Imposing structure on an unstructured environment: Ontogenetic changes in the ability to form rules of behavior under conditions of low environmental predictability

Learning: Rule Extraction and Representation

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 139-162

  Frensch, Peter A ^a   Lindenberger, Ulman ^a   Kray, Jutta ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85065280764     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1515/9783110803488.139     Document Type: Chapter

References (102)

1. Frensch, P.A. (1998). One concept, multiple meanings: On how to define the concept of implicit learning. In: Handbook of implicit learning, M. Stadler and P. Frensch, eds. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage), pp. 47-104.
2. Stadler, M. A., and Frensch, P. A. (1998). Handbook of implicit learning (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
3. Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Dev. Psychol. 23, 611-626.
4. Baltes, P. B. (1993). The aging mind: Potential and limits. Gerontologist 33, 580-594.
5. Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action (Boston: Houghton Mifflin).
6. Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.
7. Horn, J. L. (1982). The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence in relation to concepts of cognitive psychology and aging in adulthood. In: Aging and cognitive processes, F. I. M. Craik and S. E. Trehub, eds. (New York: Plenum Press), pp. 237-278.
8. Logan, G. D. (1985). Executive control of thought and action. Acta Psychol. 60, 193-210.
9. Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence (New York: Cambridge University Press).
10. Norman, D. A. and Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. In: Consciousness and self-regulation, Vol. 4, R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, and D. Shapiro, eds. (New York: Plenum Press).
11. Reason, J. (1990). Human error (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press).
12. Atkinson, R. C. and Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 2, K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence, eds., New York: Academic Press, pp. 89-105.
13. Newell, A. and Simon, H.A. (1972) Human problem solving (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall).
14. Shallice, T. (1994). Multiple levels of control processes. In: Attention and performance, Vol. 15, C. Umiltä and M. Moscovich, eds.(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 395-420.
15. Baddeley, A. D. and Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 8, G. Bower, ed. (New York: Academic Press), pp. 47-89.
16. Ackerman, P. L., Schneider, W., and Wickens, C. D. (1984). Deciding the existence of a time-sharing ability: A combined methodological and theoretical approach. Hum. Factors 26, 71-82.
17. Carlson, R. A., Wenger, J. L., and Sullivan, M. A. (1993). Coordinating information from perception and working memory. J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform. 19, 531-548.
18. Hagendorf, H. and Sä, B. (July, 1994). Coordination in visual working memory. Poster presented at the International Conference on Working Memory, Cambridge, England.
19. Hunt, E., Pellegrino, J. W., and Yee, P. L. (1989). Individual differences in attention. In: The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, G. Bower, ed. (Orlando, FL: Academic Press), pp. 285-310.
20. Wenger, J. L. and Carlson, R. A. (in press). Learning and the coordination of sequential information. J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform.
21. Yee, P L., Hunt, E., and Pellegrino, J. W. (1991). Coordinating cognitive information: Task effects and individual differences in integrating information from several sources. Cogn. Psychol. 23, 615-680.
22. Heuer, H. (1994). Koordination [Coordination], In: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie [Encyclopedia of psychology] C II 3: Psychomotorik, H. Heuer and S. Keele, eds. (Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe), pp. 147-222.
23. McLeod, P. (1977). A dual task response modality effect: Support for multiprocessor models of attention. Quart. J. Exp. Psychol. 29, 651-667.
24. Shallice, T., McLeod, P., and Lewis, K. (1985). Isolating cognitive modules with the dual-task paradigm: Are speech perception and production separate processes? Quart. J. Exp. Psychol. 37a, 507-532.
25. Kelso, J. S., Southard, D. L., Goodman, D. (1979). On the coordination of two-handed movements. J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform. 5, 229-238.
26. Fitts, P. M. (1964). Perceptual-motor skills learning. In: Categories of human learning, A. W. Welto, ed. (New York: Academic Press).
27. Stuss, D. T. and Benson, D. F. (1986). Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychol. Bull. 95, 3-28.
28. Hebb, D. O. (1945). Man’s frontal lobe: A critical review. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 54, 10-24.
29. Teuber, H. L. (1955). Physiological psychology. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 9, 267-296.
30. Shallice, T. (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press).
31. Hynd, G. W. and Willis, G. (1985). Neurological foundations of intelligence. In: Handbook of intelligence: Theories, measurements, and applications, B. B. Wolman, ed. (New York: Wiley), pp. 119-157.
32. Luria, A. R. (1973). The working brain: An introduction for neuropsychology (New York: Basic Books).
33. Lhermitte, F. (1983). “Utilization behavior�? and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain 106, 237-255.
34. Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
35. Baddeley, A. and Wilson, B. (1988). Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome. Brain and Cognition 7, 212-230.
36. Gemba, H. and Sasaki, K. (1989). Potential related to no-go hand movement task with color discrimination in human. Neurosci. Lett. 101, 263-268.
37. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J. Exp. Psychol. 18, 643-662.
38. Teuber, H. L. (1972). Unity and diversity of frontal lobe functions. Acta Neurobiologica Experimenta 32, 615-656.
39. Benson, D. F., Stuss, D. T., Naeser, M. A., Weir, W. S., Kaplan, E. F., and Levine, H. (1981). The long-term effects of prefrontal leukotomy. Arch. Neurol. 38, 165-169.
40. Sasaki, K. and Gemba, H. (1986). Electrical activity in the prefrontal cortex specific to no-go reaction of conditioned hand movement with color discrimination in the monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 64, 603-606.
41. Sasaki, K., Gemba, H., and Tsujimoto, T. (1989). Suppression of visually initiated hand movement by stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey. Brain Res. 495, 100-107.
42. Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M. G. H., Meyer, D. E., and Donchin, E. (1994). A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychol. Sei. 4, 385-390.
43. Reinis. S. and Goldman, J. M. (1980). The development of the brain (Springfield, IL: Thomas).
44. Fuster, J. M. (1989). The prefrontal cortex (New York: Raven Press. 2nd ed).
45. Haug, H, Knebel, G, Mecke, E., O rum, C., and Sass, N.-L. (1981). The aging of cortical cytoarchitectonics in the light of stereological investigations. In: Eleventh international congress of anatomy: Advances in the morphology of cells and tissues (New York: A. R. Liss), pp. 193-197.
46. Ivy, G. O., Petit, T. L, and Markus, E. J. (1992). A physiological framework for perceptual and cognitive changes in aging. In: The Handbook of Aging and Cognition, F. I. M. Craik and T. A. Salthouse, eds. (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum), pp. 273-314.
47. Shaw, T. G., Mörtel, K. F., Meyer, J. S., Rogers, R. L., Hardenberg, J., and Cutaia, M. M. (1984). Cerebral blood flow changes in benign aging and cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 34, 855-862.
48. Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum).
49. Hale, S., Fry, A. F., and Jessie, K. A. (1993). Effects of practice on speed of information processing in children and adults: Age sensitivity and age invariance. Dev. Psychol. 29, 880-892.
50. Kail, R. (1991). Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence. Psychol. Bull. 109, 490-501.
51. Salthouse, T. A. (1985). A theory of cognitive aging (Amsterdam: North-Holland).
52. Cerella, J. (1990). Aging and information-processing rate. In: Handbook of the psychology of aging, J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie, eds. (San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 3rd ed.), pp. 201-221.
53. Charness, N. and Campbell, J. I. D. (1988). Acquiring skill at mental calculation in adulthood: A task decomposition. J. Exp. Psychol.: General 117, 115-129.
54. Mayr, U. and Kliegl, R. (1993). Sequential and coordinative complexity: Age-based processing limitations in figural transformations. J. Exp. Psychol.: Learn. Mem. Cogn. 19, 1297-1320.
55. Mayr, U., Kliegl, R., and Krampe, R. T. (1996). Sequential and coordinative processing dynamics in figural transformations across the life span. Cognition 59, 61-90.
56. Somberg, B. and Salthouse, T. A. (1982). Divided attention abilities in young and old adults. J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform. 8, 651-663.
57. Korteling, J. E. (1991). Effects of skill integration and perceptual competition on age-related differences in dual-task performance. Hum. Factors 33, 35-44.
58. Ponds, R. W. H. M, Brouwer, W. H., and Wolffelaar, P. C. (1988). Age differences in divided attention in a simulated driving task. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 43, 151-156.
59. Salthouse, T. A., Rogan, J. D., and Prill, K. A. (1984). Division of attention: Age differences on a visually presented memory task. Memory and Cognition 12, 613-620.
60. McDowd, J. M. and Craik, F. I. M. (1988). Effects of aging and task difficulty on divided attention performance. J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform. 14, 267-280.
61. Birch, L. L. (1976). Age trends in children’s time-sharing performance. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 22, 331-345.
62. Birch, L. L. (1978). Baseline differences, attention, and age differences in time-sharing performance. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 25, 505-513.
63. Chelune, G. J. and Baer, R. A. (1986). Developmental norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 8, 219-228.
64. Witkin, H. A., Dyk, R. B, Faterson, G. E., Goodenough, N. R., and Karp, S. A. (1962). Psychological Differentiation (New York: Wiley).
65. Witkin, H. A. and Goodenough, D. R. (1981). Cognitive styles: Essence and origins (New York: International Universities Press).
66. Comalli, P. E., Wapner, S., and Werner, H. (1962). Interference effects of Stroop-color test in children, adulthood, and aging. Journal of Genetic Psychology 100, 47-53.
67. Rand, G., Wapner, S., Werner, H., and MacFarland, J. H. (1963). Age differences in performance on the Stroop color-word test. Journal of Personality 31, 534-558.
68. Wise, L. A., Sutton, J. A., and Gibbons, P. D. (1975). Decrement in Stroop interference time with age. Perceptual and Motor Skills 41, 149-150.
