The trauma celiotomy: The evolving concepts of damage control

Current Problems in Surgery

Volumn 33, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 609-700

  Morris Jr , John A ^a   Eddy, Virginia A ^a   Rutherford, Edmund J ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABDOMEN; ABDOMINAL INJURY; BLEEDING; BREATHING; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; INJURY; INTESTINE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERITONEUM; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SUTURING METHOD;

ABDOMEN; ABDOMINAL INJURIES; BLOOD LOSS, SURGICAL; HEMODYNAMIC PROCESSES; HUMANS; INTESTINES; PERITONEUM; RESPIRATION; RESUSCITATION; SUTURE TECHNIQUES;

EID: 85058198465     PISSN: 00113840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0011-3840(96)80010-4     Document Type: Article

References (342)

1. Shackford SR, Bagram SGA, Rozycki GS, et al. On developing a career in trauma and surgical critical care. J Trauma 1994;37:700-4.
2. Morris JA Jr, Auerback I? Marshall GA, et al. The trauma score as a triage tool in the prehospital setting. JAMA 1986;256:1 31 9-25.
3. American College of Surgeons. ACS Optimal Resource Document. Chicago: ACS, 1993.
4. Fallon WF, Morris JA Jr, Scalea TM, eds. The trauma patient in extremis. Trauma Quarterly 1 993;10:1-1 05.
5. Feliciano D. Abdominal vascular injuries. Surg Clin North Am 1988;68:741 -55.
6. Adkins RB, Bitseff EL, Meacham PW. Abdominal vascular injuries. South Med J 1985,78:1152-60.
7. Jackson MR, Oison DW, Beckett WC, et al. Abdominal vascular trauma: a review of 106 injuries. Am Surg 1 992;58:622-6.
8. McMillan RW, Landreneau RM, McCormick GM, et al. Major vascular injuries of the torso. South Med J 1992;85:375-7.
9. Morris JA Jr, MacKenzie EJ, Damiano AM, et al. Mortality in trauma patients: thé interaction between host factors and severity. J Trauma 1990;30:1469-75.
10. Van Aalst J, Morris JA Jr, Yates HK, et al. Severely injured geriatric patients return to independent living: a study of factors influencing function and independence. J Trauma 1 991 ;31:1096-102.
11. Morris JA Jr, MacKenzie EJ, Edelstein SL. The effect of pre-existing conditions on mortality in trauma patients. JAMA 1990;263:1942-6.
12. MacKenzie EJ, Morris JA Jr, Edelstein SL. Effect of pre-existing disease on length of hospital stay in trauma patients. J Trauma 1 989;29-.757-65.
13. Dunham CM, Siegel JH, Weireter L, et al. Oxygen debt and metabolic acidemia as quantitative predictors of mortality and the severity of the ischémie insult in hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 1991;19:231-43.
14. Rotondo MF, Schwab CW, McGonigal MD, et al. "Damage control": an approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury. J Trauma 1 993;35:375-82.
15. Eddy VA, Morris JA Jr. Secondary resuscitation: an organ systems approach. Trauma Quarterly 1993; 10:71-87.
16. Wudel J, Morris JA Jr, Bass SM. Massive transfusion: outcome in blunt trauma patients. J Trauma 1991;31:1-7.
17. Nelson LD, Rutherford EJ. Monitoring mixed venous oxygen. Respir Care 1991;37:747-54.
18. Miller RS, Nelson LD, Rutherford EJ, et al. Synchronized independent lung ventilation in the management of a unilateral pulmonary contusion with massive hemoptysis when traditional ventilatory treatment failed: case report. J Tenn Med Assoc 1992;83:374-5.
19. Miller RS, Nelson LD, DiRusso SM, et al. High-level positive end-expiratory pressure management in trauma-associated adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Trauma 1 992;33:284-90.
20. Cady LO, Weil MH, Afifi M. Quantification of severity of critical illness with special reference to blood lactate. Crit Care Med 1983;1:75.
21. Calne RY, McMaster P, Pentlow BD. The treatment of major liver trauma by primary packing with transfer of the patient for definitive treatment. Br J Surg 1979;66:228-9.
22. Carmona RH, Peck DZ, Miller FB, et al. The role of packing in planned reoperation in severe hepatic trauma. J Trauma 1984;94:779-84.
23. Feliciano DV, Mattox KL, Burch JM, et al. Packing for control of hepatic hemorrhage. J Trauma 1 986;26:738-43.
24. Ivatury RR, Nallathambi M, Gunduz Y, et al. Liver packing for uncontrolled hemorrhage: a reappraisal. J Trauma 1 986;26:744-53.
25. Svoboda JA, Peter ET, Dang CV, et al. Severe liver trauma in the face of coagulopathy: a case for temporary packing and early reexploration. Am J Surg 1982;144:717-21.
26. Carrillo C, Fogler RJ, Shaftan GW. Delayed gastrointestinal reconstruction following massive abdominal trauma. J Trauma 1993;34:233-5.
