The MJA-lancet countdown on health and climate change: Australian policy inaction threatens lives

Medical Journal of Australia

Volumn 209, Issue 11, 2018, Pages 474.e1-474.e21

  Zhang, Ying ^a   Beggs, Paul J ^b   Bambrick, Hilary ^c   Berry, Helen L ^a   Linnenluecke, Martina K ^b   Trueck, Stefan ^b   Alders, Robyn ^d,e   Bi, Peng ^f   Boylan, Sinead M ^a   Green, Donna ^g   Guo, Yuming ^h   Hanigan, Ivan C ⁱ   Hanna, Elizabeth G ^j   Malik, Arunima ^k   Morgan, Geoffrey G ⁱ   Stevenson, Mark ^l   Tong, Shilu ^m,n   Watts, Nick ^o   Capon, Anthony G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^d Kyeema Foundation   (Australia)

^e ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^g UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^h MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

^j AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^k UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^l UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^m SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

ⁿ ANHUI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^o UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; CARBON CYCLING; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; LIFE THREAT; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; POLITICAL SYSTEM; PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC POLICY;

EID: 85058411268     PISSN: 0025729X     EISSN: 13265377     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5694/mja18.00789     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Thien F, Beggs PJ, Csutoros D, et al. The Melbourne epidemic thunderstorm asthma event 2016: an investigation of environmental triggers, effect on health services, and patient risk factors. Lancet Planet Health 2018; 2: e255-e263.
2. Hanna EG, McIver LJ. Climate change: a brief overview of the science and health impacts for Australia. Med J Aust 2018; 208: 311-315. https://www. mja.com.au/journal/2018/208/7/climate-change-brief-overview-science-and-health-impacts-australia
3. Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, et al. Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. Lancet 2009; 373: 1693-1733.
4. Watts N, Adger WN, Agnolucci P, et al. Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health. Lancet 2015; 386: 1861-1914.
5. Watts N, Amann M, Ayeb-Karlsson S, et al. The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. Lancet 2018; 391: 581-630.
6. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Paris Agreement. Bonn: UNFCCC, 2018. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement(viewed June 2018).
7. Zhang Y, Beggs PJ. The Lancet Countdown down under: tracking progress on health and climate change in Australia. Med J Aust 2018; 208: 285-286. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2018/208/7/lancet-countdown-down-under-tracking-progress-health-and-climate-change
8. Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, et al. The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: shaping the health of nations for centuries to come. Lancet 2018; doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32594-7.
9. Guo Y, Li S, Liu DL, et al. Projecting future temperature-related mortality in three largest Australian cities. Environ Pollut 2016; 208: 66-73.
10. Xiang J, Bi P, Pisaniello D, Hansen A. The impact of heatwaves on workers’ health and safety in Adelaide, South Australia. Environ Res 2014; 133: 90-95.
11. Zander KK, Botzen WJW, Oppermann E, et al. Heat stress causes substantial labour productivity loss in Australia. Nat Clim Chang 2015; 5: 647-651.
12. Maloney SK, Forbes CF. What effect will a few degrees of climate change have on human heat balance? Implications for human activity. Int J Biometeorol 2011; 55: 147-160.
13. Kar-Purkayastha I, Clarke M, Murray V. Dealing with disaster databases-what can we learn from health and systematic reviews? PLoS Currents Disasters 2011; 3: RRN1272. doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1272.
14. Blanchi R, Leonard J, Haynes K, et al. Environmental circumstances surrounding bushfire fatalities in Australia 1901-2011. Environ Sci Policy 2014; 37: 192-203.
15. Bi P, Hiller JE, Cameron AS, et al. Climate variability and Ross River virus infections in Riverland, South Australia, 1992-2004. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137: 1486-1493.
16. Tong S, Bi P, Donald K, McMichael AJ. Climate variability and Ross River virus transmission. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56: 617-621.
17. Tong S, Dale P, Nicholls N, et al. Climate variability, social and environmental factors, and Ross River virus transmission: research development and future research needs. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116: 1591-1597.
