The Earth's core

Ultrahigh Pressure Mineralogy: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Deep Interior

Volumn , Issue , 2019, Pages 261-282

  Stixrude, Lars ^a   Brown, J Michael ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOPHYSICS;

EARTH'S CORE;

GEOCHEMISTRY;

EID: 85061284303     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (89)

1. Ahrens TJ, Holland KG, Chen GQ (1998) Phase diagram of iron, revised core temperatures. Geophys Res Lett (submitted)
2. Allegre CJ, Poirier JP, Humler E, Hofmann AW (1995) The chemical composition of the Earth. Earth Planet Sei Lett 134:515-526
3. Andrault D, Fiquet G, Haydock R (1997) The orthorhombic structure of iron: An in situ study at hightemperature and high-pressure. Science 278:831-834
4. Birch F (1964) Density and composition of the mantle and core. J Geophys Res 69:4377-4388
5. Boehler R (1992) Melting of the Fe-FeO and the Fe-FeS systems at high pressure: constraints on core temperatures. Earth Planet Sei Lett 111:217-227
6. Boehler R (1996) Fe-FeS eutectic temperatures to 620 kbar. Phys Earth Planet Inter 96:181-186
7. Boness DA, Brown JM (1990) The electronic band structures of iron, sulfur, and oxygen at high pressures and the Earth's core. J Geophys Res 95:21721-21730
8. Boness DA, Brown JM, McMahan AK (1986) The electronic thermodynamics of iron under Earth core conditions. Phys Earth Planet Inter 42:227-240
9. Born M, Huang K (1954) Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices. Clarendon Press, Oxford
10. Brown JM, Ahrens TJ, Shampine DL (1984) Hugoniot data for pyrrhotite and the Earth's core. J Geophys Res 89:6041-6048
11. Brown JM, McQueen RG (1980) Melting of iron under core conditions. Geophys Res Lett 7:533-536
12. Brown JM, McQueen RG (1982) The equation of state of iron and the Earth's core. The equation of state of iron and the Earth's core. In: S Akimoto, MH Manghnani (eds) High Pressure Research in Geophysics, p 611-624 Center for Academic Publications, Tokyo
13. Brown JM, McQueen RG (1986) Phase transitions, Grüneisen parameter, and elasticity for shocked iron between 77 GPa and 400 GPa. J Geophys Res 91:7485-7494
14. Buffett BA, Huppert HE, Lister JR, Woods AW (1996) On the evolution of the Earth's core. J Geophys Res 101:7989-8006
15. Bukowinski MST (1976a) The effect of pressure on the physics and chemistry of potassium. Geophys Res Lett 3:491-494
16. Bukowinski MST (1976b) On the electronic structure of iron at core pressures. Phys Earth Planet Inter 13:57-66
17. Bullen KE (1963) An index of degree of chemical inhomogeneity in the Earth. Geophys J Roy Astron Soc 7:584-592
18. Chen GQ, Ahrens TJ (1996) High-pressure melting of iron: new experiments and calculations. Phil Trans Roy Soc London A 354:1251-1263
19. Christensen NI, Salisbury MH (1979) Seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle: evidence from the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex. J Geophys Res 84:4601-4610
20. Clayton DD (1983) Principles of stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis. University of Chicago, Chicago
21. Creager KC (1992) Aninsotropy of the inner core from differential travel times of the phases PKP and PKIKP. Nature 356:309-314
22. Creager KC (1997) Inner core rotation rate from small-scale heterogeneity and time-varying travel times. Science 278:1284-1288
23. Dubrovinsky LS, Saxena SK, Lazor P (1997) X-ray study of iron with in-situ heating at ultra high pressures. Geophys Res Lett 24:1835-1838
24. Duffy TS, Shen G, Heinz DL, Ma Y, Hemley RJ, Mao HK, Singh AK (1998) Lattice strains in gold and rhenium under non-hydrostatic compression. In: RM Wentzcovitch, RJ Hemley, WB Nellis, P Yu (eds) High Pressure Materials Research, in press Materials Research Society, Warrendale, PA
25. Dziewonski AM, Anderson DL (1981) Preliminary reference Earth model. Phys Earth Planetary Inter 25:297-356
26. Dziewonski AM, Gilbert JF (1971) Solidity of the inner core of the Earth inferred from normal mode observations. Nature 234:465-466
27. Dziewonski AM, Hales AL, Lapwood ER (1975) Parametrically simple Earth models consistent with geophysical data. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 10:12-48
28. Elsasser WM, Isenberg I (1949) Electronic phase transition in iron at extreme pressure. Phys Rev 76:469A