27. Cue Gl, Cryer HG, Miller FB, et al. Packing and planned reexploration for hepatic and retroperitoneal hemorrhage: critical refinements of a useful technique. J Trauma 1 990;30:1 007-1 3.
28. Talbert S, Trooskin S, Scalea T, et al. Packing and reexploration for patients with nonhepatic injuries. J Trauma 1 992;33:1 21-5.
29. Stone HH, Strom PR, Mullins RJ. Management of the major coagulopathy with onset during laparotomy. Ann Surg 1 983;197:532-5.
30. Burch JM, Oritz VB, Richardson RJ. Abbreviated laparotomy and planned reoperation for critically injured patients. Ann Surg 1 992;215:476-84.
31. Morris JA Jr, Eddy VA, Blinman TA, et al. The staged celiotomy for trauma: issues in unpacking and reconstruction. Ann Surg 1993;21 7:576-86.
32. Baracco-Gandolfo V, Vidarte O, Barocco-Miller V, et al. Prolonged closed liver packing in severe hepatic trauma: experience with 36 patients. J Trauma 1986;26:754-6.
33. Bender JS, Bailey CE, Saxe JM, et al. The technique of visceral packing: recommended management of difficult fascial closure in trauma patients. J Trauma 1994;36:1 82-5.
34. Krige JEJ, Bornman PC, Terblanche J. Therapeutic perihepatic packing in complex liver trauma. Br J Surg 1 992;79:43-6.
35. Sharp KW, Locicero RJ. Abdominal packing for surgically uncontrollable hemorrhage. Ann Surg 1 992;21 5:467-74..
36. Collins JA. Problems associated with the massive transfusion of stored blood. Surgery 1 974;75:274-93.
37. Frykberg ER, Dennis JW, Butcher JL. Massive transfusion: history, pathophysiology, and management. Trauma Quarterly 1 993; 10:1 2-31.
38. Gentilello LM, Cobean RA, Offner PJ, et al. Continuous arteriovenous rewarming: rapid reversal of hypothermia in critically ill patients. J Trauma 1992;32:316-27.
39. Davis JW, Shackford SR, Holbrook TL. Base deficit as a sensitive indicator of compensated shock and tissue oxygen utilization. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991;173:473-6.
40. Davis JW, Shackford SR, Mackersie RC, et al. Base deficit as a guide to volume resuscitation. J Trauma 1 988;28:1 464-7.
41. Rutherford EJ, Morris JA Jr, Reed GW, et al. Base deficit stratifies mortality and determines therapy. J Trauma 1992;33:41 7-23.
42. Hoyt DB, Bulger EM, Knudson MM, et al. Death in the operating room: an analysis of a multi-center experience. J Trauma 1994;37:426-32.
43. Gundry SR, Williams S, Burney RE, Cho KJ, Mackenzie JR. Indications for aortography in blunt thoracic trauma: a reassessment. J Trauma 1 982;22:664-71.
44. Schwab CW, Lawson RB, Lind JF, Garland LW. Aortic injury: comparison of supine and upright portable chest films to evaluate the widened mediastinum. Ann Emerg Med 1 984; 13:896-9.
45. Dalldorf PG, McCarthy MC, Tarver RD, et al. Traumatic rupture of the aorta: indications for cartography. Am Surg 1 990;56:500-3.
46. Hoff SJ, Shotts SD, Eddy VA, et al. Outcome of isolated pulmonary contusion in blunt trauma patients. Am Surg 1 994;60:1 38-42.
47. Lee RB, Morris JA Jr. Current concepts in the management of flail chest. J Tenn Med Assoc 1988;83:631-3.
48. Lee RB, Morris JA Jr, MacKenzie EJ, et al. Three or more rib fractures as an indicator for transfer to a level I trauma center: a population-based study. J Trauma 1990;30:689-94.
49. Lee RB, Morris JA Jr, Parker RS. Presence of three or more rib fractures as an indicator of need for interhospital transfer. J Trauma 1989;29:795-800.
50. American College of Surgeons. Advanced Trauma Life Support Course Book. Chicago: ACS, 1990.
51. Merrill WH, Lee RB, Mammon JW Jr, Frist WH, Stewart JR, Bender HW Jr. Surgical treatment of acute traumatic tear of the thoracic aorta. Ann Surg 1988;207:699-706.
52. Richardson JD, Wilson ME, Miller FB. The widened mediastinum: diagnostic and therapeutic priorities. Ann Surg 1 990;211:731 -6.
53. Smith M, Cassidy J, Souther S, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in the dignosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. NEnglJMed 1995;332:356-62.
54. Feliciano DV Management of traumatic retroperitoneal hematoma. Ann Surg 1990;211:109-23.
55. Coins WA, Rodriguez A, Brathwaite CEM. Retroperitoneal hematoma after blunt trauma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992;1 74:281-90.
56. Grieco JG, Perry JF Retroperitoneal hematoma following trauma: its clinical importance. J Trauma 1980;20:733-6.
57. Richardson JD, Miller RB. Splenic injury. In: Gay S, editor. Current surgical therapy. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc, 1992:858-61.
58. Jurkovich GJ, Esposito TJ, Maier RV Resuscitative thoracotomy performed in the operating room. Am J Surg 1 992;163:463-8.
