"Racial" categories and health risks: Epidemiological surveillance among Canadian First Nations

Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk and Automated Discrimination

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 111-134

  Poudrier, Jennifer ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85072817111     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (79)

1. American Diabetes Association (1999) 'American Diabetes Association' Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 22 February 2002)
2. Annas, G. and Elias, S. (eds) (1992) Gene Mapping: Using Law and Ethics as Guides, New York: Oxford University Press
3. Assembly of First Nations (AFN) (2000) Aboriginal Diabetes Strategy. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 1 March 2001)
4. Awang, S. (2000) 'Indigenous Nations and the Human Genome Diversity Project' in G. J. S. Dei, B. Hall, and D. G. Rosenberg (eds) Indigenous Knowledges in Global Contexts: Multiple Readings of our World, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
5. Biagioli, M. (ed.) (1990) The Science Studies Reader, New York: Routledge
6. BioMedNet News (2001) 'DNA Database Idea Under Fire' Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 30 April 2001)
7. Bolaria, B. S. and Bolaria, R. (1994) Racial Minorities Medicine and Health, Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing
8. Bolaria, B. S. and Dickinson, H. D. (eds) (1994) Health, Illness, and Health Care in Canada, 2nd edn, Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company
9. Canadian Diabetes Association (2001) 'Diabetes Facts' Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 22 February 2002)
10. Canadian Lung Association (1999) 'The History of Tuberculosis in Canada' Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 22 February 2002)
11. Chadwick, R. (1998) 'Can Genetic Counselling Avoid the Charge of Eugenics?' Science in Context, 11(3-4): 471-80
12. Clarke, J. (1990) Health, Illness, and Medicine in Canada, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart
13. Doyal, L. (1979) The Political Economy of Health, London: Pluto Press
14. Duster, T. (1990) Backdoor to Eugenics, London: Routledge
15. Duster, T. (1996) 'The Prism of Heritability and the Sociology of Knowledge' in L. Nader (ed.) Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry Into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge, New York: Routledge
16. Edginton, B. (1989) Health, Disease and Medicine in Canada: A Sociological Perspective, Toronto and Vancouver: Butterworths
17. Fee, E. (ed.) (1983) Women and Health: The Politics of Sex in Medicine, New York: Baywood Publishing Co
18. Fenton, S. and Charsley, K. (2000) 'Epidemiology and Sociology as Incommensurate Games: Accounts from the Study of Health and Ethnicity' Health, 4(4): 403-25
19. Forde, O. (1998) 'Is Imposing Risk Awareness Cultural Imperialism?' Social Science & Medicine, 47(9): 1155-9
20. Foucault, M. (1973) The Birth of the Clinic, New York: Pantheon
21. Frideres, J. (1994) 'Racism and Health: The Case of the Native People' in Bolaria, B. S. and Dickinson, H. D. (eds.) Health, Illness, and Health Care in Canada, 2nd edn, Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company
22. Harding, S. (1998) Is Science Multicultural?: Postcolonialisms, Feminisms, and Epistemologies, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
23. Harry, D. (2001) 'Biopiracy and Globalization: Indigenous People Face a New Wave of Colonialism' Indigenous Peoples Coalition Against Biopiracy. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 22 February 2002)
24. Harry, D. and Dukepoo, F. (1998) 'Indians, Genes and Genetics: What Indians Should Know about the New Biotechnology' Indigenous Peoples Coalition Against Biopiracy. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 22 February 2002)
25. Harry, D., Howard, S., and Shelton, B. (2000) 'Indigenous Peoples, Genes and Genetics: What Indigenous Peoples Should Know About Biocolonialism' Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 22 February 2002)
26. Hawkins, D. (2001) 'The Dark Side of Genetic Testing' U.S. News & World Report. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 27 February 2001)
