Women in public relations: Problems and opportunities

Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 419-438

  Honi, Linda Childers ^a   Grunig, Larissa A ^b   Dozier, David M ^c  

^a FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^c SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85068655006     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203812303-24     Document Type: Chapter

References (92)

1. Anderson, J. H. (1975). Thoughts on being a woman in public relations. Public Relations Journal, 31(6), 25.
2. Anderson, M. L. (1988). Thinking about women: Sociological perspectives on sex and gender. New York: Macmillan.
3. Bates, D. (1983). A concern: Will women inherit the profession? Public Relations Journal, 39(7),6-7.
4. Bernstein, J. (1986, January 27). Is pr field being hurt by too many women? Advertising Age, pp.6-67.
5. Broom, G. M. (1982). A comparison of sex roles in public relations. Public Relations Review, 8, 17-22.
6. Broom, G. M., & Dozier, D. M. (1986). Advancement for public relations role models. Public Relations Review, 12, 37-56.
7. Bryant, G. (Ed.). (1984). The working woman report: Succeeding in business in the 80s. New York: Simon & Schuster.
8. Castro, J. (1990, Fall). Get set: Here they come. Time, pp. 50-52.
9. Centers, R., & Bugental, D. E. (1966). Intrinsic and extrinsic job motivators among different segments of the working population. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50, 193-197.
10. Childers, L. L. (1986). Gender and salary: A panel study of public relations practitioners. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
11. Chusmir, L. H. (1985). Motivation of managers: Is gender a factor? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9, 153-159.
12. Cline, C. G., Masel-Walters, L., Toth, E. L., Turk, J. V., Smith, H. T., & Johnson, N. (1986). The velvet ghetto: The impact of the increasing percentage of women in public relations and organizational communication. San Francisco: IABC Foundation.
13. Communicating to a diverse workforce-do we know how? (1989, November). Public relations reporter, p. 4.
14. Condit, C. M. (1988). What makes our scholarship feminist? A radical/liberal view. Women`s Studies in Communication, 2, 6-8.
15. Conrad, C. (1985). Strategic organisational communication: Cultures, situations, and adaptation. New York: CBS College.
16. Conrad, C. (1990). Strategic organizational communication: An integrated perspective. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
17. Could be woman's field. (1982, September). O'Dwyers newsletter, quoted in Ms., p. 125.
18. Creedon, P. J. (1989, August). "Just a technician": Let's take another look at how we're trivializing the communications function in public relations. Paper presented at the Seminar on Gender Issues and Public Relations, Public Relations Division, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Washington, DC.
19. Creedon, P. J. (in press). Public relations and "women's work": Toward a feminist analysis of public relations roles. Public Relations Research Annual.
20. Data still don't show. (1989, December). Public relations reporter, p. 4.
21. DeRosa, D., & Wilcox, D. L. (1989). Gaps are narrowing between female and male students. Public Relations Review, 15(1), 80-90.
22. Donnell, S. M., & Hall, J. (1980). Men and women as managers: A significant case of no significant difference. Organizational Dynamics, 8, 60-77.
23. A double edge. (1990, November). The Orlando Sentinel, p. E-15.
24. Doyle, J. M. (1990, October 14). Men rule-but how much longer? The Orlando Sentinel, p. E-15.
25. Dozier, D. M., Chapo, S., & Sullivan, B. (1983, August). Sex and the bottom line: Income differences among women and men in public relations. Paper presented at the meeting of the Public Relations Division, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Corvallis. OR.
26. Druck, K. B. & Hiebert, R. E. (1979). Your personal guidebook to help you chart a more successful career in public relations. New York: Public Relations Society of America.
27. Employees expect to work less by 2000. (1991. January). The Orlando Sentinel. p. E-15.
28. Feminists to bring broader perspective to disciplines. (1988. September). Outlook. p. 2.
29. Ford, K. B. (1986). Women in public relations: Barriers and bridges. Unpublished manuscript. University of Maryland. College Park.