59. Scalea TM, Mann R. Resuscitative thoracotomy. Trauma Quarterly 1993;10:32-44.
60. Selivanov V, Chi HS, Alverdy JC, Morris JA Jr, Sheldon GF. Mortality in retroperitoneal hematoma. J Trauma 1 984;24:1022-7.
61. Miller RS, Morris JA Jr. Retroperitoneal injury. In Cameron J, editor. Current surgical therapy. St Louis: BC Decker, 1992:861-5.
62. Canizaro PC, Pessa ME. Management of massive hemorrhage associated with abdominal trauma. Surg Clin North Am 1990,70:621-34.
63. Conn JJ, Trippel O, Bergan J. A new atraumatic aortic occluder. Surgery 1968;64:1158-60.
64. Millikan J, Moore E. Outcome of resuscitative thoracotomy and descending aortic occlusion performed in the operating room. J Trauma 1984; 24:387-92.
65. Sankaran S, Lucas C, Walt AJ. Thoracic aortic clamping for prophylaxis against sudden cardiac arrest during laparotomy for acute massive hemoperitoneum. J Trauma 1975;15:290-6.
66. Ledgerwood AM, Kazmers M, Lucas CE. The role of thoracic aortic occlusion for massive hemoperitoneum. J Trauma 1 976;16:610-5.
67. Oyama M, McNamara JJ, Suehiro GT, Suehiro A, Sue-Ako K. The effects of thoracic aortic cross-clamping and declamping on visceral organ blood flow. Ann Surg 1983;197:459-63.
68. Austin OM, Redmond HP, Burke PE, Grace PA, Bouchier-Hayes DB. Vascular trauma: a review. J Am Coll Surg 1 995;181:91-1 08.
69. Gallup DG, Nolan TE, Smith RP Primary mass closure of midline incisions with a continuous polyglyconate monofilament absorbable suture. Obstet Gynecol 1 990;76:872-5.
70. Gupta BK, Khaneja SC, Flores L, et al. The role of intra-aortic balloon occlusion in penetrating abdominal trauma. J Trauma 1989;29:861-5.
71. Paggetti RS, Moore EE, Moore FA, et al. Balloon tamponade for bilobar transfixing hepatic gunshot wounds. J Trauma 1992;33:694-7.
72. Scalea TM, Scalfani SJA. Angiographically placed balloons for arterial control: a description of a technique. J Trauma 1991 ;31:1671 -7.
73. Thomas S, Dulchavsky S, Diebel L. Balloon tamponade for liver injuries: case report. J Trauma 1993;33:448-9.
74. Baumgartner F, White GH, White RA, et al. Delayed, exsanguinating pelvic hemorrhage after blunt trauma without bony fracture: case report. J Trauma 1990;30:1603-5.
75. Miller RS, Morris JA Jr. Retroperitoneal hematoma: a case report. J Tenn Med Assoc 1991;84:227-9.
76. Ross SE, Cobean RA, Hoyt DB, et al. Blunt colonie injury: a multicenter review. J Trauma 1992;33:379-84.
77. Strasen KM, Berne TV Wound infection in patients with traumatic small intestinal injuries. Am Surg 1991 ;57:803-5.
78. Talton DS, Craig MH, Hauser CJ, et al. Major gastroenteric injuries from blunt trauma. Am Surg 1995;61:69-73.
79. Ivatury RR, Zubowski R, Psarras P, et al. Intra-abdominal abscess after penetrating abdominal trauma. J Trauma 1988;28:1238-43.
80. George SM, Fabian TC, Voeller GR, et al. Primary repair of colon wounds. Ann Surg 1989;209:728-34.
81. Livingstone SD, Grayson J, Frim J, et al. Effect of cold exposure on various sites of temperature measurements. J Appl Physiol 1983;54:R1025-31.
82. Webb G. Comparison of esophageal and tympanic temperature monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 1973;52:729-33.
83. Reed RL, Ciavarella D, Heimbach DM. Prophylactic platelet administration during massive transfusion: a prospective, randomized double-blind clinical study. Ann Surg 1986;203:40-8.
84. Morris JA Jr, Eddy VA, Rutherford EJ. The staged celiotomy: damage control. Trauma Quarterly 1993;10:60-70.
85. Harke H, Rahman S. Hemostatic disorders in massive transfusion. Bibl Haematol 1980;46:1 79-88.
86. Miller FB, Richardson JD, Seligson D. Pelvic fracture. In: Cameron JL, editor. Current surgical therapy. St Louis: BC Decker, 1992:873-9.
87. Johnson KD, Cadambi A, Seibert GB. Incidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with multiple musculoskeletal injuries: effect of early operative stabilization of fractures. J Trauma 1985;25:375-84.
88. Greene MA, Mullins RJ, Malangoni MA, et al. Laparotomy wound closure with absorbable polyglycolic mesh. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993;176: 213-8.
89. Aprahamian C, Whittman DH, Bergstein JM, et al. Temporary abdominal closure (TAC) for planned relaparotomy (ettapenlavage) in trauma. J Trauma 1990;30:719-23.
