, Norton, 1971.
117. Jonas Hanway, An Earnest Appeal for Mercy to the Children of the Poor, particularly those belonging to the Parishes within the Bills of Mortality, London, Dodsley, 1766.
118. Dorothy Marshall, The English Poor in the Eighteenth Century. A Study in Social and Administrative History, London, Routledge, 1969.
119. See, for example, James Massie, Considerations relating to the poor, London, 1758;
120. J. Scott, Observations on the state of the parochial and vagrant poor, London, 1773.
121. Peter J. Marshall (ed.), The British Discovery of Hinduism in the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970, p. 2.
122. Donald F. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. I. The Century of Discovery, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1965;
123. Donald F. Lach and Edwin J. Van Kley, Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. III. A Century of Advance, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993.
124. J.P. Rubies, Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance. South India through European Eyes, 1250-1625, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000;
125. Margaret Hodgen, Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1964;
126. S.B. Schwartz (ed.), Implicit Understandings. Observing, Reporting and Reflecting on the Encounters between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
127. Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumous, or Purchas His Pilgrimes: Containing a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others, Glasgow, MacLehose 1905 [1625], p. xliv
128. Jyotsna Singh, Colonial Narratives/Cultural Dialogues. 'Discoveries' of India in the Language of Colonialism, London, Routledge, 1996, p. 20.
129. Ram Chandra Prasad, Early English Travellers in India. A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1980.
130. C. Raymond Beazley, Voyages and Travels, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1903, p. 175.
131. Peter J. Marshall and G. Williams, The Great Map of Mankind. British Perceptions of the World in the Age of Enlightenment, London, Dent, 1982, pp. 48-9.
132. C.A. Bayly, Empire and Information. Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 44
133. Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis, Explaining the Various Crimes.. which... are felt as a Pressure upon the Community, and Suggesting Remedies for their Prevention. By a Magistrate, London, Dilly, 1795;
134. Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on the Commerce and Police of the River Thames: Containing an Historical Overview of the Trade of the Port of London; and Suggesting Means for Preventing the Depradations thereon, by a Legislative System of River Police, etc., London, Mawman, 1800;
135. Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on Indigence; Exhibiting a General View of the National Resources for Productive Labour; with Propositions for Ameliorating the Condition of the Poor, etc., London, Mawman, 1806.
136. F. McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England, London, Routledge, 1989, p. 8
137. Tim Hitchcock, 'The publicity of poverty in early eighteenth-century London', in J.F. Merritt (ed.), Imagining Early Modern London. Perceptions and Portrayals of the City from Stowe to Strype, 1598-1720, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
138. John Ralph, A Critical Review of the Public Buildings, Statues, and Ornaments, in and about London and Westminster, London, Wallis, 1783, p. 4.
139. J.R. Poynter, Society and Pauperism. English Ideas on Poor Relief, 1795-1834, London, Routledge, 1969, pp. 91-8.
140. Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement. The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795-1865, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988, pp. 98-100.
141. Matthew Martin, Letter to the Right Hon. Lord Pelham, on the State of Mendicity in the Metropolis, London, Philanthropic Society, 1803, p. 3.
142. David Ludden, 'Orientalist empiricism: transformations of colonial knowledge', in Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds), Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament. Perspectives on South Asia, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.
143. Matthew Edney, Mapping and Empire. The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 27-8.
144. William Robertson, An Historical Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India, London, Cadell and Davies, 1817, pp. v-vi.
145. Peter J. Marshall (ed.), The British Discovery of Hinduism in the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970, p. 43.
146. See, for example, Ketaki Kushari Dyson, A Various Universe. A Study of the Journals and Memoirs of British Men and Women in the Indian Subcontinent, 1765-1856, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978;
147. See, for example, Charles Batten, Pleasurable Instruction. Form and Convention in Eighteenth-Century Travel Writing, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1978;
148. See, for example, Sara Mills, Discourses of Difference. An Analysis of Women's Travel Writing and Colonialism, London, Routledge, 1991;
149. Dennis Porter, Haunted Journeys. Desire and Transgression in European Travel Writing, Princeton, University of Princeton Press, 1991;
150. See, for example, Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation, London, Routledge, 1992;
151. David Spurr, The Rhetoric of Empire. Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing and Imperial Administration, Durham, Duke University Press, 1993;
152. See, for example, Tim Youngs, Travellers in Africa. British Travelogues 1850-1900, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1994;
153. Jyotsna Singh, Colonial Narratives/Cultural Dialogues. Discoveries of India in the Language of Colonialism, London, Routledge, 1996;
154. David Miller and Peter Reill (eds), Visions of Empire. Voyages, Botany and Representations of Nature, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996;
155. Indira Ghose, Women Travellers in Colonial India. The Power of the Female Gaze, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1998;
156. James Duncan and Derek Gregory (eds), Writes of Passage. Reading Travel Writing, London, Routledge, 1999;
157. Tim Fulford and Peter Kitson (eds), Travels, Explorations and Empires, 1770-1835, 8 vols, London, Pickering and Chatto, 2002.
