Critique of ‘sexual orientation’ and ‘gender identity’ in human rights discourse: Global queer politics beyond the Yogyakarta Principles

Contemporary Politics

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 137-156

  Waites, Matthew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gender identity; Human rights; Queer; Sexual orientation; Yogyakarta Principles

Indexed keywords

EID: 85068286934     PISSN: 13569775     EISSN: 14693631     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13569770802709604     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Adam, B. D., Duyvendak, J. W., and Krouwel, A., 1999. The global emergence of gay and lesbian politics: national imprints of a worldwide movement, Edited by: Adam, B. D., Duyvendak, J. W., and Krouwel, A., Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
2. Ahmed, S., 2006. Queer phenomenology: orientations, objects, others, London: Duke University Press.
3. Altman, D., 2001. Global sex, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
4. Bamforth, N., 2005. “ Lesbian and gay rights ”. In The essentials of human rights, Edited by: Smith, R. K.M., and van den Anker, C., 226–229. London: Hodder Arnold.
5. Beasley, C., 2005. Gender and sexuality: critical theories, critical thinkers, London: Sage.
6. Bech, H., 1997. When men meet: homosexuality and modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press.
7. Bell, M., 1998. “ Sexual orientation and anti-discrimination policy: the European Community ”. In Politics of sexuality: identity, gender, citizenship, Edited by: Carver, T., and Mottier, V., 58–67. London: Routledge.
8. Berlant, L., and Warner, M., 1998. Sex in public. Critical Inquiry, 24 (2): 547–566.
9. Binnie, J., 2004. The globalization of sexuality, London: Sage.
10. Boyce, P., 2007. ‘Conceiving kothis’: men who have sex with men in India and the cultural subject of HIV prevention. Medical Anthropology, 26 (2): 175–203.
11. British Medical Association. 1994. Age of consent for homosexual men: a scientific and medical perspective, London: Board of Science and Education, British Medical Association.
12. Brown, L., 1993. The new shorter Oxford English dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
13. Buss, D., and Herman, D., 2003. Globalizing family values: the Christian right in international politics, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
14. Butler, J., 1990. Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity, London: Routledge.
15. Butler, J., 1993. Bodies that matter: on the discursive limits of ‘sex’, London: Routledge.
16. Butler, J., 2004. Undoing gender, London: Routledge.
17. Butler, J., 2005. “ On being beside oneself: on the limits of sexual autonomy ”. In Sex rights: the Oxford Amnesty Lectures, Edited by: Bamforth, N., 48–78. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. Cabral, M. (A.I. Grinspan) and Viturro, P., 2006. (Trans)sexual citizenship in contemporary Argentina. In: P. Currah, R.M. Juang and S.P. Minter, eds. Transgender rights. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 262–273.
19. Charlesworth, H., 2005. Not waving but drowning: gender mainstreaming and human rights. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 18: 1–18.
20. Corrêa, S., and Muntarbhorn, V., 2007. The Yogyakarta Principles: principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity. Available from: http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en.htm [accessed 1 November 2007]
21. Corrêa, S., Petchesky, R., and Parker, R., 2008. Sexuality, health and human rights, New York: Routledge.
22. Council of Europe. 2003. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as Amended by Protocol No. 11 with Protocol Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 12 and 13. Available from: http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/D5CC24A7-DC13-4318-B457-5C9014916D7A/0/English Anglais.pdf [accessed 21 December 2008]
23. Currah, P., Juang, R. M., and Minter, S. P., 2006. Transgender rights, Edited by: Currah, P., Juang, R. M., and Minter, S. P., Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
24. Delanty, G., 2000. Citizenship in a global age: society, culture, politics, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
25. Drucker, P., 2000. Different rainbows, Edited by: Drucker, P., London: Gay Men's Press.
26. European Commission of Human Rights. 1997. Application No. 25186/94, Euan Sutherland against the United Kingdom: Report of the Commission, adopted 1 July 1997
27. Ferguson, H., 2006. Phenomenological sociology: experience and insight in modern society, London: Sage.
28. Foucault, M., 1981. The history of sexuality, volume one: an introduction, London: Penguin.
29. Foucault, M., 1988. Power and sex. In: L.D. Kritzman, ed. Michel Foucault: politics philosophy culture: interviews and other writings 1977–1984. London: Routledge, 110–124.
30. Frye, P. R., 2006. “ Appendix: the International Bill of Gender Rights ”. In Transgender rights, Edited by: Currah, P., Juang, R. M., and Minter, S. P., 327–331. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
31. Gamson, J., 1997. Messages of exclusion: gender, movements and symbolic boundaries. Gender and Society, 11 (2): 178–199.
32. Girard, F., 2007. “ Negotiating sexual rights and sexual orientation at the UN ”. In Sex politics: reports from the frontlines Edited by: Parker, R., Petchesky, R., and Sember, R., Sexuality Policy Watch, 311–358. Available from: http://www.sxpolitics.org/frontlines/home/index.php [accessed 21 December 2008]