90. Saxe JM, Ledgerwood AM, Lucas CE. Management of the difficult abdominal closure. Surg Clin North Am 1993;73:243-51.
91. Smith PC, Tweddell JS, Bessey PQ. Alternative approaches to abdominal wound closure in severely injured patients with massive visceral edema. J Trauma 1992;32:16-20.
92. Feliciano DV, Burch JM. Towel clips, silos, and heroic forms of abdominal closure. In: Maull Kl, editor. Advances in trauma and critical care. Chicago: CVMosby, 1991:231-50.
93. Voyles CR, Richardson JD, Bland Kl. Emergency abdominal wall reconstruction with polypropylene mesh. Ann Surg 1981 ;194:219-23.
94. Mathes SJ, Stone HH. Acute traumatic losses of abdominal wall substance. J Trauma 1975;15:386-91.
95. Boyd W. Use of marlex mesh in acute loss of the abdominal wall due to infection. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1977;144:251-2.
96. Jurkovich GJ, Greiser WB, Luterman A, et al. Hypothermia in trauma victims: an ominous predictor of survival. J Trauma 1987;27:1019-22.
97. Heimbach D. Hemostasis in massively transfused trauma patients. In: Fresh frozen plasma: indications and risks. Bethesda: NIH Consensus Development Conference, 1984:38-9.
98. Ferrara A, MacArthur JD, Wright HK, et al. Hypothermia and acidosis worsen coagulopathy in the patient requiring massive transfusion. Am J Surg 1990;160:515-8.
99. Ralph-Slotman GJ, Jed EH, Birchard KW. Adverse effects of hypothermia in postoperative patients. Am J Surg 1985;149:495-501.
100. Steineman S, Shackford SR, Davis JW. Implications of admission hypothermia in trauma patients. J Trauma 1990;30:200-2.
101. Gentilello LM, Jurkovich GJ, Moujaes S. Hypothermia and injury: thermodynamic principles of prevention and treatment. Perspectives in General Surgery 1991;2:25.
102. Gentilello L. Advances in the management of hypothermia. Surg Clin North Am 1995;75:243-56.
103. Reed RL, Bracey AW, Hudson JD, et al. Hypothermia and blood coagulation: dissociation between enzyme activity and clotting factor levels. Circ Shock 1990;32:141-52.
104. Kurrek MM, Reed RL. Effect of hypothermia on enzymatic activity of thrombin and plasmin. Surg Forum 1987;38:221-3.
105. Roizen MF, Sohn YJ, L'Hommedieu CS. Operating room temperature prior to surgical draping-effect on patient temperature in recovery room. Anesth Analg 1980;59:852-7.
106. Gentilello LM, Rifley WJ. Continuous arteriovenous rewarming: report of a new technique for treating hypothermia. J Trauma 1991,-31:1151-4.
107. Otto RJ, Metzler MH. Rewarming from experimental hypothermia: comparison of heated aerosol inhalation, peritoneal lavage, and pleural lavage. Crit Care Med 1988;16:869-75.
108. Harrigan C, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM. The effect of hemorrhagic shock on the clotting cascade in injured patients. J Trauma 1 989;29:1416-22.
109. Harrigan C, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM, et al. Primary hemostasis after massive transfusion for injury. Am Surg 1982;29:1416-22.
110. Phillips TF, Soulier G, Wilson RF Outcome of massive transfusion exceeding two blood volumes in trauma and emergency surgery. J Trauma 1987;27: 903-10.
111. Wilson RF, Dulchavsky SA, Soullier G, et al. Problems with 20 or more blood transfusions in 24 hours. Am Surg 1987;53:410-7.
112. Wilson RF, Mammen E, Walt AJ. Eight years experience with massive blood transfusion. J Trauma 1971 ;11:275-85.
113. Krivioja A, Myllynen P, Rokkanen R Survival after massive transfusions exceeding 20-unit blood transfusion need. Injury 1991 ;57:398-401.
114. Counts RB, Heimbach KL, Jordan GL. Hemostasis in massively transfused trauma patients. Ann Surg 1979;190:91-9.
115. Morris JA Jr, Wilcox TR, Reed GW, et al. Safety of the blood supply: surrogate testing and transmission of Hepatitis C after massive transfusion. Ann Surg 1994;219:51 7-26.
116. Sloop GD, Friedberg RC. Complications of blood transfusion: how to recognize and respond to noninfectious reactions. Postgrad Med 1995;98:1 59-72.
117. Welborn JL, Hersch J. Blood transfusion reactions. Which are life-threatening and which are not? Postgrad Med 1991 ;90:1 25-8.
118. Rosemurgy AS, Hart MB, Murphy CG, et al. Infection after injury: association with blood transfusion. Am Surg 1 992;58:104-7.
119. Alter HJ, Holland PV, Morrow AG, Purcell RH, Feinstone SM, Moritsugu Y. Clinical and serological analysis of transfusion-associated hepatitis. Lancet 1975;2:838-41.
120. American College of Surgeons. Indications for transfusion. In: Wilmore D, Brennan M, Harken A, et al., editors. Care of the surgical patient. New York: Scientific American, Inc, 1992:4.
