The mechanics of state propaganda: The people's Republic of China and the Soviet Union in the 1950s

New Perspectives on State Socialism in China

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 76-124

  Chang, Julian ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 85069576204     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (181)

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60. Kuo Mo-Jo, 'Cultural and Educational Work During the Past Year,' NCNA, September 30, 1950, in Current Background (CB), no. 15, October 19, 1950
61. Zhao, 'Zhongguo guangbo dianshi fazhan gaikuang,' 35
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63. Zhao, 'A Survey ofChina's Radio,'
64. Li Chunmei and Zhang Zhuzeng, former editors at Ningxia Radio, interview, Yinchuan, Ningxia, April 28, 1991
65. K.R.M. Short, Film and Radio Propaganda in World War JI (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983)
66. Nicholas Pronay and D.W. Spring, eds., Propaganda, Politics and Film, 1918-45 (London: Macmillan, 1982)
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68. Stalin, 'Congratulations to Soviet Cinema on Its Fifteenth Anniversary,' Pravda, January 11, 1935
69. Trotsky, 'Vodka, the Church and the Cinema,' in Trotsky, Problems of Life (London, 1924), 34-43
70. Lunacharskii, 'The Tasks ofthe State Cinema in the RSFSR,' in Trotsky, Problems of Life., 47
71. Wang Ruoshui, interview, Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 24, 1993
72. NCNA, 'Review of Achievements of SSF A in Past Two Years,' Octqber 6, 1951, in SCMP, no. 189, 6
73. 'Socialist Realism-The Road of Advance for Chinese Literature,' People's China, no. 2 (1953): 10-15
74. Shu Xiaoming, Xin Zhongguo dianying shi (A history ofNew China's cinema) (Beijing: Central Film Institute, 1990), 15
75. Shu Xiaoming, Xin Zhongguo dianying shi (A history ofNew China's cinema) (Beijing: Central Film Institute, 1990), 16
76. Shu Xiaoming, Xin Zhongguo dianying shi (A history ofNew China's cinema) (Beijing: Central Film Institute, 1990), 17
77. Shu Xiaoming, Xin Zhongguo dianying shi (A history ofNew China's cinema) (Beijing: Central Film Institute, 1990), 16
78. Wang et al., Working Handbook, 258
79. Helen Lamber Shadick, trans., Book Publishing in Soviet Russia (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1947), l
80. Helen Lamber Shadick, trans., Book Publishing in Soviet Russia (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1947), 11
81. Gregory Walker, Soviet Book Publishing Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 122
82. Gregory Walker, Soviet Book Publishing Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 6
83. Gregory Walker, Soviet Book Publishing Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 16
84. Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda Sta te, 1O1
85. G. Raymond Nunn, Publishing in Mainland China (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966), 17
86. G. Raymond Nunn, Publishing in Mainland China (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966), 8
87. Xuexi Makesi, Engesi, Liening, Sidalin zhuzuo: zhongyiwen jianmu (An index to Chinese translations ofthe works ofMarx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin) (Beijing: Xuexi, 1957)
88. Grammar Teaching Group, Beijing Russian Language lnstitute, Russian Grammar Text (Beijing: Foreign Language lnstitute Teaching Materials Publisher, 1957, 1959), 20
89. Grammar Teaching Group, Beijing Russian Language lnstitute, Russian Grammar Text (Beijing: Foreign Language lnstitute Teaching Materials Publisher, 1957, 1959), 25
90. Tsao Ching-hua, 'Soviet Literature in China,' People's China, no. 7 (April 1, 1950): 28