18. Bannister-Tyrrell M, Williams C, Ritchie SA, et al. Weather-driven variation in dengue activity in Australia examined using a process-based modeling approach. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88: 65-72.
19. D’Souza RM, Becker NG, Hall G, Moodie KBA. Does ambient temperature affect foodborne disease? Epidemiology 2004; 15: 86-92.
20. Milazzo A, Giles LC, Zhang Y, et al. Heatwaves differentially affect risk of Salmonella serotypes. J Infect 2016; 73: 231-240.
21. Milazzo A, Giles LC, Zhang Y, et al. The effects of ambient temperature and heatwaves on daily Campylobacter cases in Adelaide, Australia, 1990-2012. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145: 2603-2610.
22. Lake IR, Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, et al. Climate change and food security: health impacts in developed countries. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120: 1520-1526.
23. Hochman Z, Gobbett DL, Horan H. Climate trends account for stalled wheat yields in Australia since 1990. Glob Change Biol 2017; 23: 2071-2081.
24. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Health Survey: Nutrition-State and Territory results, 2011-12 (ABS Cat. No. 4364.0.55.009). Canberra: ABS, 2015. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4364.0.55. 009main+features12011-12(viewed June 2018).
25. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey: Nutrition Results-Food and Nutrients, 2012-13. Canberra: ABS, 2015. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4727.0.55.0052012-13?OpenDocument (viewed June 2018).
26. Gallegos D, Booth S, Kleve S, et al. Food insecurity in Australian households: from charity to entitlement. In: Germov J, Williams L, editors. A sociology of food and nutrition: the social appetite. 4th ed. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2017: 55-74.
27. Friel S, Berry H, Dinh H, et al. The impact of drought on the association between food security and mental health in a nationally representative Australian sample. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 1102.
28. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Media release: more than half of adults are overweight and the numbers are increasing: ABS. Canberra: ABS, 2008. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4719.0Media% 20Release12004-05?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4719. 0&issue=2004-05&num=&view= (viewed June 2018).
29. Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Health Survey: First Results, 2014-15 (ABS Cat. No. 4364.0.55.001). Canberra: ABS, 2015.http://www.abs.gov. au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4364.0.55.001 (viewed June 2018).
30. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Consumption of Food Groups from the Australian Dietary Guidelines-a Comparison of 1995 to 2011-12 (ABS Cat. No. 4364.0.55.012). Canberra: ABS, 2017. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4364.0.55.012w2011-12wMain% 20FeatureswConsumption%20of%20Food%20Groups%20from%20the% 20Australian%20Dietary%20Guidelines%20-%20a%20comparison%20of %201995%20to%202011-12w10003 (viewed June 2018).
31. Quiggin J. Drought, climate change and food prices in Australia. 2007. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/auscon/pages/1345/attachments/original/1474000113/Climate_change_and_food_prices_in_Australia.pdf (viewed Oct 2018).
32. 2 threatens human nutrition. Nature 2014; 510: 139-142.
33. 2 on nutritional quality of vegetables: a review. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9: 924.
34. McMichael C. Climate change-related migration and infectious disease. Virulence 2015; 6: 548-553.
35. McMichael C, Barnett J, McMichael AJ. An ill wind? Climate change, migration, and health. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120: 646-654.
36. Schwerdtle P, Bowen K, McMichael C. The health impacts of climate-related migration. BMC Med 2018; 16: 1.
37. Maxwell SL, Venter O, Jones KR, Watson JEM. Integrating human responses to climate change into conservation vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1355: 98-116.
38. Tasmanian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet. Climate Action 21: Tasmania’s Climate Change Action Plan 2017-2021. Hobart: Tasmanian Climate Change Office, 2017. http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0015/332106/Climate_Action_21_Tasmanias_Climate_Action_Plan_20172 021_June_2018.pdf (viewed June 2018).
39. Berry HL, Waite TD, Dear KBG, et al. The case for systems thinking about climate change and mental health. Nat Clim Chang 2018; 8: 282-290.