30. Gersh, D. (1986. April 19). There are more women in public relations, but inequality still exists. Editor and Publisher, p. 78.
31. Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (1983). Sex differences during occupational socialization. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 492-499.
32. Goodale, J. G. & Hall, D. T. (1976). Inheriting a career: The influence of sex. values. and parents. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 8, 19-30.
33. Graen, G. (1973, August). Role making processes and administration. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal.
34. Grunig, J. E., & Hunt, T. (1984). Managing public relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
35. Grunig, L. A. (l988a). Journalism students and the glass ceiling in academia: Problems and progress. In P. J. Creedon (Ed.), A gender perspective on issues in mass communication (pp. 125-147). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
36. Grunig, L. A. (1988b). A research agenda for women in public relations, Public Relations Review, 14(3),48-57.
37. Grunig, L. A. (l989a). Sex discrimination in promotion and tenure in journalism education. Journalism Quarterly, 66(1).93-100, 229.
38. Grunig, L. A. (1989b. August). Toward a feminist transformation of public relations education and practice. Paper presented at the Seminar on Gender Issues and Public Relations. Public Relations Division. Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. Washington. DC.
39. Heins, M., Smock, S, Jacobs, J. & Stein, M. (1976). Productivity of women physicians. Journal of the American Medical Association, 236, 1961-1964.
40. Helqesen, S. (1990). The female advantage: Women's ways of leadership. New York: Doubleday.
41. Hochschild, A. (1989. September-October). Second shift. New Age Journal, pp. 60-64.
42. Humphrey, K. (1990). Entrepreneurial women in public relations: Why open collars? Unpublished master's thesis. University of Maryland. College Park.
43. International Association of Business Communicators. (1985). Profile '85. San Francisco: Author.
44. International Association of Business Communicators. (1987). Profile '87. San Francisco: Author.
45. International Association of Business Communicators. (1989). Profile '89. San Francisco. CA: Author.
46. Jacobson, D. V. & Tortorello, N. J. (1990, June). Salary survey. Public Relations Journal, pp. 18-25.
47. Kahn-Hut, R, Daniels, A. K. & Coward, R. (1982). Women and work: Problems and perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.
48. Kanter, R. M. (1986). Mastering change: The skills we need. In L. L. Moore (Ed.). Not asfar as you think (pp. 181-194). Lexington, MA: Lexington.
49. Kasten, B. R. (1986). Separate strengths: How men and women manage conflict and competition. In L. L. Moore (Ed.), Not as far as you think (pp. 121-134). Lexington. MA: Lexington.
50. Koprowski, E. J. (1983). Cultural myths: Clues to effective management. Organizational Dynamics, 12, 39-51.
51. Lesly, P. (1988). Public relations numbers are up but stature down. Public Relations Review, 14,(4), 3-7.
52. Levine, B. (1990, October 28). Female bosses' non-traditional approach may set leadership style of future. The Sun, p. 10C.
53. Lodahl, T., & Kejner, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 361-368.
54. Lukovitz, K. (1989). Women practitioners: How far, how fast? Public Relations Journal, 45(5), 15-22, 34.
55. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
56. MacKinnon, C. A. (1982). Feminism, Marxism, method and the state: An agenda for theory. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 7(3),515-544.
57. Mathews, W. (1988). Women in public relations: Progression or retrogression? Public Relations Review, 14(3), 24-28.
58. Moore, L. L. (1986). Introduction. In L. L. Moore (Ed.), Not as far as you think (pp. 1-12). Lexington, MA: Lexington.
59. Morrison, A. M., White, R. P., & Van Velsor, E. (1987). Executive women: Substance plus style. Psychology Today, 21, 18-26.
60. Oldenburg, D. (1986, November 12). Women's pay penalty. The Washington Post, p. D5.
61. Post, L. C. (1987, February). View from the top: Women executives in communication. IABC Communication World, pp. 17-19.
62. Powell, G. N. (1988). Women and men in management. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
63. PR people deplore encroachment by marketers and "feminization" of the field. (1984, December). Marketing News, p. 12.