158. James Duncan and Derek Gregory, 'Introduction', in Duncan and Gregory (eds), Writes of Passage, pp. 5-6.
159. Henri Baudet, Paradise on Earth. Some Thoughts on European Images of Non-European Man, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1965, p. 55.
160. Tim Fulford and Peter Kitson (eds), Romanticism and Colonialism. Writing and Empire, 1780-1830, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
161. William Hodges, Travels in India during the Years 1780, 1781, 1782, & 1783, London, Edwards, 1793, pp. iii-iv.
162. James Duncan, 'Dis-orientation: on the shock of the familiar in a far-away place', in Duncan and Gregory (eds), Writes of Passage.
163. George Forster, A Journey from Bengal to England, through the Northern Part of India, Kashmire, Afghanistan, and Persia, and into Russia, by the Caspian Sea, London, Faulder, 1798, p. x.
164. Jemima Kindersley, Letters from the Island of Teneriffe, Brazil, the Cape of Good Hope, and the East Indies, London, 1777, pp. 72-3.
165. Thomas Williamson, The East India Vade-Mecum; or, Complete Guide to Gentlemen intended for the Civil, Military, or Naval Service of the Hon. East India Company, London, Black, Parry and Kingsbury, 1810, p. v.
166. Kate Teltscher, India Inscribed. European and British Writings on India, 1600-1800, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 146-50.
167. See, for example, D.W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain. A History from the 1730s to the 1980s, London, Unwin Hyman, 1989;
168. See, for example, Brian Stanley, The Bible and the Flag. Protestant Missions and British Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Leicester, Apollos, 1990;
169. See, for example, M.A. Noll, D.W. Bebbington and G.A. Rawlyk (eds), Evangelicalism. Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles and Beyond, 1700-1990, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994;
170. See, for example, John Woolfe (ed.), Evangelical Faith and Public Zeal. Evangelicals and Society in Britain, 1780-1980, London, SPCK, 1995;
171. Susan Thorne, Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in Nineteenth-Century England, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1999.
172. Andrew Porter, 'Religion, missionary enthusiasm, and empire', in Andrew Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. III. The Nineteenth Century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.
173. Joseph White, Sermons Preached before the University of Oxford, in the Year 1784, London, Robinson, 1785.
174. Charles Grant, Observations on the State of Society among the Asiatic Subjects of Great Britain, particularly with reference to Morals; and on the Means of improving it. Written chiefly in the Year 1792, Parliamentary Papers, 1813, X, p. 5.
175. William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of Heathens in which the Religious State of the different Nations of the World, the Success of former Undertakings, and the Practicability of further Undertakings, are considered, Leicester, 1792, p. 5.
176. see Lata Mani, Contentious Traditions. The Debate on Sati in Colonial India, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1998.
177. D.B. Hindmarsh, John Newton and the English Evangelical Tradition Between the Conversions of Wesley and Wilberforce, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996, pp. 124-5.
178. Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects. Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830-1867, London, Polity, 2002).
179. I. Rivers, 'Strangers and pilgrims: sources and patterns of Methodist narrative', in J.C. Hilson, M.M.B. Jones and J.R. Watson (eds), Augustan Worlds, Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1978;
180. P. Caldwell, The Puritan Conversion Narrative, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986;
181. Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, London, Radius, 1988, p. 104.
182. See, for example, Embree, Charles Grant; Eli Potts, British Baptist Missionaries in India, 1793-1858, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1967;
183. Claudius Buchanan, The Star in the East; a Sermon preached in the Parish Church of St. James, Bristol, New York, Williams and Whiting, 1809.