40. Ding N, Berry H, O’Brien L. The effect of extreme heat on mental health-evidence from Australia. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44: i64.
41. Williams MN, Hill SR, Spicer J. Do hotter temperatures increase the incidence of self-harm hospitalisations? Psychol Health Med 2016; 21: 226-235.
42. ACT Government, Environment and Planning Directorate. ACT climate change adaptation strategy: living with a warming climate. Canberra: ACT, 2016. https://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/912478/ACT-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Strategy.pdf (viewed June 2018).
43. Australian Government. National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2015. http://www. environment.gov.au/climate-change/adaptation/strategy (viewed June 2018).
44. Government of South Australia. Towards a resilient state: the South Australian Government’s climate change adaptation action plan. Adelaide: Government of South Australia, 2018.
45. New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Local Government NSW. NSW Local Government progress and needs in adapting to climate change: Final report. 2015. http://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/w/media/9DA9CAA0C3F3478087B6C39BA88324C4.ashx (viewed June 2018).
46. Western Australian Government Department of Environment and Conservation. Adapting to our changing climate. 2012. https://www.der.wa. gov.au/images/documents/your-environment/climate-change/adapting-to-our-changing-climate-october-2012.pdf (viewed June 2018).
47. Victorian Government. Victoria’s Climate Change Adaptation Plan: 2017-2020. Melbourne: State of Victoria, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 2016. https://www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/60729/Victorias-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Plan-2017-2020.pdf (viewed June 2018).
48. Armstrong F, Cooke S, Rissik D, Tonmoy F. Queensland Climate Adaptation Strategy: Human Health and Wellbeing Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Queensland. Brisbane; Queensland Government, 2018.
49. Commonwealth Government. Protecting human health and safety during severe and extreme heat events: a national framework. PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2011.
50. Bureau of Meteorology. Indigenous Weather Knowledge: Map 2. Sub divisions within the key climate groups. Melbourne: Commonwealth of Australia, 2014. http://www.bom.gov.au/iwk/climate_zones/map_2.shtml (viewed June 2018).
51. Bureau of Meteorology. Indigenous Weather Knowledge: Map 1. The key climate groups. Melbourne: Commonwealth of Australia, 2014.http://www. bom.gov.au/iwk/climate_zones/map_1.shtml (viewed June 2018).
52. Victorian Government Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. Victoria’s Climate Change Framework. Melbourne: DELWP, 2018. https://www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/victorias-climate-change-framework (viewed June 2018).
53. Queensland Government Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. Queensland climate change response. 2018. https://www.qld.gov. au/environment/climate/response(viewed June 2018).
54. Western Australia Department of Water and Environmental Regulation. Adapting to climate change. 2018. https://www.der.wa.gov.au/your-environment/climate-change/254-adapting-to-climate-change (viewed June 2018).
55. Tasmanian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet. Climate change priorities. Hobart: Tasmanian Climate Change Office, 2018. http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/climatechange/Climate_Change_Priorities (viewedJune2018).
56. New South Wales Government, Office of Environment and Heritage. Adapt NSW. Sydney: NSWOEH, 2018. http://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov. au/(viewed June 2018).
57. Government of South Australia, Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. South Australia’s Climate Change Strategy 2015-2050: towards a low carbon economy. no date. https://www.environment.sa.gov. au/files/sharedassets/public/climate-change/sa-climate-change-strategy-2015-2050-towards-low-carbon-economy.pdf (viewed June 2018).
58. Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government, Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate. Climate change adaptation and resilience. Canberra: EPSDD, 2017.http://www.environment.act.gov.au/cc/what-government-is-doing/climate-change-adaptation-and-resilience (viewed June 2018).
59. Tasmania Government Department of Premier and Cabinet. Adapting to climate change in Tasmania: issues paper. Hobart: Tasmanian Climate Change Office, 2012.
60. New South Wales Government, Office of Environment and Heritage. Towards a resilient Sydney: urban adaptation research synthesis. Sydney: NSWOEH, 2014.