69. Case, R. and Globerson, T. (1974). Field independence and central computing space. Child Dev. 45, 772-778.
70. Kliegl, R. and Lindenberger, U. (1993). Modeling intrusion errors and correct recall in episodic memory: Adult age differences in encoding list context. J. Exp. Psychol.: Learn. Mem. Cogn. 19, 617-637.
71. McCormack, P.D. (1982). Coding of spatial information by young and elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology 37, 80-86.
72. McCormack, P. D. (1984). Temporal coding by young and elderly subjects in a list-discrimination setting. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22, 401-402.
73. Mäntylä, T. and Bäckman, L. (1992). Aging and memory for expected and unexpected objects in real-world settings. J. Exp. Psychol.: Learn.Mem. Cogn. 18, 1298-1309.
74. Mclntyre, J. S., and Craik, F. I. M. (1987). Age differences in memory for item and source information. Canadian Journal of Psychology 41, 175-192.
75. Schacter, D. L., Kaszniak, A. K., Kihlstrom, J. F., and Valdiserri, M. (1991). The relation between source memory and aging. Psychology and Aging 6, 559-568.
76. Schacter, D. L., Osowiecki, D., Kaszniak, A. W., Kihlstrom, J. F., and Valdiserri, M. (1994). Source memory: Extending the boundaries of age-related deficits. Psychology and Aging 9, 81-89.
77. Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1990). Age, IQ and awareness, and recall of errors. Ergonomics 33, 1291-1305.
78. Connelly, S. L. and Hasher, L. (1993). Aging and the inhibition of spatial location. J.l. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percep. Perform. 19, 1238-1250.
79. Hamm, V. P. and Hasher, L. (1992). Age and the availability of inferences. Psychology and Aging 7, 56-64.
80. Kane, M. J., Hasher, L., Stoltzfus, E. R., Zacks, R. T., and Connelly, S. L. (1994). Inhibitory attentional mechanisms and aging. Psychology and Aging 9, 103-112.
81. Rogers, W. A. and Fisk, A. D. (1991). Age-related differences in the maintenance and modification of automatic processes: Arithmetic Stroop interference. Human Factors 33, 45-56.
82. Davis, H. P., Cohen, A., Gandy, M., Colombo, P., VanDusseldorp, G., Simolke, N., and Romano, J. (1990). Lexical priming deficits as a function of age. Behavioral Neuroscience 104, 288-297.
83. Haaland, K. Y, Vranes, L. F., Goodwin, J. S., and Garry, P. J. (1987). Wisconsin Card Sort Test performance in a healthy elderly population. Journal of Gerontology 42, 345-346.
84. Axelrod, S. and Cohen, L. D. (1961). Senescence and embedded-figure performance in vision and touch. Perceptual and Motor Skills 12, 283-288.
85. Lee, J. A. and Pollack, R. H. (1978). The effect of age on perceptual problem-solving strategies. Experimental Aging Research 4, 37-54.
86. Cohn, N. B., Dustman, R. E., and Bradford, D. C. (1984). Age-related decrements in Stroop color test performance. J. Clin. Psychol. 40, 1244-1250.
87. Eisner, D. A. (1972). Life-span age differences in visual perception. Perceptual and Motor Skills 34, 857-858.
88. Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities. A survey of factor-analytic studies. (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press).
89. Spearman, C. E. (1923). The nature of intelligence and the principles of cognition (London: MacMillan).
90. Spearman, C. E. (1927). The abilities of man (New York: MacMillan).
91. Raven, J. C. (1941). Standardisation of progressive matrices. British Journal of Medical Psychology 19, 137-150.
92. Raven, J. (1989). The Raven Progressive Matrices: A review of national norming studies and ethnic and socioeconomic variation within the United States. Journal of Educational Measurement 26, 1-16.
93. Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., and Raven, J. (1987). A manual for Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Tests (London: H. K. Lewis; San Antonio, Texas: The Psychological Corporation).
94. Marshalek, B., Lohman, D. F., and Snow, R. E. (1983). The complexity continuum in the radex and hierarchical models of intelligence. Intelligence 7, 107-127.
95. Foster, J. C. and Taylor, G. A. (1920). The applicability of mental tests to persons over 50. J. Appl. Psychol. 4, 39-58.
96. Jones, H. E., and Conrad, H. (1933). The growth and decline of intelligence: A study of a homogeneous group between the ages of ten and sixty. Genetic Psychological Monographs 13, 223-298.
97. Baltes, P. B. and Kliegl, R. (1992). Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity: Negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust. Dev. Psychol. 28, 121-125.
98. Hunter, J. E. and Hunter, R. F. (1984). Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance. Psychol. Bull. 96, 72-98.
99. O’Toole, B. I. and Stankov, L. (1992). Ultimate validity of psychological tests. Personality-and-Individual-Differences 13, 699-716.
100. Willis, S. L. and Schaie, K. W. (1986). Practical intelligence in later adulthood. In: Practical intelligence: Nature and origins of competence in the everyday world, R. J. Sternberg and R. K. Wagner, eds. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press), pp. 236-268.
101. Kail, R. and Salthouse, T. A. (1994). Processing speed as a mental capacity. Acta Psychologica 86, 199-225.
102. Baltes, P. B., Lindenberger, U., and Staudinger, U.M. (1998). Life-span theory in developmental psychology. In: Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 1 Theoretical models of human development, R. Lerner, ed. (New York: Wiley. 5th ed.), pp. 1029-1143.