184. George Bearce, British Attitudes towards India, 1784-1858, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 80.
185. See, for example, John Scott Waring, Observations on the Present State of the East India Company, London, 1808;
186. Thomas Twining, A Letter to the Chairman of the East India Company. On the Danger of Interfering in the Religious Opinions of the Natives of India, London, 1807.
187. J.W. Cunningham, Christianity in India. An essay on the Duty, Means, and Consequences, of introducing the Christian Religion among the Native Inhabitants of the British Dominions in the East, London, Hatchard, 1808, p. xi.
188. William Ward, A View of the History, Literature and Mythology of the Hindoos, 4 vols, London, British Missionary Society, 1817-20, Vol. I, p. xxiii.
189. Julian Wolfreys, Writing London. The Trace of the Urban Text from Blake to Dickens, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1998.
190. Pierce Egan, Life in London, London, Sherwood, Neely and Jones, 1821, p. vi.
191. Jonathan Crary, Techniques of the Observer. On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1990.
192. John Marriott (ed.), Unknown London. Early Modernist Visions of the Metropolis, 1815- 1845, 6 vols, London, Pickering and Chatto, 2000.
193. Deborah Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets. Women, Representation and the City, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1995, pp. 30-3.
194. John Badcock, The London Guide, and Stranger's Safeguard, London, Bumpus, 1818.
195. Raymond Williams, The Country and the City, London, The Hogarth Press, 1985, pp. 217-18;
196. Peter J. Keating, The Working Classes in Victorian Fiction, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971, pp. 17-18
197. D.M. Lewis, Lighten their Darkness. The Evangelical Mission to Working-Class London, 1828-1860, New York, Greenwood Press, 1986.
198. Baptist Noel, The State of the Metropolis Considered in a Letter to the Rt. Hon. and Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of London, London, Nisbet, 1835.
199. Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement. The Influence of Evangelism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795-1865, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988.
200. M.N. Cutt, Ministering Angels. A Study of Nineteenth Century Writings for Children, London, Five Owls Press, 1979, p. 16.
201. P. Cohen, '"It's racism what dunnit": hidden narratives in theories of racism', in James Donald (ed.), Race, Culture and Identity, Milton Keynes, Open University/Harvester Press, 1992/
202. Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture. Anthropology, Travel and Government, London, Polity Press, 1994, p. 60.
203. Thomas Beames, The Rookeries of London. Past, Present and Prospective, London, Bosworth, 1850.
204. A. Lorimer, Colour, Class and the Victorians. English Attitudes to the Negro in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1978;
205. R. Knox, The Races of Men. A Fragment, London, Renshaw, 1850, p. 6
206. H.A. MacGougall, Racial Myth in English History. Trojans, Teutons and Anglo-Saxons, Montreal, Harvest House, 1982, p. 91
207. Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Idea of Poverty. England in the Early Industrial Age, London, Faber, 1984, p. 568.
208. J.C. Prichard, The Natural History of Man; Comprising Inquiries into the Modifying Influence of Physical and Moral Agencies on the Different Tribes of the Human Families, London, Bailliere, 1843.
209. Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science. Great Britain 1800-1960, London, Macmillan, 1982, pp. 29-39;
210. Henrika Kuklick, The Savage Within. The Social History of British Anthropology, 1885-1945, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 100.
211. Regina Gagnier, Subjectivities. A History of Self-Representation in Britain, 1832-1920, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991;
212. Anne Humpherys, Travels into the Poor Man's Country. The Work of Henry Mayhew, Maryland, University of Georgia Press, 1977;
213. See, for example, P. Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness. British Literature and Imperialism, 1830-1914, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1988.
214. John Garwood, The Million Peopled City, or One Half of the People of London Made Known to the Other Half, London, Wertheim and Macintosh, 1853.
215. D.W. Bartlett, What I Saw in London; or, Men and Things in the Great Metropolis, Auburn, Derby and Miller, 1853, pp. 315-17
216. Frederick Meyrick, The Outcast and the Poor of London; or, Our Present Duties Toward the Poor: a Course of Sermons, London, Rivingtons, 1858, p. 35.
217. Joseph Mullens, London and Calcutta, Compared in their Heathenism, their Privileges and their Prospects, London, Nisbet, 1869, pp. 16, 53.
218. Watts Phillips, The Wild Tribes of London, London, Ward and Lock, 1855.
219. John Hollingshead, Ragged in London in 1861, London, Smith, Elder and Co., 1861, p. 8
220. H.O. Davies, 'The Way Out'. A Letter Addressed (by permission) to The Earl of Derby in which the Evils of the Overcrowded Town Hovel and the Advantages of the Suburban Cottage are Constrained, London, Longman Green, 1861, p. 6.