27. Health Canada (1999) Diabetes in Canada: National Statistics and Opportunities for Improved Surveillance, Prevention, and Control. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 February 2002)
28. Hegele, R. A. (1999a) 'The Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus' Canadian Journal of Diabetes Care, 23: 33-7
29. Hegele, R. A. (1999b) 'Lessons from Genetic Studies in Native Canadian Populations' Nutrition Review, 57: S43-50
30. Hegele, R., Cao, H., Harris, S., Hanley, A., and Zinman, B. (1999) 'The Heptatic Nuclear Factor-1alpha G319S Variant is Associated with Early-onset Diabetes in Canadian Oji-Cree' Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84(3): 1077-82
31. Hennekens, C. and Buring, J. (eds) (1987) Epidemiology in Medicine, Boston: Little, Brown
32. Hollan, T. (2001) 'Gene Pool Expeditions: Estonians or Subjects of the Crown of Tonga: Whose Gene Pool Hides Gold?' The Scientist, 15(4). Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 19 February 2001)
33. Holtzman, N. (1999) 'Eugenics and Genetic Testing' Science in Context, 11(3-4): 397-417
34. Illich, I. (1976) Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, New York: Pantheon
35. Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB) (2000) 'Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism Press Release' Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 26 June 2000)
36. Inhorn, M. and Whittle, L. (2001) 'Feminism Meets the 'New' Epidemiologies: Toward an Appraisal of Antifeminist Biases in Epidemiological Research on Women's Health' Social Science & Medicine, 53(5): 553-67
37. Joe, J. and Young, R. (eds) (1994) Diabetes as a Disease of Civilization: The Impact of Lifestyle and Cultural Changes on the Health of Indigenous Peoples, Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter
38. Kaprio, J. (2000) 'Science, Medicine and the Future: Genetic Epidemiology' British Medical Journal, 320(7724): 1257-9
39. Kay, L. (1999) 'In the Beginning Was the Word: The Genetic Code and the Book of Life' in M. Biagioli (ed.) The Science Studies Reader, New York and London: Routledge
40. Kevles, D. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, New York: Alfred A. Knopf
41. Kelm, M. (1998) Colonizing Bodies: Aboriginal Health and Healing in British Columbia, 1900-50. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press
42. Khoury, M., Beskow, L., and Gwinn, M. (2001) 'Making the Vision of Genomic Medicine a Reality: Public Health Research is Key' GeneLetter Online. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 1 May 2001)
43. Lemmens, T. and Austin, L. (2001) 'Of Volume, Depth and Speed: The Challenges of Genetic Information' prepared for the Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee, February 2001. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 February 2002)
44. Lippman, A. (1991) 'Prenatal Genetic Testing and Screening: Constructing Needs and Reinforcing Inequalities' American Journal of Law and Medicine, 17: 15-50
45. Lone Dog, L. (1999) 'Whose Genes Are They? The Human Genome Diversity Project' Journal of Health and Social Policy, 10(4): 51-66
46. Lupton, D. (1995) The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body, London: Sage Publications
47. McDermott, R. (1998) 'Ethics, Epidemiology and the Thrifty Gene: Biological Determinism as a Health Hazard' Social Science and Medicine, 47: 1189-95
48. McLaren, A. (1990) Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885-1945, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart
49. McNally, R. (1998) 'Eugenics Here and Now' in P. Glasner and H. Rothman Genetic Imaginations: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Human Genome Research, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing
50. Marchand, L.H. (1999) 'Obesity Associated with High Rates of Diabetes in the Pima Indians' The Pima Indians: Pathfinders for Health. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 22 February 2002)
51. Nader, L. (ed.) (1996) Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge, New York: Routledge
52. Navarro, V. (1986) Crisis, Health and Medicine: A Social Critique, New York and London: Tavistock Publications
