Xylem' structure and water conduction in conifer trees, dicot trees, and llanas

IAWA Journal

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1985, Pages 309-317

  Ewers, Frank W ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Embolism.; Hydraulic conductivity; Lianas; Trees; Winter freezing; Xylem vessels

Indexed keywords

EID: 85060970244     PISSN: 09281541     EISSN: 22941932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/22941932-90000959     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (65)

1. Ayensu, E.S. & W.L. Stern. 1964. Systematic anatomy and ontogeny of the stem in Passi-floraceae. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 34: 45-71.
2. Baas, P. 1973. The wood anatomical range in Hex (Aquifoliaceae) and its ecological and phylogenetic significance. Blumea 21: 193-258.
3. 1976. Some functional and adaptive aspects of vessel member morphology. In: Wood structure in biological and technological research (eds. P. Baas, A.J. Bolton & D.M. Catling): 157-181. Leiden Bot. Series 3, Leiden Univ. Press.
4. 1985. Ecological wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from Israel and adjacent regions. IAWA Bull. n.s. 6: 89-90 (abstract).
5. Bailey, I.W. & W.W. Tupper. 1918. Size variation in tracheary cells. I. A comparison between the secondary xylems of vascular cryptogams, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 54: 149-204.
6. Bamber, R.K. 1984. Wood anatomy of some Australian rainforest vines. In: Proceedings of Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference (ed. Syoji Sudo). For. & For. Products Res. Inst., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
7. Berger, W. 1931. Das Wasserleitungssystem von krautigen Pflanzen, Zwergstriiuchern und Lianen in quantitativer Betrachtung. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 48: 363-390.
8. Calkin, H.W., A.C. Gibson & P.S. Nobel. 1985. Xylem water potentials and hydraulic conductance in eight species of ferns. Canad. J. Bot. 63: 632-637.
9. Carlquist, S. 1966. Wood anatomy of the Com-positae: a summary, with comments on factors controlling wood evolution. Aliso 6: 25-44.
10. 1975. Ecological strategies of xylem evolution. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley.
11. 1977. Ecological factors in wood evolution: a floristic approach. Amer. J. Bot. 64: 887-896.
12. 1978. Wood anatomy of Bruniaceae: correlations with ecology, phylogeny, and orga-nography. Aliso 9: 323-364.
13. 1980. Further concepts in ecological wood anatomy, with comments on recent work in wood anatomy and evolution. Aliso 9: 499-553.
14. 1982a. Wood anatomy of Illicium (Illicia-ceae): phylogenetic, ecological, and functional interpretations. Amer. 1. Bot. 69: 1587-1598.
15. 1982b. Wood anatomy of Daphniphylla-ceae: ecological and phylogenetic considerations, review of Pittosporalean families. Brittonia 34: 252-266.
16. Ellmore, G. S. & F. W. Ewers. 1985. Hydraulic conductivity in trunk xylem of elm, Ulmus americana. IAWA Bull. n.s. 6: 91 (abstract).
17. Ewers, F.W. & M.H. Zimmermann. 1984a. The hydraulic architecture of balsam fir (Abies balsamea). Physiol. Plant. 60: 453-458.
18. 1984b. The hydraulic architecture of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Canad. J. Bot. 62: 940-946.
19. Farmer, J. B. 1918. On the quantitative differences in the water-conductivity of the wood in trees and shrubs. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 90: 218-250.
20. Gibson, A.C., H.W. Calkin & P.S. Nobel. 1984. Xylem anatomy, water flow, and hydraulic conductance in the fern Cyrtomium faJca-tum. Amer. J. Bot. 71: 564-574.
21. 1985. Hydraulic conductance and xylem structure in tracheid-bearing plants. IAWA Bull. n.s. 6: 92 (abstract; see also this issue).
22. Giordano, R., A. Salleo, S. Salleo & F. Wander-lingh. 1978. Flow in xylem vessels and Poiseuille's law. Canad. J. Bot. 56: 333-338.
23. Graaff, N.A. van der & P. Baas. 1974. Wood anatomical variation in relation to latitude and altitude. Blumea 22: 101-121.
24. Hales, S.I727. Vegetable staticks, or an account of some statical experiments on the sap in vegetables. J. Peele, London.
25. Hellkvist, J., G.P. Richards & P.G. Jarvis. 1974. Vertical gradients of water potential and tissue water relations in Sitka spruce trees measured with the pressure chamber. 1. Appl. Ecol. II: 637-668.
26. Huber, B. 1928. Weitere quantitative Unter-suchungen tiber das Wasserleitungssystem der Pflanzen. lahrb. Wiss. Bot. 67: 877-959.
27. 1935. Die physiologische Bedeutung der Ring- und Zerstreutporigkeit. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 53: 711-719. (Xerox copy of English translation available from National Translation Center, 35 West 33rd St., Chicago, IL 60616.)
28. 1956. Die Gefiissleitung. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology Vol.3 (ed. W. Ruhland). Springer Verlag, Berlin.
29. Kanehira, R. 1921. Anatomical characters and identification of Formosan woods, with critical remarks from the climatic point of view. Govt. Formosa, Taihoku.