121. Cue Jl, Peyton JC, Malangoni MA. Does blood transfusion of hemorrhagic shock induce immunosuppression? J Trauma 1 992;32:61 3-7.
122. Waymack IP, Rapien J, Garnett D, et al. Effect of transfusion on immune function in a traumatized animal model. Arch Surg 1986;121:50-5.
123. Shoemaker WC, Appel PC, Kram HB, et al. Tissue oxygen debt as a determinant of lethal and nonlethal postoperative organ failure. Crit Care Med 1988; 16:111 7-20.
124. Morris JA Jr, Sanchez A, Bass SM, et al. Trauma patients return to productivity. J Trauma 1991 ;31:827-34.
125. Martin DJ, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM. Fresh frozen plasma supplement to massive red blood cell transfusion. Ann Surg 1 985;202:505-11.
126. Noe DA, Graham SM, Luff R, et al. Platelet counts during rapid massive transfusion. Transfusion 1 982;22:392-5.
127. Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB, et al. Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 1987;94:11 76-86.
128. Edwards JD, Brown CS, Nightingale P, et al. Use of survivors cardiorespiratory values as therapeutic goals in septic shock. Crit Care Med 1989;17:1098-103.
129. Hirshberg A, Wall MJ, Mattox KL. Planned reoperation for trauma: a two year experience with 124 consecutive patients. J Trauma 1994;37:365-9.
130. Diebel LN, Wilson RF, Tagett MG, et al. End-diastolic volume: a better indicator of preload in the critically ill. Arch Surg 1992;127:81 7-21.
131. Chang M, Blinman P, Rutherford E, Nelson L, Morris JA, Jr. Preload assessment in trauma patients during large volume resuscitation. Arch Surg (in press).
132. Cheatham ML, Nelson LD, Chang MC, et al. Right ventricular end-diagnostic volume index as a predictor of preload status in patients on positive end-expiratory pressure. Crit Care Med (in press).
133. Cheatham ML, Chang MC, Eddy VA, et al. Right ventricular end-diagnostic volume index and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure vs cardiac index during titration of PEER Chest (in press).
134. Nelson L. Continuous venous oximetry in surgical patients. Ann Surg 1986;203:329-33.
135. Hoff SJ, Reilly MK, Merrill WH, et al. Analysis of blunt and penetrating injury of the innominate and subclavian arteries. Am Surg 1 994;60:151-4.
136. Chang MC, Rutherford EJ, Morris JA Jr. Base deficit as a guide to injury severity and volume resuscitation. J Tenn Med Assoc 1993;86:59-61.
137. Siegel JH, Rivkind Al, Dalai S, et al. Early physiologic predictors of injury severity and death in blunt multiple trauma. Arch Surg 1990;1 25:498-508.
138. Weil MH, Afifi AA. Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of the severity of acute circulatory failure (shock). Circulation 1970;10:989-1001.
139. Abramson D, Scalea TM, Hitchcock R, et al. Lactate clearance and survival following injury. J Trauma 1993;35:584-9.
140. Eddy VA, Vitski JL, Rutherford EJ, et al. Aggressive use of ICP monitoring is safe and alters patient care. Am Surg 1 995;61:24-9.
141. Cruz J, Gennarelli T, Alves W. Continuous monitoring of cerebral hemodynamic reserve in acute brain injury: relationship to changes in brain swelling. J Trauma 1992;32:629-34.
142. Eddy VA, Key SP, Morris JA Jr. Abdominal compartment syndrome: etiology, detection, and management. J Tenn Med Assoc 1 994;87:55-7.
143. Richardson JD, Trinkle JK. Hemodynamic and respiratory alterations with increased intra-abdominal pressure. J Surg Res 1976;20:401-4.
144. Krön IL, Harman PK, Nolan SR The measurement of intra-abdominal pressure as a criterion for abdomial reexploration. Ann Surg 1 984;199:28-30.
145. Cullen DJ, Coyle JR Teplick R, et al. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal effects of massively increased intra-abdominal pressure in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1 989; 1 7:11 8-21.
146. Scalea TM, Phillips TF, Goldstein AS, et al. Injuries missed at operation: nemesis of the trauma surgeon. J Trauma 1988;28:962-7.
147. De Toma G, Mingoli A, Modini C, et al. The value of angiography and selective hepatic artery embolization for continuous bleeding after surgery in liver trauma: case reports. J Trauma 1994;37:508-11.
148. Fandrich BL, Gnanadev DA, Jaecks R, et al. Selective hepatic artery embolization as an adjunct to liver packing in severe hepatic trauma: case report. J Trauma 1 989;29:1 71 6-8.
149. Krukowski ZH, Cusick EL, Engeset J, et al. Polydioxanone or polypropylene for closure of midline abdominal incisions: a prospective comparative clinical trial. Br J Surg 1987,74:828-30.
150. Schoetz DJ, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC. Closure of abdominal wounds with polydioxanone. Arch Surg 1988;123:72-4.