61. Western Australia Department of Health. Health impacts of climate change: adaptation strategies for Western Australia. Perth: Department of Health, 2008. http://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/w/media/Files/Corporate/general% 20documents/Environmental%20health/Climate%20change/Health-impacts-of-climate-change.pdf (viewed June 2018).
62. City of Adelaide. Climate Change Adaptation: Action Plan 2013-2015. https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/assets/documents/REPORT-Energy_Efficiency_ Reports_Climate_Change.pdf (viewed Oct 2018).
63. Brisbane City Council. Brisbane. Clean, green, sustainable: 2017-2031. Brisbane: Brisbane City Council, 2017.
64. City of Darwin. Climate Change Action Plan 2011-2020. Darwin: Darwin City Council, 2011.
65. Hobart City Council. Hobart City Council Corporate Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2013-2016. Hobart: Southern Tasmanian Councils Authority, 2012.
66. City of Melbourne. City of Melbourne Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. Melbourne: Maunsell Australia Pty Ltd, 2008.
67. City of Perth. Towards an energy resilient city: strategic directions paper. Perth: City of Perth, 2014.
68. City of Sydney. Adapting for Climate Change: A long term strategy for the City of Sydney. Sydney: City of Sydney, https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/250123/2016-022571-Adapting-to-Climate-Change_accessible.pdf(viewed Oct 2018).
69. World Health Organization. International Health Regulations (2005) Monitoring framework-country profiles. Geneva: WHO, 2018. http://apps. who.int/gho/tableau-public/tpc-frame.jsp?id=1100 (viewed July 2018).
70. Nairn JR, Fawcett RJB. The Excess Heat Factor: a metric for heatwave intensity and its use in classifying heatwave severity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12: 227-253.
71. Australian Red Cross. Telecross REDi (SA): calling vulnerable and isolated people during extreme weather events [website].https://www.redcross.org. au/get-help/community-services/telecross/telecross-redi(viewed June 2018).
72. Nitschke M, Tucker G, Hansen A, et al. Evaluation of a heat warning system in Adelaide, South Australia, using case-series analysis. BMJ Open 2016; 6: e012125.
73. Coates L, Haynes K, O’Brien J, et al. Exploring 167 years of vulnerability: an examination of extreme heat events in Australia 1844-2010. Environ Sci Policy 2014; 42: 33-44.
74. Garnaut R. The Garnaut climate change review: final report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
75. Stern N. The economics of climate change: the Stern review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
76. Garnaut R. The Garnaut review 2011: Australia in the global response to climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
77. Steffen W. The critical decade: climate science, risks and responses. Canberra: Climate Commission Secretariat, 2011.
78. Steffen W, Hughes L. The critical decade 2013: climate change science, risks and responses. Canberra: Climate Commission Secretariat, 2013.
79. Steffen W, Hughes L, Karoly D. The critical decade: extreme weather. Canberra: Climate Commission Secretariat, 2013.
80. Flannery T, Beale R, Hueston G (Climate Commission). The critical decade: international action on climate change. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2012.
81. Flannery T, Sahajwalla V (Climate Commission). The critical decade: generating a renewable Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2012.
82. Flannery T, Beale R, Hueston G (Climate Commission). The critical decade: global action building on climate change. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2013.
83. Hughes L, McMichael T (Climate Commission). The critical decade: climate change and health. Canberra: Climate Commission Secretariat (Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency), 2011.
84. Cifuentes L, Borja-Aburto VH, Gouveia N, et al. Hidden health benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. Science 2001; 293: 1257-1259.
85. Haines A, McMichael AJ, Smith KR, et al. Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: overview and implications for policy makers. Lancet 2009; 374: 2104-2114.
86. International Energy Agency. Energy policies of IEA countries. Australia: 2018 review. IEA, 2018. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/EnergyPoliciesofIEACountriesAustralia2018Review.pdf (viewed June 2018).
