Ch’ing legaljurisdiction over foreigners

Essays on China's Legal Tradition

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 222-269

  Edwards, R Randle ^a  

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References (208)

1. Cf. generally Fairbank, “On the Ch’ing Tributary System,” in S. Y. Teng and J. K. Fairbank, Ch’ing Administration: Three Studies(Cambridge, Mass., 1961).
2. J. K. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast (Cambridge, Mass., 1953).
3. For example, cf. Peter Auber, China: An Outline of Its Government, Laws, and Policy (London, 1834), p. 38.
4. Yin Kuang-jen and Chang Ju-lin, 4 ts’e (1743–1751), “shang-chuan,” “kuan-shou pien,” 38b-40b (hereafter cited as AMCL).
5. George W. Keeton, The Development of Extraterritoriality in China, 2 vols. (London, 1928).
6. V. K. Wellington Koo, The Status of Aliens in China, Columbia Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Vol. 50, No. 2, Whole No. 126 (New York, 1912); and Yu-hao Tseng, The Termination of Unequal Treaties (Shanghai, 1933), pp. 249–270.
7. Compare, for example, Sir George T. Staunton’s eyewitness account of an 1807 alien case, quoted in Keeton, Vol. 2, pp. 175–183.
8. English tr. by Staunton, in his Ta Tsing Leu Lee (London, 1810), pp. 521–524.
9. Kuwabara Jitsuzo, “On P’u Shou-keng,” Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, No. 2 (1928), pp. 1–79, at pp. 2–3, 21, and 34–35.
10. T’ang-lüshu-i[Official Commentary to the T’ang Penal Code], 6:9.
11. for a similar provision in the Sung dynasty, cf. Sunghsing-t’ung[Compendium of the Penal Laws of the Sung Dynasty] 6:9b.
12. Ming-lύchi-chieh fu-li[Annotated Ming Penal Code with Supplemental Statutes], 1:84b.
13. Kuang-hsü hui-tienshih-li[Collected Statutes of the Ch’ing Dynasty, with Precedents] (1899) 739:1.
14. TCLL(1964 Taiwan reprint)1:527.
15. Staunton, Ta Tsing Leu Lee, pp. 36–37.
16. Sir Ernest Alabaster, “Notes on Chinese Law and Practice,” Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 38 (1906), pp. 83–100, at p. 94.
17. Tai Yen-hui, Chung-kuo fa-chih shih kai-yao [A Concise History of the Chinese Legal System](4th printing, Taipei, 1966), p. 168.
18. CTWCSL:TK, l:llb-13b, at 13a (1968 Taiwan reprint, Vol. 2, pp. 30–34, at p. 33).
19. Ta Ch’ing lü-li ch’ung-ting hui-t’ung hsin-tsuan[New Complete Revised and Annotated Ch’ing Penal Code] 36 chiian(Peking, 1832), 4:63.
20. Ta Ch’ing lü-li hui-t’ung hsin-tsuan[Comprehensive New Edition of the Great Ch’ing Code], 1873 private ed. (1964 Taiwan reprint by Wen-hai ch’u-pan-she, with continuous pagination in 5 vols.) (hereafter cited as TCLLg),1:528–530.
21. Cf. Morse, International Relations of the Chinese Empire, 3 vols. (Shanghai and London, 1910–1918), Vol. 1, p. 60.
22. Keeton agrees, Vol. 1, pp. 72 and 90–91. Koo, however, points out that “… the Chinese text appears to confirm rather than impair the principles of territorial jurisdiction.” Status of Aliens, p. 52.
23. Chinese Maritime Customs, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Shanghai, 1917), Vol. 1, p. 6.
24. Treaties, Conventions, etc., Vol. 1, p. 15.
25. Cf. English tr. of imperial edict in Fu Lo-shu, A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations (1644–1820), 2vols. (Tucson, 1966), Vol. 1, p. 271.
26. Morse, International Relations, Vol. 1, pp. 42–43.
27. Chang T’ien-tse, Sino-Portuguese Trade 1514–1644(Leiden, 1934)p. 96.
28. Cf. Appendix entitled “International Status of Macao Before 1887,” in Keeton, Vol. 2, pp. 287–295.
29. Kuo T’ing-i, Chin-tai Chung-kuo shih[A History of Modern China] 2 vols. (Changsha, 1940), Vol. 1, p. 524.
30. Hsiang-shan hsien-chih[Hsiang-shan District Gazetteer] (1827), 4:94.
31. Cf. English tr. of approved memorial in Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 1, p. 176.
32. The same documents are also quoted in Kuo T’ing-i, Vol. 1, pp. 524–527.
33. A brief summary of the case appears in the TCLL(1964 Taiwan reprint), 1:528- 529.
34. Respectively reported in Staunton, Ta Tsing Leu Lee, pp. 521–524, at p. 523.
35. Keeton, Vol. 2, pp. 197–198.
36. Sir Ernest Alabaster, Notes and Commentaries on Chinese Criminal Law.(London, 1899), pp. 21–29.
37. For example, cf. H. B. Morse, Chronicles of the East India Company to China, 1635–1834(Oxford, 1926), II, 59–60. See Vol. 5 for 1742–1774 (Oxford, 1929).
38. see the Liang-Kuang governor-general’s memorial concerning a case arising in 1820 involving English sailors. CTWCSL-.CC6:57-58b, at 58a (1968 Taiwan reprint Vol. 1, pp. 707–710, at p. 709).
39. Staunton, Ta Tsing Leu Lee, p. 523.
40. Morse, International Relations, Vol. 1, p. 46.
41. Keeton, Vol. 2, pp. 288–289.
42. Cf. respectively Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 36; Vol. 3, p. 15; and Vol. 4, pp. 136–138.
43. Ch’ing shih-lu: Ch’ien-lung ch’ao[Veritable Records of the Emperor: Ch’ienlung Period], 340:23b-24b.
44. English tr. in Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 1, pp. 187–188.
45. cf. also two earlier edicts concerning the same case, Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 1, p. 186.
46. Morse, International Relations, Vol. 1, p. 45.
47. Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 2, p. 531 (note 69).
48. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 5, pp. 182–185.
49. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 5, p. 183.
50. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 5, p. 183.
51. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 5, p. 185.
52. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p.172.
53. Morse, International Relations, Vol. 1, pp. 51–53.
54. Chronicles, Vol. 1, pp. 17–30.
55. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, pp. 25–26.
56. John E. Wills, Jr., “Ch’ing Relations with the Dutch 1662–1690,” J. K. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order(Cambridge, Mass., 1968), pp. 225–256.
57. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, p. 48.