151. Orr JW, Orr PF, Barrett JM, et al. Continuous or interrupted fascial closure: a prospective evaluation of no. 1 Maxon suture in 402 gynecologic procedures. Am J Obstet 1990;163:1485-9.
152. Trimbos JB, Smit IB, Holm JR et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing two methods of fascia closure following midline laparotomy. Arch Surg 1992;127:1232-4.
153. Richards PC, Balch CM, Aldrete JS. Abdominal wound closure: a randomized prospective study of 571 patients comparing continuous vs interrupted suture techniques. Ann Surg 1 983;1 97:238-43.
154. Carlson MA, Ludwig KA, Condon RE. Ventral hernia and other complications of 1,000 midline incisions. South Med J 1 995;88:450-3.
155. Seid MH, McDaniel-Owens M, Poole GV, et al. A randomized trial of abdominal incision suture technique and wound strength in rats. Arch Surg 1995;130:394-7.
156. Rappaport W, Alien R, Chvapil M, et al. A comparison of parallel versus perpendicular placement of retention sutures in abdominal wound closure. Am Surg 1990;56:618-23.
157. Fabian TC, Croce MA, Stewart RM, Pritchard FE, Minard G, Kudsk KA. A prospective analysis of diagnostic laparoscopy in trauma. Ann Surg 1993;21 7:557-64.
158. Usher FC, Bannon JP Marlex mesh, a new plastic mesh for replacing tissue defects. Arch Surg 1 959;78:131-7.
159. Fansler RF, Taheri P, Cullinane C, et al. Polypropylene mesh closure of the complicated abdominal wound. Am J Surg 1995;170:1 5-8.
160. Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W Jr, et al. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma 1 974;14:187-96.
161. Mays E. Hepatic trauma. Curr Probl Surg 1976;13:1-73.
162. Feliciano DV, Pachter HL. Hepatic trauma revisited. Curr Probl Surg 1989;26:453-524.
163. Pachter H, Knudson M, Esrig B, et al. Status of nonoperative management of blunt adult hepatic injuries: a multi-center experience with 404 patients. J Trauma 1 996;40:31-8.
164. Feliciano D. Surgery for liver trauma. Surg Clin North Am 1989;69:273-84.
165. Miller D. Median sternotomy extension of abdominal Incision for hepatic lobectomy. Ann Surg 1 972;185:61 3-8.
166. Füllen WD, McDonough JJ, Popp MJ, et al. Sternal splitting approach for major hepatic or retrohepatlc vena cava injury. J Trauma 1974;14:903-11.
167. Cheatham JE Jr, Smith El, Tunell WP, et al. Nonoperative management of subcapsular hematomas of the liver. Am J Surg 1 980;140:852-7.
168. Knudson MM, Lim RC, Oakes DD, et al. Nonoperative management of blunt liver injuries in adults: the need for continued surveillance. J Trauma 1990;30:1494-500.
169. Sherman HF, Savage BA, Jones LM, et al. Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injuries: safe at any grade? J Trauma 1994;37:616-21.
170. Cogbill TH, Moore EE, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Severe hepatic trauma: a multicenter experience with 1335 liver injuries. J Trauma 1988;28:1433-8.
171. Go PM, Goodman GR, Bruhn EW, et al. The argon beam coagulator provides rapid hemostasis of experimental hepatic and splenic hemorrhage in anticoagulated dogs. J Trauma 1 991 ;31:1 294-300.
172. Ochsner MG, Maniscalco-Therberge ME, Champion HR. Fibrin glue as a hemostatic agent in hepatic and splenic trauma. J Trauma 1 990;30:884-7.
173. De la Garza J, Rumsey E. Fibrin glue and hemostasis in liver trauma: a case report. J Trauma 1 990;30:51 2-3.
174. Kram HB, Rerben Bl, Fleming AW, et al. Use of fibrin glue in hepatic trauma. J Trauma 1988;28:1195-201.
175. Berguer R, Staerkel RL, Moore EE, et al. Warning: fatal reaction to the use of fibrin glue in deep hepatic wounds: case reports. J Trauma 1991 ;31:408-11.
176. Feliciano DY Mattox KL, Jordan GL, et al. Management of 1000 consecutive cases of hepatic trauma (1974-1984). Ann Surg 1986;204:438-45.
177. Pachter HL, Spencer FC, Hofstetter SR, et al. Experience with the finger fracture technique to achieve intra-hepatic hemostasis in 75 patients with severe injuries of the liver. Ann Surg 1983;197:771-8.
178. Fabian TC, Stone HH. Arrest of severe liver hemorrhage by an omental pack. South Med J 1980,73:1487-90.
179. Stone HH, Lamb JM. Use of pedicled omentum as an autogenous pack for control of hemorrhage in major injuries of the liver. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1975;141:92-4.
180. Pringle J. Notes on the arrest of hepatic hemorrhage due to trauma. Ann Surg 1908;48:541-8.
181. Pachter HL, Spencer FC. Recent concepts in the treatment of hepatic trauma: facts and fallacies. Ann Surg 1 979; 190:423-9.
182. Huguet C, Nordlinger B, Galopin JJ, et al. Normothermic hepatic vascular exclusion for extensive hepatectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1978;147:689-93.