87. International Energy Agency. IEA atlas of energy. http://energyatlas.iea.org (viewed June 2018).
88. CSIRO, Energy Networks Australia. Electricity network transformation roadmap: final report. Melbourne: ENR, 2017.
89. Clean Energy Council. Clean Energy Australia: report 2018. Melbourne: Clean Energy Council, 2018. https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/policy-advocacy/reports/clean-energy-australia-report.html (viewed June 2018).
90. Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy. The Renewable Energy Target (RET) scheme. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2017. http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/government/renewable-energy-target-scheme (viewed June 2018).
91. Infrastructure Australia. Remote and Indigenous communities: Australian infrastructure plan. Canberra: Australian Government, 2016. http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/policy-publications/publications/files/IA_ J16-2330_Fact_Sheet_Remote_and_Indigenous_v1.1.pdf(viewed June 2018).
92. Indigenous Business Australia. Renewable energy transition to benefit Indigenous Australians. Canberra: Australian Government, 2017. https://www. iba.gov.au/2017/06/renewable-energy-transition-benefit-indigenous-australians/(viewed June 2018).
93. Pope III CA, Dockery DW. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 2006; 56: 709-742.
94. van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Brauer M, et al. Global estimates of fine particulate matter using a combined geophysical-statistical method with information from satellites, models, and monitors. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50: 3762-3772.
95. World Health Organization. Health risks of air pollution in Europe-HRAPIE project: Recommendations for concentration-response functions for cost-benefit analysis of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2013.
96. ClimateWorks Australia. The state of electric vehicles in Australia. Melbourne: ClimateWorks Australia, 2017.
97. International Energy Agency. Global EV outlook 2017: two million and counting. Paris: IEA, 2017.
98. New South Wales Government, Transport for NSW. Open data: household travel survey. https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/search? query=household%20travel%20survey (viewed July 2018).
99. Xia T, Nitschke M, Zhang Y, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and health co-benefits of alternative transport in Adelaide, South Australia. Environ Int 2015; 74: 281-290.
100. Wiedmann T. A review of recent multi-region input-output models used for consumption-based emission and resource accounting. Ecol Econ 2009; 69: 211-222.
101. Lenzen M. Errors in conventional and input-output-based life-cycle inventories. J Ind Ecol 2000; 4: 127-148.
102. Monger HC, Kraimer RA, Khresat S, et al. Sequestration of inorganic carbon in soil and groundwater. Geology 2015; 43: 375-378.
103. Sanderman J. Can management induced changes in the carbonate system drive soil carbon sequestration? A review with particular focus on Australia. Agric Ecosyst Environ 2012; 155: 70-77.
104. Australian Government. Australia: State of the Environment. Land (2016): Soil: carbon dynamics. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2017. https://soe.environment.gov.au/theme/land/topic/soil-carbon-dynamics (viewed June 2018).
105. New South Wales Government Department of Primary Industries. Increasing soil organic carbon of agricultural land. Orange: DPI, 2008. https://www.dpi. nsw.gov.au/agriculture/soils/soil-carbon/increasing-soil-organic-carbon-of-agricultural-land (viewed June 2018).
106. CSIROpedia. The Soil Carbon Research Program (SCaRP). http://csiropedia. csiro.au/soil-carbon-research-program/(viewed June 2018).
107. Hohmeyer OH, Bohm S. Trends toward 100% renewable electricity supply in Germany and Europe: a paradigm shift in energy policies. Wiley Interdisciplinary Rev Energy Environ 2015; 4: 74-97.
108. Australian Energy Regulator. State of the energy market, May 2017. Melbourne: AER, 2017. https://www.aer.gov.au/publications/state-of-the-energy-market-reports/state-of-the-energy-market-may-2017 (viewed June 2018).
109. Australian Energy Market Operator. Generation Information Page. Melbourne: AEMO, 2018. http://aemo.com.au/Electricity/National-Electricity-Market-NEM/Planning-and-forecasting/Generation-information (viewed June 2018).
110. Arabella Advisors. The global fossil fuel divestment and clean energy investment movement. Washington, DC: Arabella Advisors, 2016. https://www.arabellaadvisors.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Global_ Divestment_Report_2016.pdf (viewed June 2018).