58. Morse, International Relations, Vol. 1, p. 52.
59. Chronicles, Vol. 1, pp. 41–49.
60. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, p. 49.
61. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 78–294, especially pp. 99–108.
62. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, covering the years 1635–1753.
63. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, pp. 82–84.
64. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 29.
65. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 83.
66. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, p. 49 and p. 490, n. 15.
67. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, pp. 168–169.
68. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 30.
69. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 168.
70. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 169.
71. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1 p. 193.
72. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 31.
73. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 254.
74. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 236.
75. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 270.
76. Cf. generally Edward L. Farmer, “James Flint Versus the Canton Interest (1755–1760),” Papers on China, Vol. 17 (Harvard University, East Asian Research Center, 1963), pp. 38–66.
77. Farmer, “James Flint” cf. also Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 5, pp. 36–44.
78. For English tr. of imperial edicts issued in 1755, and Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 5, pp.94–98.
79. for the culminating edict of 1760, promulgating the “Regulations for the Control of Trade at Canton.” The 1760 edict is also tr. in Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 1, pp. 224–226.
80. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 5, p. 40.
81. Communication dated February 19, 1838, inChina Correspondence 1838- 1840(London, 1840), pp. 276–291, at p. 283.
82. For example, the following instructions were issued by the East India Company’s Council of Supercargoes in 1779 to each English ship upon its arrival: “… that neither you nor your Officers are to go ashooting on any pretence whatsoever, and that you give positive Orders to your Officers to keep your Ship's Company within the bounds of Sobriety and Decency so as not to give offence to the Chinese Government.” Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 37.
83. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 5, p. 19; and Vol.2, p. 37 and p. 108.
84. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 72. An English ship licensed and controlled, but not owned, by the British East India Company, and engaged in the trade between India and China.
85. Morse, International Relations, Vol. 1, p. 102n.
86. The most complete account of the Lady Hughescase is contained in Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 98–107.
87. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 75.
88. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 118.
89. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 99.
90. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 99–100.
91. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 101.
92. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 102.
93. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 103.
94. Josiah Quincy, ed., The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw(Boston, 1847), pp. 186–195, at p. 189.
95. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 103.
96. Cf. J. K. Fairbank and S. Y. Teng, “On the Transmission of Ch’ing Documents,” Ch’ing Administration: Three Studies, pp. 13 and 33.
97. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 104.
98. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 105.
99. For example, Morse, International Relations, Vol. 1, p. 102.
100. Ch’ing shih-lu: Ch’ien-lung, 1218:18b-20 (partial English tr. in Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 1, pp. 297–298).
101. Cf. Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christian Missions in China (New York, 1929), pp. 172–173.
102. Cf. edicts to the Grand Council in late 1784. Ch’ing shih-lu: Ch’ien-lung, 1214:1 lb-13, 17–18; 1216:4b; 1218:5; 1219:5–6; and cf. also Latourette, pp. 172–173.
103. Ch’ing shih-lu: Ch’ien-lung, 1218:18b-20; cf. Fu Lo-shu for a slightly different tr. of this passage, Vol. 1, pp. 297–298.
104. Quoted in Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years of Anglo-Chinese Relations 1750–1800 (Pullman, Washington, 1936), p. 229.
105. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 160.
106. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 156.
107. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 218.
108. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 70.
109. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 147–148.
110. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 71.
111. Shih-liao hsun-k’an [Historical Materials Published Every Ten Days], 40 vols.(Palace Museum, Peiping, 1930–1931), 210b(1963 Taiwan reprint, Kuo-feng ch’u-pan she, p. 113).
112. Cf. somewhat different English tr., done by Robert Morrison in 1821, quoted in Keeton, Vol. 2, p. 195.
113. Wang K’en-t’ang Chien-shih(1689), Vol. 1, “ming-li,” 71.
114. W. C. Hunter, The “Fan Kwae” at Canton Before Treaty Days (London, 1882) p. 28.
115. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 57.
116. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 343 (the 1800 case); andCTWCSL.TK,1:13 (1968 Taiwan reprint, Vol. 2, p. 33)(the 1821 case).
117. CTWCSL.TK 1:13 (1968 Taiwan reprint, Vol. 2, p. 33).
118. W. T. DeBary, ed., Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vol. 2, p. 9.
119. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 7.
120. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 327.
121. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 277.
