The legality of single-sex education in the United States: Sometimes "Equal" means "Different"

Gender in Policy and Practice: Perspectives on Single Sex and Coeducational Schooling

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 47-72

  Salomone, Rosemary ^a  

^a ST JOHN'S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85070810536     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (59)

1. American Association of University Women Educational Foundation. (1991). Shortchanging Girls, Shortchanging America. Washington, D.C
2. American Association of University Women Educational Foundation. (1992). How Schools Shortchange Girls. Washington, D.C
3. American Association of University Women Educational Foundation. (1993). Hostile Hallways: The AAUWSurvey on Sexual Harassment in America's Schools. Washington, D.C
4. American Association of University Women Educational Foundation. (1996). Girls in the Middle: Working to Succeed in School. Washington, D.C
5. American Association of University Women Educational Foundation. 1998). Separated by Sex: A Critical Look at Single-Sex Education for Girls. Washington, D.C
6. Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N.R., and Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic Books
7. Better Education for Students and Teachers Act, Chapter 3, Innovative Education Programs, Amendment No. 540 to S. 1, 107th Cong., 1st Sess., 147 Cong Rec. S5943 (June 7, 2000) (statement of Sen. Hutchison)
8. Better Education for Students and Teachers Act, Chapter 3, Innovative Education Programs, Amendment No. 540 to S. 1, 107th Cong., 1st Sess., 147 Cong. Rec. S5943-44 (June 7,2001) (statement of Sen. Clinton)
9. Brief Amid Curiae of Professor Carol GiUigan and the Program on Gender, Science and Law, United States v. Virginia, 51 F. 3d 440 (4th Cir. 1995), reprinted in Women's Law Reporter (fall 1994), 1-16 Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 484 (1954)
10. Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984)
11. City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989)
12. Chodorow, N.J. (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
13. Coleman, J. S. (1961). The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager. New York: Free Press of Glencoe
14. Cowen, L. (2000, October 1). "A Class of Their Own: A Girls Charter School Leaves Boys Out of the Equation." Chicago Tribune Magazine, 1-17
15. Cuban, L. (1991, November 20). "All-Male African-American Public Schools: Desperate Remedies for Desperate Times." Education Week 36-37
16. Datnow, A., Hubbard, L., and Woody, E. (May 2001). Is Singe-Gender Schooling Viable in the Public Sector? Lessons from California's Pilot Program. Final Report
17. Educational Opportunity Demonstration Program, 103d Cong., 2d Sess., 140 Cong Rec.10163-10172 (August 1,1994) (statement of Sen. Danforth)
18. Education Opportunity Demonstration Program, 103d Cong., 2d Sess., 140 Cong Rec. S10169-10172 (August 1,1994) (statement of Sen. Kennedy)
19. Faulkner v. Jones, 858 F. Supp. 552 (D. So. Car., 1994), aff'd, 51 F. 3d 440 (4th Cir. 1995)
20. Garrett v. Board of Education, 775 F. Supp. 1004 (E.D. Mich. 1991)
21. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
22. Gilligan, C. (1990). "Preface, Teaching Shakespeare's Sister: Notes from the Underground of Female Adolescence." In Gilligan, C., Lyons, N. P., and Hammer, T. (Eds.), Making Connections. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
23. Gurian, M. (1997). The Wonder of Boys. New York: Tarcher/Putnam
24. Gurian, M. (1999). A Fine YoungMan. New York: Tarcher/Putnam
25. Hancock, L., and Kalb, C. (1996, June 24). "A Room of Their Own." Newsweek 76
26. Herr, K., and Arms, E. (2001). "The Intersection o f Educational Reforms: Single Gender Academies in a Public Middle School."
27. Holland, S. H. (1987, March 22). "Commentary, A Radical Approach to Educating Young Black Males." Education Week 24
28. Hudson, K., and Stiles, J. (1998, November). "Single-Sex Classes: A Plus for Preadolescent Girls." Principal 78 (2): 57-58
29. Kindlon, D., and Thompson, M. (1999). Raising Cain: Protecting the Emotional Life of Boys. New York: Ballandne Books
30. Kleinfeld, J. (1999, Winter). "Student Performance: Males versus Females." Public Interest 134: 3-20