111. Hasson AEA, Mills GA, Timbal B, Walsh K. Assessing the impact of climate change on extreme fire weather events over southeastern Australia. Clim Res 2009; 39: 159-172.
112. Murphy BF, Timbal B. A review of recent climate variability and climate change in southeastern Australia. Int J Climatol 2008; 28: 859-879.
113. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Employment in renewable energy activities, Australia, 2016-17. (ABS Cat. No. 4631.0). Canberra: ABS, 2018. http://www. abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4631.0Main+Features12016-17? OpenDocument (viewed June 2018).
114. Australian Government, Clean Energy Regulator. 2015-2016 Annual report: accelerating carbon abatement for Australia. Canberra: CER, 2016. http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/DocumentAssets/Documents/Clean% 20Energy%20Regulator%20Annual%20report%20201516.pdf (viewed June 2018).
115. Coady D, Parry I, Sears L, Shang B. How large are global fossil fuel subsidies? World Dev 2017; 91: 11-27.
116. Schwanitz VJ, Piontek F, Bertram C, Luderer G. Long-term climate policy implications of phasing out fossil fuel subsidies. Energy Policy 2014; 67: 882-894.
117. Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal New South Wales. Registry user guide. Energy savings scheme. Greenhouse gas reduction scheme. Sydney: IPART, 2014. https://www.ipart.nsw.gov.au/files/sharedassets/website/trimholdingbay/ggas_registry_-_registry_user_guide_-_26_february_ 2014.pdf (viewed June 2018).
118. Australian Government. Clean Energy Act 2011. No.131, 2011 as amended. Canberra: Federal Register of Legislation, 2011. https://www.legislation.gov. au/Details/C2013C00372 (viewed June 2018).
119. Australian Government. Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Rule 2015 made under section 308 of the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011. Canberra: Federal Register of Legislation, 2017. https://www. legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C00670 (viewed June 2018).
120. Australian Government. Part 1: Australian Government Budget Outcome. Table 4. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2013. http://www.budget. gov.au/2012-13/content/fbo/html/part_1.htm (viewed June 2018).
121. Australian Government. Part 1: Australian Government Budget Outcome. Fiscal Balance. Table 4. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2014. http://www.budget.gov.au/2013-14/content/fbo/html/01_part_1-03.htm (viewed June 2018).
122. Australian Government, Clean Energy Regulator. Regulatory deliverables. Annual report 2011-12. Canberra: CER, 2012. http://www.cleanenergy regulator.gov.au/About/Accountability-and-reporting/Annual-Reports/Annual%20report%202011-12/Regulatory-deliverables(viewed June 2018).
123. Lyster R. Australia’s Clean Energy Future Package: are we there yet? Legal Studies Research Paper No. 11/85. Sydney: University of Sydney, 2011. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1954238 (viewed June 2018).
124. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility. NCCARF Phase 2 project plan. Gold Coast: NCCARF, 2014.
125. O’Neill S, Williams HTP, Kurz T, et al. Dominant frames in legacy and social media coverage of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Nat Clim Chang 2015; 5: 380-385.
126. Bain PG, Milfont TL, Kashima Y, et al. Co-benefits of addressing climate change can motivate action around the world. Nat Clim Chang 2016; 6: 154-157, 538.
127. Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, et al. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. Lancet 2015; 386: 369-375.
128. McMichael A, Woodruff R, Whetton P, et al. Human health and climate change in Oceania: a risk assessment 2002. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2003.
129. Talberg A, Hui S, Loynes K. Australian climate change policy to 2015: a chronology. Department of Parliamentary Services Research Paper Series, 2015-16. Canberra: Parliament of Australia, 2016. http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/4590624/upload_binary/4590624.pdf; fileType=application/pdf (viewed June 2018).
130. Climate and Health Alliance. National Consultation regarding a National Strategy on Climate, Health and Well-being for Australia: final consultation report. Melbourne: Climate and Health Alliance, 2017.-