221. J.W. Robertson Scott, The Story of the Pall Mall Gazette, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1950.
222. James Greenwood, In Strange Company; being the Experiences of a Roving Correspondent, London, King, 1874, pp. 14-15.
223. James Greenwood, The Policeman's Lantern. Strange Stories of London Life, London, Scott, 1888, p. 39.
224. R. Montgomery Martin, The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India, 3 vols, London, Allen and Lane, 1838, Vol. I, p. vii.
225. Francis Buchanan, A Journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar... for the Express Purpose of Investigating the State of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce; the Religion, Manners, and Customs; the History Natural and Civil and Antiquities, in the Dominions of the Rajah of Mysore, and the Countries Acquired by the Honourable East India Company, in the Late and Former Wars, from Tippoo Sultaun, London, Cadell and Davies, 1807.
226. Matthew Edney, Mapping an Empire. The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 46-7.
227. C.A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, The New Cambridge History of India Vol. II.1, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 87.
228. Walter Hamilton, The East India Gazetteer; containing particular Descriptions... of Hindostan, and the Adjacent Countries; ... together with Sketches of the Manners, Customs, Institutions, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, Revenues, Population, Castes, Religion, History, &c., of their Various Inhabitants, London, Murray, 1815
229. David Ludden, 'Oriental empiricism: transformations of colonial knowledge', in Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds), Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, Philadelphia, University of Philadelphia Press, 1993, p. 263.
230. Javed Majeed, Ungoverned Imaginings. James Mill's The History of British India and Orientalism, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992, p. 129.
231. James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs: Selected and Abridged from a Series of Familiar Letters Written during Seventeen Years Residence in India: including Observations on Parts of Africa and South America, and a Narrative of Occurences in Four Indian Voyages, 4 vols, London, White, Cochrane and Co., 1813.
232. Lady Maria Nugent, A Journal from the Year 1811 till the Year 1815, including a Voyage to and Residence in India, with a Tour to the North-Western Parts of the British Possessions in that Country, under the Bengal Government, 2 vols, London, 1839;
233. Mary Sherwood, The Life and Times of Mrs. Sherwood (1775-1851) from the Diaries of Captain and Mrs. Sherwood, London, Wells Gardner and Co., 1910;
234. Emma Roberts, Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan, with Sketches of Anglo-Indian Society, London, Allen, 1835;
235. Fanny Parks, Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque, during four-and-twenty years in the East; with Revelations of Life in the Zenana, London, 1850;
236. William Huggins, Sketches in India, treating on Subjects connected with the Government; Civil and Military Establishments; Characters of the European, and Customs of the Native Inhabitants, London, 1824, p. 207
237. Walter Hamilton, A Geographical, Statistical and Historical Description of Hindostan, and the Adjacent Countries, 2 vols, London, Murray, 1820, p. v.
238. C.A. Bayly, Empire and Information. Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 287-93.
239. Josiah Conder, The Modern Traveller. A Popular Description. Geographical, Historical, and Topographical, of the Various Countries of the Globe, 10 vols, London, Duncan, 1828.
240. David Washbrook, 'Ethnicity and racialism in colonial Indian society', in R. Ross (ed.), Racism and Colonialism. Essays on Ideology and Social Structure, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1982;
241. David Spurr, The Rhetoric of Empire. Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing and Imperial Administration, Durham, Duke University Press, 1993, p. 157.
242. Hamilton, A Geographical, Statistical and Historical Description of Hindostan, p. xxiv.
243. Henry Spry, Modern India; with Illustrations of the Resources and Capabilities of Hindustan, 2 vols, London, Whittaker, 1837, Vol. I, pp. vi-vii.
244. Thomas Bacon, First Impressions and Studies from Nature in Hindostan, embracing an Outline of the Voyage to Calcutta, and Five Years Residence in Bengal and the Doab from 1831 to 1836, 2 vols, London, Allen, 1837, Vol. I, pp. 199-200.