64. Rakow, L. F. (1987). Looking to the future: Five questions for gender research. Womens Studies In Communication, 10, 79-86.
65. Rakow, L. F. (1989). From the feminization of public relations to the promise of feminism. In E. L. Toth & C. G. Cline (Eds.), Beyond the velvet ghetto (pp. 287-298). San Francisco: IABC Research Foundation.
66. Rappaport, F. L. (1986). Women in public relations. The Counselor, 22(3), 6-8.
67. Reitz, H. T., Jewell, L. N. (1979). Sex, focus of control, and job involvement: A six country investigation. Academy of Management Journal, 8, 300-312.
68. Rudolph, B. (1990, Fall). Why can't a woman manage more like... a woman? Time, p.53.
69. Ruh, R. A., White, K., & Wood, R. R. (1975). Job involvement, values, personal background, participation in decision making, and job attitudes. Academy of Management Journal, 8, 300-312.
70. Sandler, B. R., & Hall, R. (1986). The campus climate revisited: Chilly for women faculty, administrators, and graduate students. Washington, DC: Project on the Status and Education of Women.
71. Scrimger, J. (1985). Profile: Women in Canadian public relations. Public Relations Review, 11, 38-47.
72. Scrimger, J. (1989). Women communicators in Canada: A case for optimism. In E. L. Toth & C. G. Cline (Eds.), Beyond the velvet ghetto (pp. 219-240). San Francisco: IABC Research Foundation.
73. Simpson, R. L., & Simpson, I. H. (1969). Women and bureaucracy in the semi-pro/esslons and their organizations: Teachers, nurses, and social workers. New York: Free Press.
74. Slovik, P. (1966). Risk-taking in children: Age and sex differences. Child Development, 37, 169-176.
75. Steeves, H. L. (1987). Feminist theories and media studies. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4(2), 95-135.
76. Stewart, L. J. (1988). Women in foundation and corporate public relations. Public Relations Review, 14(3), 20-23.
77. Sullivan, B. S., Dozier, D. M., Hellweg, S. A. (1985). Practitioner pursuit of the ideal role. IPRA Review, 9, 14-18.
78. Swoboda, F. (1990, September 30). Empowering the rank and file. The Washington Post, p. H3.
79. Taylor, R. N., & Thompson, M. (1976). Work value systems of young workers. Academy of Management Journal, 9, 522-535.
80. Terborg, J. R., & ligen, D. R. (1975). A theoretical approach to sex discrimination in traditionally masculine occupations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 352-376.
81. Thaler, R. E. (1986, December). The cutting edge: Where's the beef? IABC Communication World, pp. 14-17.
82. Theus, K. T. (1985). Gender shifts in journalism and public relations. Public Relations Review, 11,42-50.
83. Tong, R. (1989). Feminist thought. A comprehensive introduction. Boulder, CO: Westview.
84. Toth, E. L. (1989a). Gender issues from the speech communication perspective. In E. L. Toth & C. G. Cline (Eds.), Beyond the velvet ghetto (pp. 59-70). San Francisco: IABC Research Foundation.
85. Toth, E. L. (1989b). Summary issues from the velvet ghetto: The impact of the increasing percentage of women in public relations and business communication. In E. L. Toth & C. G. Cline (Eds.), Beyond the velvet ghetto (pp. 7-24). San Francisco: IABC Research Foundation.
86. Toth, E. L. (1989c). Trends from focus group interviews. In E. L. Toth & C. G. Cline (Eds.), Beyond the velvet ghetto (pp. 71-95). San Francisco: IABC Research Foundation, pp. 71-95.
87. Toth, E. L. (1990, August). Feminist communication perspectives for beyond the velvet ghetto: A review essay. Paper presented at the meeting of the Committee on the Status of Women in Journalism Education, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis.
88. Turk, J. V. (1986). The changing face of CASE. CASE Currents, 12(6),8-20.
89. 25th annual survey. (1989, October). Public relations reporter, pp. 1-6.
90. Wetherell, B. L. (1989). The effect of gender, masculinity, and femininity on the practice of and preference for the models of public relations. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Maryland, College Park.
91. Wheeler, K. G. (1981). Sex differences in perceptions of desired rewards, availability of rewards and abilities in relation to occupational selection. Journal of Occupotional Sychology, 54, 141-148.
92. Winkleman, M., & Pollock, J. C. (1987). Salary survey. Public Relations Journal, 43(6), 15-17.