The paleolithic glass ceiling: Women in human evolution

Women in Human Evolution

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 91-113

  Zihlman, Adrienne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85070994332     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203973103-12     Document Type: Chapter

References (94)

1. Altmann, J. (1980) Baboon Mothers and Infants, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2. Bartholomew, G.A. and Birdsell, J.B. (1953) "Ecology of the Protohominids," Amer.Anthrop. 55:481-498.
3. Bentley, G.R. (1985) "Hunter-Gatherer Energetics and Fertility: A Reassessment of the !Kung San," Human Ecology 13 (1):79-101.
4. Beyrensmeyer, A.K., Gordon, K.D., and Yanagi, G.T. (1986) "Trampling as a Cause of Bone Surface Damage and Pseudo-Cutmarks," Nature 319:768-771.
5. Binford, L.R. (1981) Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths, New York: Academic Press.
6. Blumenschine, R.J. (1986) "Carcass Consumption Sequences and the Archaeological Distinction of Scavenging and Hunting," Journal of Human Evolution 15:639-659.
7. Bowler, P. (1986) Theories of Human Evolution: A Century of Debate 1844-1944, Oxford: Blackwell.
8. Brain, C.K. (1981) The Hunters or The Hunted: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
9. Brain, C.K. (1985) "Cultural and Taphonomic Comparison of Hominids from Swartkans and Sterkfontein," in E.Delson (ed.) Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, New York: Alan R.Liss, pp. 72-75.
10. Broom, R. (1950) "The Genera and Species of the South African Fossil Ape-Man," Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. ns 8:1-13.
11. Bunn, H.T. (1981) "Archaeological Evidence for Meat-Eating by Plio-Pleistocene Hominids from Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge," Nature 291:574-577
12. Conkey, M.W. and Spector, J.D. (1984) "Archaeology and the Study of Gender," in M.Schiffer (ed.) Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7:1-38.
13. Conkey, M.W. and Williams, S.H. (1991) "Original Narratives: The Political Economy of Gender in Archaeology," in M.di Leonardo (ed.) Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 102-139.
14. Dahlberg, F. (1981) Woman the Gatherer, New Haven: Yale University Press.
15. Dart, R. (1949) "The Predatory Implemental Technique of Australopithecus," Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. n.s. 7:1-38.
16. Draper, P. (1975) "!Kung Women: Contrasts in Sexual Egalitarianism in the Foraging and Sedentary Contexts," in R.R.Reiter (ed.) Toward an Anthropology of Women, New York: Monthly Review Press.
17. Draper, P. (1976) "Social and Economic Constraints on Child Life Among the !Kung," in R.B.Lee and I.DeVore (eds) Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbors, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 199-217.
18. Estioko-Griffin, A. (1985) "Women Hunters: The Implications for Pleistocene Prehistory and Contemporary Ethnography," in M.J.Goodman (ed.) Women in Asia and the Pacific, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 61-81.
19. Estioko-Griffin, A. and Griffin, P.Bion (1981) "Woman the Hunter: The Agta," in F.Dahlberg (ed.) Woman the Gatherer, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 121-151.
20. Falk, D. (1990) "Brain Evolution in Homo: The 'Radiator' Theory," Behavioral andBrain Sciences 13:333-381.
21. Faludi, S. (1991) Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women, New York: Crown Publishers.
22. Fedigan, L.M. (1982) Primate Paradigms: Sex Roles and Social Bonds, Eden Press, Montreal (reprinted 1992, Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
23. Fedigan, L.M. (1986) "The Changing Role of Women in Models of Hominid Evolution," Annual Review of Anthropology 15:25-66.
24. Fedigan, L.M. and Fedigan, L. (1989) "Gender and the Study of Primates," in S.Morgan (ed.) Gender and Anthropology: Critical Reviews for Teaching and Research, Washington DC: American Anthropological Association, pp. 41-64.
25. Gifford-Gonzalez, D. (1993) "You Can Hide, But You Can't Run: Representations of Women's Work in Illustrations of Paleolithic Life," Visual Anthropology Review 9: 23-41.
26. Gifford-Gonzalez, D. (1995) "The Drudge-on-the-Hide," Archaeology 48(2):84.
27. Goodall, J. (1986) The Chimpanzees of Gombe, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
28. Goodall, J. and Hamburg, D. (1975) "Chimpanzee Behavior as a Model for the Behavior of Early Man. New Evidence on Possible Origins of Human Behavior," American Handbook of Psychiatry, New York: Basic Books.