245. Radhika Singha, A Despotism of Law. Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1998
246. W.H. Carey (ed.), The Good Old Days of Honorable John Company, 1600-1858, Calcutta, Cambray, 1906, pp. 358-61.
247. Charles Grant, Observations on the State of Society among the Asiatic Subjects of Great Britain, ... Written chiefly in the year 1792, Parliamentary Papers, 1813, p. 28
248. Edward Thornton, Illustrations of the History and Practices of the Thugs, and Notices of some of the Proceedings of the Government of India for the Suppression of the Crimes of Thuggee, London, Allen, 1837, p. 44.
249. Hayden White, 'The forms of wildness: archaeology of and idea', in Tropics of Discourse. Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
250. James Prichard, The Natural History of Man; comprising Inquiries into the Modifying Influence of Physical and Moral Agencies on the Different Tribes of the Human Family, London, Bailliere, 1843, p. 169.
251. Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, 4 vols, London, Cass, 1967
252. John Garwood, The Million Peopled City, or One Half of the People of London Made Known to the Other Half, London, Werthleim and Macintosh, 1853, p. 263.
253. James Greenwood, In Strange Company; Being the Experiences of a Roving Correspondent, London, King, 1874, p. 14.
254. Watts Phillips, The Wild Tribes of London, London, Ward and Lock, 1855, p. 12.
255. William Cosens, London Dens and Mission Work Among Them; a Lecture, London, Rivingtons, 1863, p. 7.
256. George Godwin, London Shadows; a Glance at the Homes of the Thousands, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1854, p. 1.
257. George Godwin, Town Swamps and Social Bridges, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1859
258. Peter Stallybrass and Allon White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression, London, Methuen, 1986.
259. Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather. Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Context, London, Routledge, 1995, p. 61.
260. Stallybrass and White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression, p. 145.
261. Douglas A. Lorimer, Colour, Class and the Victorians. English Attitudes to the Negro in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1978, pp. 67-8;
262. Kenan Malik, The Meaning of Race. Race, History and Culture in Western Society, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996, p. 91.
263. James Grant, Lights and Shadows of London Life, London, Saunders and Otley, 1841, p. 164.
264. R. Rowe, Picked Up in the Streets, or Struggles for Life Amongst the London Poor, London, Allen and Co., 1880, p. 4.
265. D. Rice-Jones, In the Slums. Pages from the Notebook of a London Diocesan Home Missionary, London, Nisbet, 1884, pp. 69, 149.
266. A.R. JanMohamed, 'The economy of the manichean allegory: the function of racial difference in colonialist literature', Critical Inquiry, 12, 1985, pp. 59-87.
267. Mary Hickman, Religion, Class and Identity. The State, the Catholic Church and the Education of the Irish in Britain, London, Avebury, 1995, p. 49.
268. Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration. A European Disorder, c.1848-1914, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 38-9;
269. Robert Young, Colonial Desire. Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race, London, Routledge, 1995.
270. See, for example, Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture, London, Routledge, 1994;
271. Richard Hyam, Empire and Sexuality. The British Experience, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1991;
272. Thomas Archer, The Pauper, the Thief and the Convict. Sketches of Some of their Homes, Haunts, and Habits, London, Groombridge and Sons, 1865, p. 133.
273. J. Ewing Ritchie, Days and Nights in London; or, Studies in Black and Grey, London, Tinsley, 1880, pp. 178-9.
274. Anon., Wonderful London. Its Lights and Shadows of Humour and Sadness, London, Tinsley, 1878, p. 337.
275. See Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight. Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London, London, Virago, 1994;
276. Elizabeth Wilson, The Sphinx in the City. Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women, London, Virago, 1991
277. Andrew Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London. An Inquiry into the Condition of the Abject Poor, London, Clarke and Co., 1883,
278. George Sims, How the Poor Live, and Horrible London, London, Chatto and Windus, 1889.
279. H.J. Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser, being Revelations of the Inner Life of Low London Lodging Houses, London, Fisher Unwin, 1886.
280. Charles Booth, Life and Labour of the People in London, 10 vols, London, Macmillan, 1887-1902.
281. David Englander, 'Comparisons and contrasts: Henry Mayhew and Charles Booth as social investigators', in David Englander and Rosemary O'Day (eds), Retrieved Riches. Social Investigation in Britain, 1880-1914, London, Scolar, 1995;
282. F. Hird, The Cry of the Children. An Exposure of Certain British Industries in which Children are Iniquitously Employed, London, Bowden, 1898, p. 61.