29. Fei Y, Prewitt CT (1996) High-pressure behavior of iron sulfide. In: AF Hepp, PN Kumta, JJ Sullivan, GS Fischman, AE Kaloyeros (eds), Materials Research Society Symposium Vol 410. p 223-228 Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh
30. Franken J, Hambir SA, Hare DE, Dlott DD (1997) Shock waves in molecular solids: ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy of the first nanosecond. Shock Waves 7:135-145
31. Glatzmaier GA, Roberts PH (1996) Rotation and magnetism of Earth's inner-core. Science 274:1887-1891
32. Gubbins D (1977) Energetics of the Earth's core. J Geophys 43:453-464
33. Holian BL (1988) Modeling Shockwave deformation via molecular dynamics. In: SC Schmidt, NC Holmes (eds) American Physical Society Topical Conference on Shock Waves, p 185-190 North Holland, Amsterdam
34. Holian BL (1995) Atomistic computer simulations of shock waves. Shock Waves 5:149-157
35. Holian BL, Lomdahl PS (1998) Plasticity induced by shock waves in nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations. Science 280:2085-2088
36. Ito E, Morooka K, Ujike O, Katsura T (1995) Reactions between molten iron and silicate melts at high pressure: implications for the chemical evolution of Earth's core. J Geophys Res 100:5901-5910
37. Jeanloz R (1990) The nature of the Earth's core. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 18:357-386
38. Jeanloz R, Wenk H-R (1987) Convection and anisotropy of the inner core. Geophys Res Lett 15:72-75
39. Jie L, Agee CB (1996) Geochemistry of mantle-core differentiation at high pressure. Nature 381:686-689
40. Julian BR, Davies D, Sheppard RM (1972) PKJKP. Nature 235:317-318
41. Karato S (1993) Magnetic-field-induced preferred orientation of iron. Science 262:1708-1711
42. Kuramoto K, Matsui T (1996) Partitioning of H and C between the mantle and core during the core formation in the Earth: its implications for the atmospheric evolution and redox state of early mantle. J Geophys Res 101:14909-14932
43. Lay T, Young CJ (1990) The stably-stratified outermost core revisited. Geophys Res Lett 17:1001-1004
44. Lehmann I (1936) P Bur Centr Seism Internat A 14:3-31
45. Lister JR, Buffett BA (1998) Stratification of the outer core at the core-mantle boundary. Phys Earth Planet Inter 105:5-19
46. Macedo WAA, Keune W (1988) Magnetism of epitaxial fcc-Fe(100) films on Cu(100) investigated in situ by conversion-electron Mossbauer-spectroscopy in ultrahigh-vacuum. Phys Rev Lett 61:475-478
47. Mao HK, Shu J, Shen G, Hemley RJ, Li B, Singh AK (1998) Elasticity and rheology of iron above 200 GPa and the nature of the Earth's inner core. Nature (in press)
48. 0.2 alloy to 260 GPa: Implications for composition of the core. J Geophys Res 95:21737-21742
49. Masters TG (1979) Observational constraints on the chemical and thermal structure of the Earth's deep interior. Geophys J Royal Astron Soc 57:507-534
50. Masters TG, Shearer PM (1990) Summary of seismological constraints on the structure of Earth's core. J Geophys Res 95:21691-21695
51. Matsui M, Anderson OL (1997) The case for a body-centered cubic phase (a') for iron at inner core conditions. Phys Earth Planet Inter 103:55-62
52. Merrill RT, McElhinny MW, McFadden PL (1996) The magnetic field of the Earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle. Academic Press, San Diego
53. Morelli A, Dziewonski AM, Woodhouse JH (1986) Anisotropy of the inner core inferred from PKIKP travel times. Geophys Res Lett 13:1545-1548
54. Moroni EG, Grimvall G, Jarlborg T (1996) Free energy contributions to the hcp-bcc transformation in transition metals. Phys Rev Lett 76:2758-2761
55. Nye JF (1985) Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, UK
56. Okuchi T (1997) Hydrogen partitioning into molten iron at high pressure: implications for Earth's core. Science 278:1781-1784
57. Poirier J-P (1994) Light elements in the Earth's outer core: a critical review. Phys Earth Planetary Inter 85:319-337
58. Ross M, Young DA, Grover R (1990) Theory of the iron phase diagram at Earth core conditions. J Geophys Res 95:21713-21716
59. Saxena SK, Dubrovinsky LS, Haggkvist P, Cerenius Y, Shen G, Mao HK (1995) Synchrotron x-ray study of iron at high-pressure and temperature. Science 269:1703-1704
60. Sayers CM (1989) Seismic anisotropy of the inner core. Geophys Res Lett 16:267-270