91. Laurence Schneider, 'Leaming from Russia: Lysenkoism and the Fate of Genetics in China, 1950-1985' (paper presented at the Fairbank Center's Conference on China's New Technological Revolution, Harvard University, Cambridge, 1986)
92. Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State, 255
93. Yu, Mass Persuasion in Communist China, 91-92, for a discussion ofvocabulary changes among tite Chinese peasantry
94. Zuo, ed., Dangdai Zhongguo de guangbo dianshi, vol. 2, 8
95. Wang Chi, 'Modem Chinese Woodcuts,' People's China, no. 9 (1953): 23
96. Wang Chi, 'Modem Chinese Woodcuts,' People's China
97. 'New Style New Year Pictures Enjoy National Popularity,' Renmin ribao, October 26, 1951
98. American Consulate General, Hong Kong, Chinese Communist Propaganda Review(CCPR) 1:1, no. 6 (November 19, 1951): 9
99. 'New Style New Year Pictures Enjoy National Popularity,' Renmin ribao, October 26, 1951
100. American Consulate General, Hong Kong, Chinese Communist Propaganda Review(CCPR) 11, no. 6 (November 19, 1951)
101. 'New Style New Year Pictures Enjoy National Popularity,' Renmin ribao, October 26, 1951
102. American Consulate General, Hong Kong, Chinese Communist Propaganda Review(CCPR) 1:1, no. 6 (November 19, 1951), 10
103. Mo Ce, ed., Manhuajia tan manhua (Cartoonists discuss cartoons) (Beijing: Arts and Crafts Publishers, 1989)
104. 'Cartoons in the 'San Fan' and 'Wu Fan' Movements,' Wen i pao (Wenyi bao), March 25, 1952
105. S.S. Khromov, ed., The Civil War and the Military Intervention in the USSR (Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987), 24
106. Mark Selden, The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), 268
107. Holm, Art and Jdeology, 287
108. Martin King Whyte, Small Groups and Political Rituals in China (Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1974), 19
109. Paul M.A. Linebarger, The China of Chiang Kai-shek (Boston: World Peace Foundation, 1941), 354
110. Paul M.A. Linebarger, The China of Chiang Kai-shek (Boston: World Peace Foundation, 1941), 140
111. Martin King Whyte, 'Small Groups and Communication in China: Ideal Forros and Imperfect Realities,' in Moving a Mountain: Cultural Change in China, ed. Godwin C. Chu and Francis L. K. Hsu (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii for the East-West Center, 1979), 114
112. Martin King Whyte, 'Small Groups and Communication in China: Ideal Forros and Imperfect Realities,' in Moving a Mountain: Cultural Change in China, ed. Godwin C. Chu and Francis L. K. Hsu (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii for the East-West Center, 1979), 10
113. Martin King Whyte, 'Small Groups and Communication in China: Ideal Forros and Imperfect Realities,' in Moving a Mountain: Cultural Change in China, ed. Godwin C. Chu and Francis L. K. Hsu (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii for the East-West Center, 1979), chap. 2,passim
114. Martin King Whyte, 'Small Groups and Communication in China: Ideal Forros and Imperfect Realities,' in Moving a Mountain: Cultural Change in China, ed. Godwin C. Chu and Francis L. K. Hsu (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii for the East-West Center, 1979), 21
115. Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics and Purges in China, 2d ed. (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993), 27
116. A. Doak Barnett, Communist China: The Early Years, 1949-55 (New York: Praeger, 1964), 80
117. Teiwes, Politics and Purges, 19
118. Making Revofution: The Communist Movement in Eastem and Central China, 1937-1945 [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986]