33. Graupner, H., 2005. “ Sexuality and human rights in Europe ”. In Sexuality and human rights: a global overview, Edited by: Graupner, H., and Tahmindjis, P., 107–139. New York: Harrington Park Press.
34. Graupner, H., and Tahmindjis, P., 2005. Sexuality and human rights: a global overview, Edited by: Graupner, H., and Tahmindjis, P., New York: Harrington Park Press.
35. Gruskin, S., Miller, A.M., and Vance, C.S., eds., 2004. Health and Human Rights Special Issue–Special Focus: Sexuality, Health and Human Rights, 7 (2).
36. Hall, S., 1996. “ Introduction: who needs ‘identity’? ”. In Questions of cultural identity, Edited by: Hall, S., and Du Gay, P., 1–17. London: Sage.
37. Heinze, E., 1995. Sexual orientation: a human right, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
38. Hemmings, C., 2002. Bisexual spaces: a geography of sexuality and gender, London: Routledge.
39. Hemmings, C., 2007. What's in a name? Bisexuality, transnational sexuality studies and Western colonial legacies. International Journal of Human Rights, 11 (1–2): 13–32.
40. Herdt, G., 1994. Third sex, third gender, New York: Zone Books.
41. Herdt, G., 1997. Same sex, different cultures: exploring gay and lesbian lives, Oxford: Westview.
42. Herek, G. M., 1998. Stigma and sexual orientation: understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men and bisexuals, London: Sage.
43. Hines, S., 2007. Transforming gender, Bristol: Policy Press.
44. Human Rights Watch, 2005. Sexual orientation and gender identity: Human Rights Watch Concerns for the 61st Session of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, Statement 10 March 2005. Available from: http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/03/10/global10303_text.htm [accessed 3 August 2005]
45. International Conference on LGBT Human Rights, 2006a. Declaration of Montreal. Available from: http://www.declarationofmontreal.org/declaration/[accessed 1 November 2007].
46. International Conference on LGBT Human Rights, 2006b. Preliminary Programme. Montreal: 1st World Outgames, Montreal 2006.
47. 66 states condemn violations based on sexual orientation and gender identityInternational Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2008. 19 December. Available from: http://www.iglhrc.org/site/iglhrc/section.php?id=5&detail=911 [accessed 20 December 2008].
48. Jackson, P., 2007. “ An explosion of Thai identities: global queering and re-imagining queer theory ”. In Culture, society and sexuality: a reader, Edited by: Parker, R., and Aggleton, P., 341–357. London: Routledge.
49. Kaldor, M., 2003. Global civil society: an answer to war, Cambridge: Polity Press.
50. Keane, J., 2003. Global civil society?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Lockwood, B., 2006. Women's rights: a human rights quarterly reader, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
52. Louw, R., 1998. “ Gay and lesbian sexualities in South Africa: from outlawed to constitutionally protected ”. In Legal queries: lesbian, gay and transgendered legal studies, Edited by: Moran, L. J., Monk, D., and Beresford, S., 139–154. London: Cassell.
53. Millett, K., 1971. Sexual politics, London: Rupert Hart-Davis.
54. Moran, D., 2000. Introduction to phenomenology, Abingdon: Routledge.
55. Moran, L. J., 1996. The homosexual(ity) of law, London: Routledge.
56. Morgan, W., 2000. “ Queering international human rights law ”. In Sexuality in the legal arena, Edited by: Stychin, C., and Herman, D., 208–225. London: Athlone Press.
57. Narrain, A., and Bhan, G., 2005. Because I have a voice: queer politics in India, Edited by: Narrain, A., and Bhan, G., New Delhi: Yoda Press.
58. O'Flaherty, M., and Fisher, J., 2008. Sexual orientation, gender identity and international human rights law: contextualising the Yogyakarta Principles. Human Rights Law Review, 8 (2): 207–248.
59. Palmberg, M., 1999. “ Emerging visibility of gays and lesbians in southern Africa: contrasting contexts ”. In The global emergence of gay and lesbian politics: national imprints of a worldwide movement, Edited by: Adam, B. D., Duyvendak, J. W., and Krouwel, A., 266–292. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
60. Patel, G., 2006. Risky subjects: insurance, sexuality and capital. Social Text, 24 (4): 25–65.
61. Pateman, C., 1988. The sexual contract, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
62. Petchesky, R., 2000. “ Sexual rights: inventing a concept. Mapping an international practice ”. In Framing the sexual subject: the politics of gender, sexuality and power, Edited by: Parker, R., Barbosa, R. M., and Aggleton, P., 81–103. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
63. Plummer, K., 1981. The making of the modern homosexual, Edited by: Plummer, K., London: Hutchinson.
64. Rothschild, C., Long, S., and Fried, S. T., 2005. Written out: how sexuality is used to attack women's organizing, New York: International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission/Center for Women's Global Leadership.
65. Roy, A., 2007. Nepal Supreme court directs govt to safeguard gay rights, Hindustan Times, 23 December. Available from: http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=25142e5f-789f-41b9-ba79-1441857b40e6&&Headline=SC+directs+Govt+to+safeguard+gay+rights [accessed 6 June 2008].
66. Saiz, I., 2004. Bracketing sexuality: human rights and sexual orientation–a decade of development and denial at the UN. Health and Human Rights Special Issue–Special Focus: Sexuality, Health and Human Rights, 7 (2), 48–81.
67. Scherrer, K. S., 2008. Coming to an asexual identity: negotiating identity, negotiating desires. Sexualities, 11 (5): 621–641.