183. Moore EE, Shackford SR, Pachter HL, et al. Organ injury scaling: spleen, liver, and kidney. J Trauma 1989;29:1664-6.
184. Beelen RHJ, Fluitsma DM, Hoefsmit ECM. The cellular composition of omentum milky spots and the ultra-structure of milky spot macrophages and reticulum cells. J Reticuloendoth Soc 1980;28:585-99.
185. Jurkiewicz MJ, Nahai F. The omentum: its use as a free vascularized graft for reconstruction of the head and neck. Ann Surg 1 982;195:756-65.
186. Trooskin SZ, Pierce RA, Deak SB, et al. The effect of viable omentum on early bile leakage and healing of liver lacerations. J Trauma 1989;29:47-50.
187. Beal S. Fatal hepatic hemorrhage: an unresolved problem in the management of complex liver injuries. J Trauma 1990;30:163-9.
188. Beal SL, Ward RE. Successful atrial caval shunting in the management of retrohepatic venous injuries. Am J Surg 1989;158:409-13.
189. Buechter KJ, Sereda D, Gomez G, et al. Retrohepatic vein injuries: experience with 20 cases. J Trauma 1989;29:1698-704.
190. Menegaux F, Langlois P, Chigot JR Severe blunt trauma of the liver: study of mortality factors. J Trauma 1 993;35:865-9.
191. Moore EE. Critical decisions in the management of hepatic trauma. Am J Surg 1984;148:71 2-6.
192. Pachter HL, Spencer FC, Hofstetter SR, et al. The management of juxtahepatic venous injuries without an atriocaval shunt: preliminary clinical observations. Surgery 1986;99:569-75.
193. Yellin AE, Chaffee CB, Donovan AJ. Vascular isolation in treatment of juxtahepatic venous injuries. Arch Surg 1971,-102:566-73.
194. Edwards MJ, Bentley FR. Major hepatic resection under total vascular exclusion with extracorporeal venovenous bypass. Am Surg 1 994;60:231-3.
195. Muguet C, Addario-Chieco F? Gavelli A, et al. Technique of hepatic vascular exclusion for extensive liver resection. Am J Surg 1992;163:602-5.
196. Launois B, De Chateaubriant P, Rosat P, et al. Repair of suprahepatic caval lesions under extracorporeal circulation in major liver trauma. J Trauma 1989;29:127-8.
197. Bourque MD, Spigland N, Bensoussan AL, et al. Isolated completed transection of the common bile duct due to blunt trauma in a child, and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 1 989;24:1068-70.
198. Blunt TJ, Weimar R, Malone JM. Porta hepatis disruption from blunt trauma. Am Surg 1990;56:695-6.
199. Dawson DL, Jahansen KH, Jurkovich GJ. Injuries to the portal triad. Am J Surg 1991;161:545-51.
200. Jurkovich G, Hoyt D, Moore F, et al. Portal triad injuries. J Trauma 1995;39: 426-34.
201. Yokota J, Sugimoto T. Clinical significance of periportal tracking on computed tomographic scan in patients with blunt liver trauma. Am J Surg 1994;168:247-50.
202. Williams LN, Vu LH, Bragg W. Portal vein injuries: case report and review of operative treatment options. J Tenn Med Assoc 1989;Oct:525-6.
203. Ivatury RR, Nallathambi M, Lankin DH, et al. Portal vein injuries: noninvasive follow-up of venorrhaphy. Ann Surg 1987;206:733-7.
204. Pachter HL, Drager S, Godfrey N, et al. Traumatic injuries to the portal vein: the role of acute ligation. Ann Surg 1979;189:383-5.
205. Stone HH, Fabian TC, Turkleson ML. Wounds of the portal venous system. World J Surg 1 982;6:335-41.
206. Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM. Liver necrosis following hepatic artery transection due to trauma. Arch Surg 1 978;11 3:1107.
207. Mays ET. Observations in management after hepatic artery ligation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1967;1 24:801-7.
208. Mays ET, Wheeler CS. Demonstration of collateral arterial flow after interruption of hepatic arteries in man. N Engl J Med 1 974;290:993-6.
209. Mays ET, Conti S, Fallahzadeh H, et al. Hepatic artery ligation. Surgery 1979;86:536-43.
210. Mays ET. The hepatic artery. Surg Gynecol Obstet l 974;1 39:595-6.
211. 1. Mays ET. Lobar dearterialization for exsanguinating wounds of the liver. J Trauma 1 972;12:397-407.
212. Dawson DL, Jurkovich GJ. Hepatic duct disruption from blunt abdominal trauma: case report and literature review. J Trauma 1 991 ;31:1 698-702.
213. Cogbill TH, Moore EE, Feliciano DV, et al. Conservative management of duodenal trauma: a multicenter perspective. J Trauma 1 990;30:1469-75.
214. Borlase BC, Moore EE, Moore FA. Mobilization of the spleen in splenic salvage. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988; 16:279-80.
215. Raschbaum G, Harnar TJ, Canizaro PC. The use of a stapler in splenic salvage as an alternative to the sutured partial splenectomy or splenorrhaphy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988;1 66:1 79-80.