119. Kenez, Birth ofthe Propaganda State, 84
120. Kenez, Birth ofthe Propaganda State, 88
121. Kenez, Birth ofthe Propaganda State, 89
122. Yu, Mass Persuasion, 70
123. A Guide to New China (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1953), 68
124. NCNA, 'Review of Achievements of SSF A.'
125. A Guide to New China, 73
126. NCNA, 'Five Million PLA-men Become Members ofSSFA,' October 5, 1951
127. NCNA, 'Review of Achievements ofSSFA,' 6
128. NCNA, 'Review of Achievements ofSSFA,'
129. NCNA, 'Review of Achievements ofSSFA,', 7
130. NCNA, 'SSFA Issues Notification on Celebration of October Revofution Anniversary,' October 26, 1951
131. NCNA, 'SSFA Issues Slogans for 'Sino-SovietFriendship Month,' 'October29, 1952
132. NCNA, 'SSFA Notice on 'Sino-Soviet Friendship Month.''
133. NCNA, 'SSFA Announces Salient Propaganda Points for 'Sino-Soviet Friendship Month,'' in SCMP, no. 451 (November 12-13, 1952): 11-14
134. Lenin, 'What Is to Be Done?' 157
135. D. Zhuravlyov, Agitator: Organizator sotsialisticheskovo sorevnovaniia (The agitator: Organizer of socialist emulation) (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1948), l
136. N. Mor, ed., Biblioteka agitatora (Agitator's library) (Moscow: Poligrafkniga, 1948)
137. Inkeles, Public Opinion, 68
138. Inkeles, Public Opinion, 61-94
139. Timothy Cheek, 'The Honorable Vocation: Intellectual Service in CCP Propaganda Institutions in Jin-Cha-Ji, 1937-1945,' in New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Movement, ed. Tony Saich and Hans van de Ven (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995). 1
140. 'Guanyu zai quandang jianli dui renmin-qunzhong de xuanchuanwang de jueding' (Decision on establishing an all-party propaganda network aimed at the people) (hereafter, 'Decision'),Renmin ribao, January 3, 1951, l
141. Yu, Mass Persuasion, 84
142. Yu, Mass Persuasion, 88-89
143. Houn, To Change a Nation, 48
144. Houn, To Change a Nation
145. Xu Changbin, Zhongguo gongchandang sixiang zhengzhi gongzuo shi (A history of the political ideology work of the Chinese Communist Party) (Harbin: Heilongjiang Educational Press, 1990), 154
146. Xu Changbin, Zhongguo gongchandang sixiang zhengzhi gongzuo shi (A history of the political ideology work of the Chinese Communist Party) (Harbin: Heilongjiang Educational Press, 1990)
147. Houn, To Change a Nation, 51-52
148. Li Jinguang, 'Sorne Problems in the Guangxi Propaganda Network,' in CCPR, no. 2 (September 12, 1951): 8
149. Howard L. Boorman, Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), vol. 2, 453
150. Donald Klein and Anne Clark, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921-1965 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), vol. 2, 663 (mid-1953 to October 1954)
151. Interviews with Ruan Ming and Ruan Ruoying, former cadres in the ZXB during the 1950s, Cambridge, October 6 and 22, 1992, and January 22, 1993
152. Ruan Ming, 'Cong Lu Dingyi yi dao Deng Liqun' (From Lu Dingyi to Deng Liqun), in Minzhu Zhongguo (Democratic China), no. 9 (1992): 64
153. Ruan Ming, 'Cong Lu Dingyi yi dao Deng Liqun' (From Lu Dingyi to Deng Liqun), in Minzhu Zhongguo (Democratic China)
154. Ruan Ming, 'Cong Lu Dingyi yi dao Deng Liqun' (From Lu Dingyi to Deng Liqun), in Minzhu Zhongguo (Democratic China), 63. Lu Dingyi and Hu Qiaomu were also said to have had personal differences resulting in part from Hu' s investigations of Lu' s second wife, Y an Wenbing, during the Three Anti carnpaign (Ruan Ming, interview, Cambridge, Massachusetts, January 22, 1993)
155. Xu, Zhongguo gongchandangjixiang zhengzhi gongzuo shi, 164
156. Yu, Mass Persuasion, 89
157. Ruan, 'Cong Lu Dingyi,' 63
158. Dangjian jiaoyanshe, ed., Zhongguo gongchandang dang de jianshe dashiji, 1949-1956, 64
159. Xu, Zhongguo gongchandangjixiang zhengzhi gongzuo shi, 165 (emphasis added)
160. Liao Gailong, interview, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 25, 1989
161. Editorial Group of the Central Fine Arts Academy Oppose-America, Aid-Korea Standing Committee, Xuanchuanhua cankao ziliao (Reference materials for propaganda art) (Beijing: People's Art, 1950/51), preface
162. Liao Gailong, interview, Beijing, June 6, 1991
163. Lenin, 'What Is to Be Done?' 165
164. Liu, 'The Press in New China,' 9
165. Wu, 'Manifest Well the Five Functions,' 3
166. Liu, 'The Press in New China,' 9
167. Mao Zedong, Renmin ribao, June 6, 1951, in Mao on Newspaper Work, 405-11
168. Liu Jianming, ed., Deng Xwoping xuanchuan sixiang ya'liiu (On Deng Xiaoping's ideas ofpropaganda) (Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1990, from the series, Research on Deng Xiaoping 's Life and Thought, Jin Yu, chief ed.), 261-62
169. 'On the Organization of Public Lectures and Their Publication,' Propagandist, no. 5 (1946): 49
170. Pierre Bourdieu, John B. Thompson, eds., Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson, trans., Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), 192
171. Timothy Cheek, Propaganda and Culture in Mao 's China: Deng Tuo and the Intelligentsia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997)
172. China Survey Service, 1991 Beijing survey, respondent 11-C, #50
173. China Survey Service, 1991 Beijing survey, respondent 11-C, #54
174. Kenez, Birth ofthe Propaganda State, 255
175. A.S. Chang, 'Communist lnfluence on Chinese Language' in Contemporary China, vol. 1, ed. E. Stuart Kirby (London: Oxford University Press, 1956)
176. Yu, Mass Persuasion, 92
177. Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State, 8
178. Teiwes, Politics and Purges, 2d ed., 45
179. Ruan Ming, for example, could not remember a single Soviet expert in the Propaganda Department itself ( interview, October 6, 1991)
180. Nathan, Chinese Democracy, 134
181. Kenez, Birth ofthe Propaganda State, 13