68. Secrétariat d'État chargé des affaires étrangères et des droits de l'homme, 2008. Déclaration relative aux droits de l'Homme et à l'orientation sexuelle, et l'identité de genre, présentée en marge de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies/Statement on Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, Presented in the Sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly, 18 December 2008. Paris: Ministère des Affaires Étrangères et Européennes. Available from: http://www.droitslgbt2008.fr/documents/?mode=download&id=2 [accessed 20 December 2008].
69. Secretary General, 2005. Integrating the human rights of women throughout the United Nations system. Report of the Secretary General, E/CN.4/2005/68, 10 January 2005. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Available from: http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/102/56/PDF/G0510256.pdf?OpenElement [accessed 18 December 2008].
70. Sedgwick, E., 1990. Epistemology of the closet, London: Penguin.
71. Seidman, S., 1996. Queer theory/sociology, Edited by: Seidman, S., Oxford: Blackwell.
72. Spero News. 2008. Vatican opines on UN sexuality initiative. Spero News, 20 December. Available from: http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?idCategory=33&idsub=128&id=17321& [accessed 20 January 2008]
73. Squires, J., 2007. The new politics of gender equality, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
74. Stein, E., 1992. Forms of desire: sexual orientation and the social constructionist controversy, Edited by: Stein, E., London: Routledge.
75. Storr, M., 1999. Bisexuality: a critical reader, London: Routledge.
76. Stryker, S., and Whittle, S., 2006. The transgender studies reader, Edited by: Stryker, S., and Whittle, S., London: Routledge.
77. Stychin, C., 1995. Law's desire: sexuality and the limits of justice, London: Routledge.
78. Stychin, C., 1998. A nation by rights: national cultures, sexual identity politics and the discourse of rights, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
79. Stychin, C., 2003. Governing sexuality: the changing politics of citizenship and law reform, Oxford: Hart.
80. Stychin, C., and Herman, D., 2000. Sexuality in the legal arena, Edited by: Stychin, C., and Herman, D., London: Athlone.
81. United Nations, 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available from: http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html [accessed 20 December 2008].
82. United Nations, 1966. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Available from: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm [accessed 21 December 2008].
83. United Nations, 1979. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Available from: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm [accessed 21 December 2008].
84. United Nations General Assembly, 2008a. Letter dated 18 December 2008 from the Permanent Representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Croatia, France, Gabon, Japan, the Netherlands and Norway to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly. A/63/635 United Nations. Available from: http://downloads.aibai.cn/N0866799.pdf [accessed 21 January 2009].
85. United Nations General Assembly, 2008b. Note verbale dated 19 December 2008 from the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General. A/63/663 United Nations. Available from: http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/669/79/PDF/N0866979.pdf?OpenElement [accessed 21 January 2008].
86. Waites, M., 2003. Equality at last? Homosexuality, heterosexuality and the age of consent in the United Kingdom. Sociology, 37 (4): 637–656.
87. Waites, M., 2005a. The age of consent: young people, sexuality and citizenship, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
88. Waites, M., 2005b. The fixity of sexual identities in the public sphere: biomedical knowledge, liberalism and the heterosexual/homosexual binary in late modernity. Sexualities, 8 (5): 539–569.
89. Waites, M., 2006. “ Sexual politics ”. In The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology, Edited by: Ritzer, G., Oxford: Blackwell.
90. Warner, M., 1993. Fear of a queer planet, Edited by: Warner, M., Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota University Press.
91. Weeks, J., 1985. Sexuality and its discontents, London: Routledge.
92. Weeks, J., Holland, J., and Waites, M., 2003. Sexualities and society: a reader, Edited by: Weeks, J., Holland, J., and Waites, M., Cambridge: Polity Press.
93. Whitehead, N., and Whitehead, B., 2009. My genes made me do it! A scientific look at sexual orientation. Available from: http://www.mygenes.co.nz/download.htm [accessed 21 January 2009]
94. Wilson, G., and Rahman, Q., 2005. Born gay: the psychobiology of sex orientation, London: Peter Owen.
95. Wilton, T., 2004. Sexual (dis)orientation: gender, sex, desire and self-fashioning, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
96. Wintemute, R., 1995. Sexual orientation and human rights: the United States Constitution, the European Convention and the Canadian Charter, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
97. Wintemute, R., 1997. Recognising new kinds of direct sex discrimination: transsexualism, sexual orientation and dress codes. Modern Law Review, 60 (3): 334–359.
98. Wintemute, R., 2005. “ From ‘sex rights’ to ‘love rights’: partnership rights as human rights ”. In Sex rights: Oxford Amnesty lectures, Edited by: Bamforth, N., 186–224. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
99. Wintemute, R., and Andenas, M., 2001. Legal recognition of same-sex partnerships: a study of national, European and international law, Edited by: Wintemute, R., and Andenas, M., Oxford: Hart.