29. Hager, L.D. (1991) "The Evidence for Sex Differences in the Hominid Fossil Record," in D.Walde and N.Willows (eds) The Archaeology of Gender, Calgary: Archaeological Association, University of Calgary, pp. 46-49.
30. Haraway, D. (1989) Primate Visions: Gender, Race and Nature in the World of Modern Science, London: Routledge.
31. Harding, S. (1986) The Science Question in Feminism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
32. Henley, N. (1977) Body Politics: Power, Sex and Nonverbal Communication, New York: Prentice-Hall.
33. Hill, K. (1982) "Hunting and Human Evolution," Journal of Human Evolution 11: 521-544.
34. Howell, F.C. (1965) Early Man, New York: Time/Life.
35. Howell, N. (1979) Demography of the Dobe !Kung, New York: Academic Press.
36. Hrdy, S.B. (1981) The Woman That Never Evolved, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
37. Isaac, G. Ll. (1978) "The Food-Sharing Behavior of Protohuman Hominids," ScientificAmerican 238:90-109.
38. Johanson, D.C. and Edey, M. (1981) Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind, New York: Simon and Schuster.
39. Johanson, D.C., Johanson, L., and Edgar, B. (1994) Ancestors: In Search of Human Origins, New York: Villard Books.
40. Keller, E.F. (1985) Reflections on Gender and Science, New Haven: Yale University Press.
41. Klein, R.G. (1987) "Reconstructing How Early People Exploited Animals: Problems and Prospects," in M.H.Nitecki and D.V.Nitecki (eds) The Evolution of Human Hunting, New York: Plenum Press, pp. 11-45.
42. Kortlandt, A. (1962) "Chimpanzees in the Wild," Scientific American 206:128-138.
43. Lancaster, J.B. (1989) "Women in Biosocial Perspective," in S.Morgan (ed.) Genderand Anthropology: Critical Reviews for Teaching and Research, Washington DC: American Anthropological Association, pp. 95-115.
44. Laughlin, W.S. (1968) "Hunting: An Integrating Biobehavior System and its Evolutionary Implications," in R.B.Lee and I.DeVore (eds) Man the Hunter, Chicago: Aldine, pp.304-320.
45. Lee, R.B. (1968a) "What Hunters Do for a Living, or, How to Make Out on Scarce Resources," in R.B.Lee and I.DeVore (eds) Man the Hunter, Chicago: Aldine, pp.30-48.
46. Lee, R.B. (1968b) "Comment," in S.Binford and L.Binford (eds) New Perspectives in Archeology, Chicago: Aldine, pp. 342-346.
47. Lee, R.B. (1972) "Population Growth and the Beginnings of Sedentary Life Among the !Kung Bushmen," in B.Spooner (ed.) Population Growth: Anthropological Implications, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 329-342.
48. Lee, R.B. (1979) The !Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49. Lee, R.B. and DeVore, I. (eds) (1968a) Man the Hunter, Chicago: Aldine.
50. Lee, R.B. and DeVore, I. (1968b) "Problems in the Study of Hunters and Gatherers," in R.B.Lee and I.DeVore (eds) Man the Hunter, Chicago: Aldine, pp. 3-12.
51. Lovejoy, C.O. (1981) "The Origin of Man," Science 211:341-350.
52. Major, B. (1981) "Gender Patterns in Touching," in C.Mayo and N.Henley (eds) Gender and Nonverbal Behavior, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 15-37.
53. Mayo, C. and Henley, N. (1981) Gender and Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
54. Morgan, E. (1972) Descent of Woman, New York: Stein and Day.
55. Nelson, H. and Jurmain, R. (1991) Introduction to Physical Anthropology, fifth Edition, St Paul: West Publishing Company.
56. Nelson, H. and Jurmain, R. (1994) Introduction to Physical Anthropology, sixth Edition, St Paul: West Publishing Company.
57. Panter-Brick, C. (1989) "Motherhood and Subsistence Work," Human Ecology 17 (2): 205-228.
58. Peacock, N. (1985) "Time Allocation, Work and Fertility among Efe Pygmy Women of Northeast Zaire," unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
59. Peacock, N. (1991) "Rethinking the Sexual Division of Labor, Reproduction and Women's Work among the Efe," in M.di Leonardo (ed.) Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 339-360.
60. Perper, T. and Schrire, C. (1977) "The Nimrod Connection: Myth and Science in the Hunting Model," in M.R.Kare and O.Maller (eds) The Chemical Senses and Nutrition, New York: Academic Press, pp. 447-459.
61. Potts, R. (1984) "Home Bases and Early Hominids," American Scientist 72:338-347.
62. Relethford, J.H. (1994) The Human Species: An Introduction to Biological Anthropology, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Press.