30. Klotz, L. H. 1977. A systematic survey of the morphology of tracheary elements in palms. Ph.D. Diss., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York.
31. Larson, P.R. & J.G. Isebrands. 1978. Functional significance of the nodal constricted zone in Populus deltoides. Canad. J. Bot. 56: 801-804.
32. Lewis, A.M. & M.T. Tyree. 1985. The relative susceptibility to embolism oflargervs. smaller tracheids in Thuja occidentalis. IAWA Bull. n.s. 6: 93 (abstract).
33. Long, J.N., F.W. Smith & D.R.M. Scott. 1981. The role of Douglas-fir stem sapwood and heartwood in the mechanical and physiological support of crowns and development of stem form. Canad. 1. For. Res. II: 459-464.
34. Milburn, J.A. 1979. Water flow in plants. Long-man, London.
35. & M.E. McLaughlin. 1974. Studies of cavitation in isolated vascular bundles and whole leaves of Plantago major L. New Phytol. 73: 861-871.
36. Niklas, K.J. & H.P. Banks. 1985. Evidence for xylem constrictions in the primary vascula-ture of Psilophyton dawsonii, an Emsian trimerophyte. Amer. J. Bot. 72: 674-685.
37. Oever, L. van den, P. Baas & M. Zandee. 1981. Comparative wood anatomy of Symplocos and latitude and altitude of provenance. IAWA Bull. n.s. 2: 3-24.
38. O'Leary, J.W. 1965. Root-pressure exudation in woody plants. Bot. Gaz. 126: 108-115.
39. Putz, F.E. 1983. Liana biomass and leaf area of a 'tierra firme' forest in the Rio Negro Basin, Venezuela. Biotropica 15: 185-189.
40. Reiner, M. 1960. Deformation, strain and flow: An elementary introduction to rheology. Lewis, London.
41. Salleo, S., M.A. Lo Gullo & L. Siracusano. 1984. Distribution of vessel ends in stems of some diffuse- and ring-porous trees: the nodal regions as 'safety zones' of the water conducting system. Ann. Bot. 54: 543-552.
42. , R. Rosso & M.A. Lo Gullo. 1982a. Hydraulic architecture of Vitis vinifera L. and Populus deltoides BartT. I-year-old twigs: I. Hydraulic conductivity (LSC) and water potential gradients. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 116: 15-27.
43. 1982b. Ibid. II. The nodal regions as 'constriction zones' of the xylem system. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 116: 29- 40.
44. Sattler, R. 1968. A technique for the study of floral development. Canad. 1. Bot. 46: 720-722.
45. Schenck, H. 1893. Beitriige zur Biologie und Anatomie der Lianen. II. Beitriige zur Anatomie der Lianen.Bot.Mitt.Trop.4: 1-248.
46. Schnell, R. 1970. Introduction ala phytogeo-graphie des pays tropicaux. Les problemes generaux. Vol. I. Les flores - les structures. Gauthiers-Villars, Paris.
47. Scholander, P.F. 1958. The rise of sap in lianas. In: The physiology of forest trees (ed. K.V. Thimann). Ronald Press, New York.
48. , E. Hemmingsen & W. Garey. 1961. Cohesive lift of sap in the rattan vine. Science 134: 1835-1838.
49. , W.E. Love & J.W. Kanwisher. 1955. The rise of sap in tall grapevines. Plant Physiol. 30: 93-104.
50. Sperry, J.S. 1984. Detection of air embolism in the xylem ofthe palm Rhapis excelsa. Amer. 1. Bot. 71 (no. 5, part 2): 49 (abstract).
51. 1985a. Hydraulic architecture and xylem embolism in the palm Rhapis excelsa. Ph.D. Diss., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA.
52. 1985b. Xylem embolism in the palm Rhapis excelsa. IAWA Bull. n.s. 6: 95 (abstract; see also this issue).
53. Tyree, M. T., C. Caldwell & J. Dainty. 1975. The water relations of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). V. The localization ofresistances to bulk water flow. Canad. 1. Bot. 53: 1078-1084.
54. & M.A. Dixon. 1986. Water stress induced cavitation and embolism in some woody plants. Physiol. Plant. (in press).
55. , M.E.D. Graham, K.E. Cooper & L.J. Bazos. 1983. The hydraulic architecture of Thuja occidentalis. Canad. 1. Bot. 61: 2105-2111.
56. & M. H. Zimmermann. 1971.The theory and practice of measuring transport coefficients and sap flow in the xylem ofred maple stems (Acer rubrum). 1. Exp. Bot. 22: 1-18.
57. Welle, B.J.H. ter. 1985. Differences in wood anatomy of lianas and trees. IAWA Bull. n.s. 6: 70 (abstract).
58. Woodhouse, R.M. & P.S. Nobel. 1982. Stipe anatomy, water potentials, and xylem con-ductances in seven species of ferns (Filico-psida). Amer. 1. Bot. 69: 135-140.
59. Zimmermann, M.H. 1978a. Hydraulic architecture of some diffuse-porous trees. Canad. 1. Bot. 56: 2286-2295.
60. 1978b. Structural requirements for optimal water conduction in tree stems. In: Tropical trees as living systems (eds. P. B. Tomlinson & M.H.Zimmermann): 517-532. Cambridge Univ. Press.
61. 1982. Functional xylem anatomy of angiosperm trees. In: New perspectives in wood anatomy (ed. P. Baas): 59-70. M. Nijhoff/ W. lunk, The Hague.
62. 1983. Xylem structure and the ascent of sap. In: Springer series in wood science (ed. T. E. Timell). Springer Verlag, Berlin.
63. & C. L. Brown. 1971. Trees. Structure and function. Springer Verlag, New York.
64. & A.A. leje. 1981. Vessel-length distribution in stems of some American woody plants. Canad. 1. Bot. 59: 1882-1892.
65. & J.S. Sperry. 1983. Anatomy of the palm Rhapis excelsa. IX. Xylem structure of the leaf insertion. 1. Am. Arbor. 64: 599-609.