31. Kleinfeld, J. (1998). The Myth That Schools Shortchange Girls: Social Science in the Service of Deception. Washington, D.C.: The Women's Freedom Network
32. LRP Publications. (1999, October 12). Your School and the Law 29:19
33. Manegold, C. S. (2000). In Glory's Shadow: Shannon Faulkner, The Citadel and a Changing America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf
34. Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982)
35. NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund. (1990). Reflections on Proposals for Separate Schools for African-American Male Pupils. New York
36. National Association of Independent Schools. (1999). Backgrounder. Washington, D.C
37. National Coalition of Girls' Schools. (2000). Girls'Education in the 90's: All-Girl Schools Founded Since 1995. Concord, MA
38. National Coalition of Girls' Schools. (2001, September). Bells Ringing, Not Tolling for Girls' Schools. Press Release. Concord, MA
39. National Women's Law Center. (1998, September 2). Letter from M. Greenberger, copresident and L. Annexstein, senior counsel to Members of the U.S. Senate
40. National Women's Law Center. (2001, August 16). Letter from M. Greenberger, copresident, L. Annexstein, senior counsel and K. Keller, counsel to Harold O. Levy, chancellor, New York City Board of Education. Available: www.nwlc.org
41. Newberg v. Board of Education, 26 Pa. D. and C. 3d 682 (1983)
42. Noddings, N. (1984). Caring. A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
43. Pollack, W. (1998). Real Boys: Rescuing Our Sons from the Myths of Boyhood. New York: Random House
44. Riordan, C. (1990). Boys and Girls in School: Together or Separate? New York: Teachers College Press
45. Riordan, C. (1994). "Single-Gender Schools: Outcomes for African and Hispanic Americans." Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization 10:177-205
46. Riordan, C. (1998). "The Future of Single-Sex Schools." In American Association of University Women. Separated by Sex: A Critical Look at Single-Sex Education for Girls. Washington, D.C
47. Sadker, M., and Sadker, D. (1994). Failing at Fairness: How Our Schools Cheat Girls. New York: Touchstone
48. Salomone, R. (1999). "Single-Sex Schooling: Law, Policy, and Research." In D. Ravitch (Ed.), Brookings Papers on Education Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press
49. Sommers, C. H. (2000). The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men. New York: Simon and Schuster
50. Riordan, C. (1994). Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women. New York: Touchstone. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Discrimination Based on Sex, 20 U.S.C. 1681 et seq. (Supp. 2000)
51. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Non Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs and Activities Receiving or Benefiting from Federal Financial Assistance, 34 C.F.R. 106.1 et seq. (Supp. 2000)
52. Tyack, D., and Hansot, S.L. (1990). Learning Together: A History of Coeducation in American Schools. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
53. United States v. Virginia, 766 F.Supp.1407 (W.D. Va. 1991), vacated and remanded, 976 F.2d 890 (4th Cir. 1992), 852 F. Supp. 471 (W.D. Va. 1994), aff'd, 44 F.3d 1229 (4th Cir. 1995), rehearing en banc denied, 52 F. 3d 90 (4th Cir. 1995), rev'd and remanded, 518 U.S. 515 (1996)
54. U.S. Department of Education. (1999). Report to the Senate Appropriations Committee on Review of Title IX Regulations and Policies Regarding single-sex Programs. Washington, D.C
55. U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. (2000). Applying Federal Civil Rights Laws to Public Charter Schools. Washington, D.C
56. U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights (2002). Single Sex Classes and Schools: Guidelines on Title IX Requirements: Notice. Washington D.C
57. U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights (2002). Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance; Proposed Rule. Washington D.C
58. Wilson, J. (1992, February 24). "Expert Dislikes All-Male Schools, Consultant Says They Harm Black Students." Detroit Free Press, Bl
59. Wood, B., and Brown, L. A. (1997). "Participation in an All-Female Algebra I Class: Effects on High School Math and Science Course Selection." Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 3: 256-277