63. Reynolds, V. (1966) "Open Groups in Hominid Evolution," Man 1:441-452.
64. Rowell, T.E. (1966) "Forest-Living Baboons in Uganda," J. Zoology (London): 149: 344-364.
65. Rowell, T.E. (1974) "The Concept of Dominance," Behavioral Biology 11:131-154.
66. Schaller, G.B. and Lowther, G. (1969) "The Relevance of Carnivore Behavior to the Study of Early Hominids," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 25 (4):307-341.
67. Schiebinger, L. (1989) The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
68. Service, E. (1969) "Primitives and Very Primitives," Science 164:1045.
69. Shipman, P (1986) "Scavenging or Hunting in Early Hominids: Theoretical Framework and Tests," Amer. Anthrop. 88:27-43.
70. Shostak, M. (1981) Nisa: The Life and Words of at Kung Woman, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
71. Slocum, S. (1975) "Woman the Gatherer: Male Bias in Anthropology," in R.R.Reiter (ed.) Toward an Anthropology of Women, New York: Monthly Review Press, pp. 36-50.
72. Small, M.F. (1984) Female Primates: Studies by Women Primatologists, New York: Alan R.Liss.
73. Smuts, B.B. (1985) Sex and Friendship in Baboons, New York: Aldine.
74. Spector, J.D. and Whelan, M.K. (1989) "Incorporating Gender into Archaeology Courses," in S.Morgan (ed.) Gender and Anthropology: Critical Reviews for Teaching and Research, Washington DC: American Anthropological Association, pp. 65-94.
75. Strum, S. (1987) Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons, New York: Random House.
76. Tanner, N.M. (1981) On Becoming Human, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
77. Tanner, N. and Zihlman, A. (1976) "Women in Evolution. Part I. Innovation and Selection in Human Origins," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1 (3, pt. 1):585-608.
78. Tattersall, I. (1993) The Human Odyssey: Four Million Years of Human Evolution, New York: Prentice Hall.
79. Teleki, G. (1974) "Chimpanzee Subsistence Technology: Materials and Skills," Journal of Human Evolution 3:575-594.
80. Tooby, J. and Devore, I. (1987) "The Reconstruction of Hominid Behavioral Evolution through Strategic Modeling," in W.G.Kinzey (ed.) The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models, New York: State University of New York Press, pp. 183-237.
81. Washburn, S.L. (1951a) "The Analysis of Primate Evolution with Particular Reference to the Origin of Man," Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 15:67-77.
82. Washburn, S.L. (1951b) "The New Physical Anthropology," Trans. NY Acad. Sci. 13(2):298-304.
83. Washburn, S.L. (1957) "The Hunters or the Hunted?" Amer. Anthrop. 59:612-614.
84. Washburn, S.L. (1960) "Tools and Human Evolution," Scient. Amer. 203 (3):62-75.
85. Washburn, S.L. and Avis, V. (1958) "Evolution of Human Behavior," in A.Roe and G.G. Simpson (eds) Behavior and Evolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 421-436.
86. Washburn, S.L. and DeVore, I. (1961) "Social Behavior of Baboons and Early Hominids," in S.L.Washburn (ed.) Social Life of Early Man, Chicago: Aldine, pp. 91-105.
87. Washburn, S.L. and Lancaster, C.S. (1968) "The Evolution of Hunting," in R.B.Lee and I. DeVore (eds) Man the Hunter, Chicago: Aldine, pp. 293-303.
88. Washburn, S.L., Zihlman, A.L. (1978) "Women in Evolution. Part II. Subsistence and Social Organization among Early Hominids," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 4 (1): 4-20.
89. Washburn, S.L. (1981) "Women as Shapers of the Human Adaptation," in F.Dahlberg (ed.) Woman the Gatherer, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 75-120.
90. Washburn, S.L. (1985) "Australopithecus afarensis: Two Sexes or Two Species?," in P.V.Tobias (ed.), Hominid Evolution: Past, Present and Future, New York: Alan R.Liss, pp. 213-220.
91. Washburn, S.L. (1987) "American Association of Physical Anthropologists Annual Luncheon Address, April 1985: Sex, Sexes and Sexism in Human Origins," Yrbk of Phys. Anthrop. 30:11-19.
92. Washburn, S.L. (1995) "Misreading Darwin on Reproduction: Reductionism in Evolutionary Theory," in F.Ginsberg and R.Rapp (eds) Conceiving the New World Order, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 425-443.
93. Washburn, S.L. and Tanner, N. (1974) "Putting Women into Evolution," paper presented at the American Anthropological Association, Mexico City.
94. Washburn, S.L. (1978) "Gathering and the Hominid Adaptation," in L.Tiger and H.Fowler (eds) Female Hierarchies, Chicago: Beresford Book Service, pp. 163-194.