53. Neel, J. V. (1962) 'Diabetes Mellitus: A 'Thrifty' Genotype Rendered Detrimental by Progress?' American Journal of Human Genetics, 14: 353-62
54. Neel, J. V. (1982) 'The Thrifty Genotype Revisited' in J. Kobberling (ed.) The Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus, London: Academic Press
55. Nelkin, D. and Lindee, M. S. (1995) The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon, New York: Freeman
56. Nelkin, D. and Tancredi, L. (1994) Dangerous Diagnostics: The Social Power of Biological Information, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
57. O'Neil, J., Reading, J., and Leader, A. (1998) 'Changing the Relations of Surveillance: The Development of a Discourse of Resistance in Aboriginal Epidemiology' Human Organization, 57(2): 230-7
58. Palson, G. (2001) 'The Genetic Saga of Icelanders' GeneLetter Online. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 15 August 2001)
59. Paul, D. (1998) The Politics of Heredity: Essays on Eugenics, Biomedicine, and the Nature-Nurture Debate, New York: State University of New York Press
60. Petersen, A. and Bunton, R. (eds) (1997) Foucault, Health and Medicine, New York and London: Routledge
61. Rabinow, P. (1994) Essays on the Anthropology of Reason, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
62. Rosner, M. and Johnson, T. R. (1995) 'Telling Stories: Metaphors of the Human Genome Project' Hypatia, 10(4): 104-29
63. Shelton, B. and Marks, J. (2001) 'Genetic Markers-Not a Valid Test of Native Identity' Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 1 May 2001)
64. Skinner, D. and Rosen, P. (2001) 'Opening the White Box: The Politics of Racialised Science and Technology' Science as Culture, 10(3): 285-300
65. Spurgeon, D. (1999) ''Thrifty Gene' Identified in Manitoba Indians' British Medical Journal, 318: 828
66. Turner, B. S. (1986) The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory, Oxford: Basil Blackwell
67. Turner, B. S. (1997) 'From Governmentality to Risk: Some Reflections on Foucault's Contribution to Medical Sociology' in A. Petersen and R. Bunton (eds) Foucault, Health and Medicine, New York and London: Routledge
68. Van Dijck, J. (1998) Imagenation: Popular Images of Genetics, New York: New York University Press
69. Wade, N. (2001) 'Genome Analysis Shows Humans Survive on Low Number of Genes' New York Times, 11 February 2001: 1/1. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 15 February 2001)
70. Waldrum, J. (1994) 'Cultural and Socio-Economic Factors in the Delivery of Health Care Services to Aboriginal Peoples' in B. Bolaria and R. Bolaria (eds.) Racial Minorities, Medicine and Health, Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing
71. Waldrum, J., Herring, A., and Young, T.K. (1995) Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural and Epidemiological Perspectives, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
72. Waldrum, J., Whiting, J., Kornder, N., and Habbick, B. (2000) 'Cultural Understandings and the Use of Traditional Medicine among Urban Aboriginal People with Diabetes in Saskatoon, Canada' Canadian Journal of Diabetes Care, 24(2): 31-8
73. Waitzkin, H. (1983) The Second Sickness, New York: Free Press
74. Wertz, D. (1998) 'Eugenics Is Alive and Well: A Survey of Genetic Professionals Around the World' Science in Context, 11: 493-510
75. Whitt, L. A. (1998) 'Resisting Value-Bifurcation: Indigenist Critiques of the Human Genome Diversity Project' in B. B. On and A. Ferguson (eds) Daring to Be Good: Essays in Feminist Ethico-Politics, New York: Routledge
76. Wotherspoon, T. and Satzewich, V. (1993) First Nations: Race,Class and Gender Relations, Toronto: Nelson
77. Young, T. K., Reading, J., Elias, B., and O'Neil, J. (2000) 'Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Canada's First Nations: Status of an Epidemic in Progress' Canadian Medical Association Journal, 163(5): 561-6
78. Zuberi, T. (2000) 'Deracializing Social Statistics: Problems in the Quantification of Race' The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568: 172-85
79. Zwillich, T. (2001) 'Human Genome Project Director Peers into the Future' GeneLetter Online. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 22 January 2001)