61. Shaner JW, Hixson RS, Winkler MA, Boness DA, Brown JM (1988) Birch's law for fluid metals. In: S.C. Schmidt and N.C. Holmes (eds) Shock Waves in Condensed Matter-1987, p 135-138 Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam
62. Shen GY, Mao HK, Hemley RJ, Duffy TS, Rivers ML (1998) Melting and crystal structure of iron at high pressures and temperatures. Geophys Res Lett 25:373-376
63. Sherman DM (1995) Stability of possible Fe-FeS and Fe-FeO alloy phases at high pressure and the composition of the Earth's core. Earth Planet Sci Lett 132:87-98
64. Soderlind P, Moriarty JA, Willis JM (1996) First-principles theory of iron up to Earth-core pressures: structural, vibrational, and elastic properties. Phys Rev B 53:14063-14072
65. Song X (1997) Anisotropy of the Earth's inner core. Rev Geophys 35:297-313
66. Song X, Helmberger DV (1993) Anisotropy of Earth's inner core. Geophys Res Lett 20:2591-2594
67. Song X, Helmberger DV (1995) A P wave velocity model of the Earth's core. J Geophys Res 100:9817-9830
68. Song X, Hemlberger DV (1995) Depth dependence of anisotropy of Earth's inner core. J Geophys Res 100:9805-9816
69. Song X, Richards PG (1996) Seismological evidence for differential rotation of the Earth's inner core. Nature 382:221
70. Stark PB, Parker RL, Masters G, Orcutt JA (1986) Strict bounds on seismic velocity in the spherical Earth. J Geophys Res 91:13892-13902
71. Steinle-Neumann G, Stixrude L, Cohen RE (1998) First-principles elastic constants for the hep transition metals Fe, Co, and Re at high pressure. Phys Rev B (submitted)
72. Stevenson DJ, Spohn T, Schubert G (1983) Magnetism and thermal evolution of the terrestrial planets. Icarus 54:466-489
73. Stixrude L, Cohen RE (1995a) Constraints on the crystalline structure of the inner core: Mechanical instability of BCC iron at high pressure. Geophys Res Lett 22:125-128
74. Stixrude L, Cohen RE (1995b) High pressure elasticity of iron and anisotropy of Earth's inner core. Science 267:1972-1975
75. Stixrude L, Wasserman E, Cohen RE (1997) Composition and temperature of Earth's inner core. J Geophys Res 102:24729-24739
76. Stixrude L, Wasserman E, Cohen RE (1998) First-principles investigations of solid iron at high pressure and implications for the Earth's inner core. In: M.H. Manghnani and T. Yagi (eds) Properties of Earth and Planetary Materials at High Pressure and Temperature, p 159-171 American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC
77. Su W, Dziewonski AM (1995) Inner core anisotropy in three dimensions. J Geophys Res 100:9831-9852
78. Su W, Dziewonski AM, Jeanloz R (1996) Planet within a planet: rotation of the inner core of Earth. 274:1883-1887
79. Svendsen B, Anderson WW, Ahrens TJ, Bass JD (1989) Ideal Fe-FeS, Fe-FeO phase relations and Earth's core. Phys Earth Planet Inter 55:154-186
80. Tanaka S, Hamaguchi H (1997) Degree one heterogeneity and hemispherical variation of anisotropy in the inner core from PKP(BC)-PKP(DF) times. J Geophys Res 102:2925-2938
81. Taylor RD, Pasternak MP, Jeanloz R (1991) Hysteresis in the high-pressure transformation of bcc-iron to hep-iron. J App Phys 69:6126-6128
82. Tromp J (1993) Support for anisotropy of the Earth's core from free oscillations. Nature 366:678-681
83. Verhoogen J (1980) Energetics of the Earth. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC
84. Vinnick L, Romanowicz B, Breger L (1994) Anisotropy in the center of the inner core. Geophys Res Lett 21:1671-1674
85. Williams Q, Jeanloz R, Bass J, Svendsen B, Ahrens TJ (1987) The melting curve of iron to 250 GPa: a constraint on the temperature at Earth's center. Science 236:181-182
86. Woodhouse JH, Giardini D, Li XD (1986) Evidence for inner core anisotropy from free oscillations. Geophys Res Lett 13:1549-1552
87. Xi S, Ahrens TJ (1994) Pressure-temperature range of reactions between liquid iron in the outer core and mantle silicates. Geophys Res Lett 21:153-156
88. Yoo CS, Holmes NC, Ross M, Webb DJ, Pike C (1993) Shock temperatures and melting of iron at Earth core conditions. Phys Rev Lett 70:3931-3934
89. Yoshida S, Sumita I, Kumazawa M (1996) Growth model of the inner core coupled with the outer core dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy. J Geophys Res 101:28085-28103