283. Charles F.G. Masterman (ed.), The Heart of the Empire. Discussions of Problems of Modern City Life in England, with an Essay on Imperialism, London, Fisher Unwin, 1902;
284. George Haw, Britain's Homes. A Study of the Empire's Heart-Disease, London, Clarion Press, 1902;
285. L. Cope Cornford, The Canker at the Heart. Being Studies from the Life of the Poor, London, Grant Richards, 1905.
286. Mark Harrison, Crowds and History. Mass Phenomena in English Towns, 1790-1835, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 6-8;
287. Masterman (ed.), The Heart of the Empire, reprinted Brighton, Harvester Press, 1973.
288. Charles F.G. Masterman, From the Abyss; of its Inhabitants by One of Them, London, Johnson, 1902, p. 4.
289. Jack London, The People of the Abyss, London, Nelson, 1904.
290. Ford Madox Ford, The Soul of London. A Survey of a Great City, London, Alston Rivers, 1905.
291. Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture. Anthropology, Travel and Government, London, Polity Press, 1994, p. 49.
292. Philip Curtin, The Image of Africa. British Ideas and Action, 1780-1850, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1964, p. 364
293. Joseph Peggs, Ghaut Murders in India. An Appeal to British Humanity and Justice Respecting the Practice of Exposing the Sick on the Banks of the Ganges, London, Seeley, 1830.
294. Howard Malcolm, Travels in South East Asia, embracing Hindustan, Malaya, Siam and China; with Notices of Numerous Missionary Stations, London, Charles Tilt, 1839, p. 8.
295. William Campbell, British India in its Relation to the Decline of Hindooism, and the Progress of Christianity..., London, Snow, 1839, p. iii.
296. Matthew Edney, Mapping and Empire. The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1997.
297. Major Thomas Jervis, Address... Descriptive of the State, Progress, and Prospects of the Various Surveys, and other Scientific Enquiries, instituted by the Hon. East India Company throughout Asia, Torquay, Private Circulation, 1838, p. 44.
298. Major H. Bevan, Thirty Years in India: or, A Soldier's Reminiscences of Nature and European Life in the Presidencies, from 1808 to 1838, London, Pelham Richardson, 1839, p. vi.
299. James Massie, Continental India, London, Ward, 1840, pp. xiii-xiv.
300. Walter Hamilton, A Geographical, Statistical and Historical Description of Hindostan, and the Adjacent Countries, London, Murray, 1820, pp. 51-2.
301. Mrs B.H. Holland, The Young Cadet; or Henry Delamere's Voyage to India, London, John Harris, 1827, p. 81
302. Josiah Conder, The Modern Traveller. A Description, Geographical, Historical and Topographical of the Various Countries of the Globe, 30 vols, London, Duncan, 1830, Vol. III, pp. 49-50.
303. Emma Roberts, Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan with Sketches of Anglo-Indian Society, London, Allen, 1835, pp. 13-14.
304. Campbell, British India in its Relation to the Decline of Hindooism, p. 5.
305. C.J.C. Davidson, Diary of Travels and Adventures in Upper India, London, Henry Colburn, 1843, p. 338.
306. George Johnson, The Stranger in India; or, Three Years in Calcutta, London, Colburn, 1843, p. 188.
307. William Sleeman, Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, London, Hatchard, 1844, p. 76.
308. W. Buyers, Recollections of Northern India; with Observations on the Origin, Customs, and Moral Sentiments of the Hindoos, and Remarks on the Country, and Principal Places on the Ganges, &c., London, Snow, 1848, p. 23.
309. Henry Elliot, Memoirs of the History, of Folk-lore, and Distribution of Races of the North Western Provinces of India, edited, revised and rearranged by John Beames, London, Trubner, 1869, pp. xv-xvi.
310. A. Hervey, Ten Years in India; or, The Life of a Young Officer, London, Schoberl, 1850, pp. iv-v.
311. J. Gray, Life in Bombay, and the Neighbouring Out-Stations, London, Bentley, 1852, p. viii.
312. Joseph Mullens, Revised Statistics of Missions in India and Ceylon, compiled at the Request of the Calcutta Missionary Conference, by Rev. Joseph Mullens, Calcutta, Baptist Mission Press, 1852.
313. M. Wylie, The Bible in India, London, Dalton, 1853, p. 14.
314. Joseph Mullens, Missions in South India, London, Dalton, 1854, p. 3.
315. John Kaye, The Administration of the East India Company; a History of Indian Progress, London, Bentley, 1853.
316. Edward Thornton, A Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the East India Company, and of the Native States on the Continent of India, London, Allen, 1857.