122. Cf. discussion in Morse, International Relations, Vol. 1, pp. 114–117.
123. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 119–121.
124. Cf. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 109–119, especially p. 118, where he states that Chinese law “… failed to recognize the validity of a plea of self-defense, and purely accidental homicide involved criminal liability…”
125. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 40.
126. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, pp. 155–156. 114.
127. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 321.
128. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 260.
129. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 148 and 260, respectively.
130. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 337–339, 429.
131. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 45–46.
132. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, pp. 40–49, 70.
133. Staunton, Ta Tsing Leu Lee, pp. 521–524.
134. Keeton, Vol. 2, pp. 175–183.
135. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 46.
136. Keeton, Vol. 2, p. 183.
137. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 4, pp. 154–155.
138. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, pp. 123–125.
139. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 125.
140. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, pp. 377–382.
141. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 56–57.
142. CTWCSLICC, 6:57–58b (1968 Taiwan reprint, Vol. 1, pp. 707–710, at p. 709).
143. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 4, pp. 11–13, 23–27.
144. cf. CTWCSLTK, l:7b-9b (1968 Taiwan reprint, Vol. 2, pp. 22–26).
145. CTWCSLTK, 1:9(1968 Taiwan reprint, Vol. 2, p. 25).
146. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 5, pp. 26–27.
147. Cf. Jacques M. Downs, “American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800–1840,” Business History Review (Harvard Business School, Winter 1968), pp. 418–442.
148. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 4, pp. 18–19 and 27–41.
149. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 59–61.
150. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 131 and 176.
151. CTWCSL: TK, l:23a-b(1968) Taiwan reprint, Vol. 2, pp. 53–54.
152. CTWCSLTK, l:45b-46.
153. CTWCSLTK,4:46.
154. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 4, pp. 245–246.
155. Cf. for example, Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 1, p. 186.
156. Morse, International Relations, Vol. 1, p. 118.
157. Instructions of Dec. 31, 1833, in China Correspondence, 1838–1840 (London, 1840), p. 3.
158. China Correspondence, 1838–1840, p. 296.
159. China Correspondence, 1838–1840, pp. 317–318.
160. Arthur Waley, The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes (London, 1958), p. 55.
161. Hsin-pao Chang, Commissioner Lin and the Opium War (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), p. 197.
162. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 170–174.
163. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 143–170
164. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 236.
165. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 15–19.
166. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 32.
167. CSL-.CL, 476:16 (English tr. in Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 1, pp. 193–194).
168. SLHK, 12:425-426 (partial English tr. in Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 1, p. 196).
169. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 59–60 and 99.
170. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 39–40.
171. Kuo T’ing-i, Vol. 1, pp. 560–561.
172. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 60.
173. TCLL, 4:64.
174. TCLL (1964 Taiwan reprint), 1:529.
175. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 34.
176. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 37.
177. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 59.
178. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 39.
179. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 40.
180. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 49–50.
181. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 203.
182. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, pp. 212–213.
183. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 389.
184. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 215.
185. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 216.
186. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 217.
187. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, p. 219.
188. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 4, pp. 232–234.
189. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 64–65.
190. CTWCSLTK, 3:40-41, at 40 (1968 Taiwan reprint, Vol. 2, pp. 313–315, at p. 313).
191. CTWCSLTK, 3:41 (1968 Taiwan reprint, Vol. 2, p. 315).
192. For example, cf. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 47.
193. CSL-.CL,1021:llb-15(English tr. in Fu Lo-shu, Vol. 1, pp. 277–280).
194. Cf. Keeton, Vol. 1, pp. 54, 55, 56, 57, and 62 respectively.
195. Cf. respectively Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 34.
196. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 38.
197. Reported respectively in Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, pp. 72, 108–109, 148 and 289.
198. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 109.
199. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 2, p. 289.
200. Keeton, Vol. 1, p. 44.
201. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 3, pp. 318–320.
202. CTWCSL-.CC, Vol. 1, p. 682.
203. Liang-Kuang and the governor of Kuangtung. CTWCSL-.TK, 3:1-4 (1968 Taiwan reprint, Vol. 2, pp. 235–241).
204. See Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 4, pp. 176–177.
205. Keeton, vol. 1, p. 63.
206. Keeton, Vol. 2, pp. 201–212.
207. TCLL (1964 Taiwan reprint), 3:2460.
208. Morse, Chronicles, Vol. 4, p. 177.