317. P.J.O. Taylor (ed.), A Companion to the 'Indian Mutiny' of 1857, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1996.
318. C.A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire. The New Cambridge History of India Vol. II.1, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988,
319. David Finkelstein and Douglas Peers (eds), Negotiating India in the Nineteenth-Century Media, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2000.
320. Eugenie Palmegiano, The British Empire in the Victorian Press, 1832-1867. A Bibliography, New York, Garland, 1987.
321. John Stevenson, A Sermon, for the Benefit of the Sufferers in India, on the Goodness and Severity of God. Preached at Tinwell, Rutland, 20 September 1857, Stamford, Langley, 1857, p. 6.
322. Francis Close, An Indian Retrospect, or, What has Christian England done for Heathen India?, London, Hatchard, 1858, p. 3.
323. James McKee, Obstacles to the Progress of Christianity in India, Belfast, Belfast News-Letter, 1858, pp. 4-5.
324. J. Murray Mitchell, Indian Missions; Viewed in Connexion with the Mutiny and other Recent Events, London, Nisbet, 1859, p. 6.
325. Kataki Kushari Dyson, A Various Universe. A Study of the Journals of British Men and Women in the Indian Subcontinent, 1765-1856, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 320.
326. William H. Russell, My Diary in India in the Year 1858-59, London, 1860, pp. 125-6.
327. Cadwalladar Cummerbund, From Southampton to Calcutta, London, Saunders, Otley and Co., 1860, p. 228.
328. John Kaye, Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857-8, 4 vols, London, 1897-98.
329. Ranajit Guha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1983
330. Steven Maugham, 'Civic culture, women's foreign missions, and the British imperial imagination, 1860-1914', in Frank Trentmann (ed.), Paradoxes of Civil Society. New Perspectives on Modern German and British History, New York, Berghahn, 2000.
331. Mary Carpenter, Six Months in India, 2 vols, London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1868, Vol. II, pp. 80-1.
332. William Butler, The Land of the Veda, being Personal Reminiscences of India; its People, Castes, Thugs, and Fakirs..., New York, Phillips and Hunt, 1871, p. 11.
333. E.C.P. Hull, The European in India; or, Anglo-Indian's Vade Mecum, London, King, 1871, p. viii.
334. Edward Eastwick, Handbook of the Madras Presidency, London, Murray, 1879;
335. Edward Eastwick, Handbook of the Bombay Presidency, London, Murray, 1881;
336. William Robertson, An Historical Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India, London, Cadell and Davies, 1817 [1791], p. 200.
337. Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind. Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2001
338. Duncan Forester, Caste and Christianity. Attitudes and Policies on Caste of Anglo-Saxon Protestant Missions in India, London, Curzon Press, 1980, p. 35.
339. G.A. Oddie, Social Protest in India. British Protestant Missionaries and Social Reforms, 1850-1900, Delhi, Manoher, 1979, p. 56.
340. Charles Grant, Observations on the State of Society among the Asiatic Subjects of Great Britain, particularly with reference to Morals; and on the Means of Improving it.- Written chiefly in the Year 1792, Parliamentary Papers, 1813, p. 28.
341. James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, 4 vols, London, White, Cochrane and Co., 1813, Vol. I, p. 73.
342. Ronald Inden, Imagining India, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2000 [1990], p. 57.
343. Louis Dumont, Homo Hierachicus. The Caste System and its Implications, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1980 [1966], p. 24.
344. William Ward, A View of the History, Literature, and Religion of the Hindoos, 4 vols, London, British Missionary Society, 1817-20, Vol. III, p. xxviii.
345. Walter Hamilton, A Geographical, Statistical and Historical Description of Hindostan, and the Adjacent Countries, London, Murray, 1820, p. 102.
346. R. Montgomery Martin, The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India, 3 vols, London, Allen, 1838, Vol. I, p. 126.
347. see S.B. Chaudhuri, History of the Gazetteers of India, Delhi, Ministry of Education, 1964.
348. Kenneth Jones, 'Religious identity and the Indian Census', in N. Gerald Barrier (ed.), The Census in British India. New Perspectives, Delhi, Manohar, 1981.
349. William Crooke, The Native Races of the British Empire: Natives of Northern India, London, 1907;
350. Herbert Risley, The People of India, London, 1908;
351. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity. The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1995.