216. Ravo B, Ger R. Splenic preservation with the use of a stapling instrument: a preliminary communication. J Trauma 1 988;28:11 5-7.
217. Uranus S, Kronberger L, Kraft-Kline J. Partial splenic resection using the TAStapler. Am J Surg 1 994;1 68:49-53.
218. Delany HM, Rudavsky AZ, Lan S. Preliminary clinical experience with the use of absorbable mesh splenorrhaphy. J Trauma 1 985;25:909-13.
219. Delany HM, Porreca F, Mitsudo S, et al. Splenic capping: an experimental study of a new technique for splenorrhaphy using woven polyglycolic acid mesh. Ann Surg 1982;196:187-93.
220. Tribble CG, Joob AW, Barone GW, et al. A new technique for wrapping the injured spleen with polyglactin mesh. Am Surg 1987;53:661-3.
221. Pachter HL, Hofstetter SR, Spencer FC. Evolving concepts in splenic surgery: splenorrhaphy versus splenectomy and post-splenectomy drainage: experience in 105 patients. Ann Surg 1 981 ;194:262-9.
222. Rutherford EJ, Livengood J, Higginbotham M, et al. Efficacy and safety of pneumococcal revaccination after splenectomy for trauma. J Trauma 1995;39:448-52.
223. Chiang W. Isolated jejunal perforation from nonpenetrating abdominal trauma. Am J Emerg Med 1993;11:473-5.
224. Sherck J, Oakes D. Intestinal injuries missed by computed tomography. J Trauma 1990;30:1-7.
225. Wisner DH, Chun Y, Blaisdell FW. Blunt intestinal injury: keys to diagnosis and management. Arch Surg 1990;125:131 9-23.
226. Hemming A, Davis N, Robins R. Surgical versus percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses. Am J Surg 1 991 ;1 61:593-5.
227. Buechter KJ, Leonovicz D, Hastings PR, et al. Enterocutaneous fistulas following laparotomy for trauma. Am Surg 1991 ;57:354-8.
228. Martin RR, Burch JM, Richardson R, et al. Outcome for delayed operation of penetrating colon injuries. J Trauma 1991 ;31:1591-5.
229. Thompson JS, Moore EE, Moore JB. Comparison of penetrating injuries of the right and left colon. Ann Surg 1981 ;1 93:414-8.
230. Beall AC, Bricker DL, Alessi FJ, Whisennand HH, DeBakey ME. Surgical considerations in the management of civilian colon injuries. Ann Surg 1971;173:971-8.
231. LoCicero J, Tajima T, Drapanas T. A half-century of experience in the management of colon injuries: changing concepts. J Trauma 1975;115:575-9.
232. Stone HH, Fabian TC. Management of perforating colon trauma. Ann Surg 1979;190:430-6.
233. Burch JM, Brock JC, Gevirtzman L, et al. The injured colon. Ann Surg 1986;203:701-11.
234. Nallathambi MN, Ivatury RR, Shah PM, et al. Penetrating right colon trauma. Am Surg 1987;53:209-14.
235. George SJ, Fabian T, Mangiante E. Colon trauma: further support for primary repair. Am J Surg 1988;156:1 6-20.
236. Nelken N, Lewis F The influence of injury severity on complication rates after primary closure or colostomy for penetrating colon trauma. Ann Surg 1989;209:439-47.
237. Frame SB, Redgeway CA, Rice JC, et al. Penetrating injuries to the colon: analysis by anatomic region of injury. South Med J 1989;82:1099-102.
238. Levison MA, Thomas DD, Wiencek RG, et al. Management of the injured colon: evolving practice at an urban trauma center. J Trauma 1990;30:247-53.
239. Chappuis C, Frey D, Dietzen C, Panetta T, Buechter K, Cohn IJ. Management of penetrating colon injuries: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 1991,-21 3:492-7.
240. Bugis SR Blair NP, Letwin ER. Management of blunt and penetrating colon injuries. Am J Surg 1992;163:547-50.
241. Sasaki LS, Mittal V, Allaben RD. Primary repair of colon injuries: a retrospective analysis. Am Surg 1994;60:522-7.
242. Stewart RM, Fabian TC, Croce MA. Is resection with primary anastomosis following destructive colon wounds always safe? Am J Surg 1994;1 68:316-9.
243. Levine H, Simon RJ, Smith TR, Ivatury R, Stahl W. Guaiac testing in the diagnosis of rectal trauma: what is its value? J Trauma 1992;32:210-2.
244. Thomas DD, Levison MA, Dykstra BJ, Bender JS. Management of rectal injuries: dogma versus practice. Am Surg 1990;56:507-10.
245. Mangiante EC, Graham AD, Fabian TC. Rectal gunshot wounds. Am Surg 1986;52:37-40.
246. Levy RD, Strauss P, Aladgem D, Degiannis E, Boffard KD, Saadia R. Extraperitoneal rectal gunshot injuries. J Trauma 1995;38:273-7.
247. Tuggle D, Huber PJ. Management of rectal trauma. Am J Surg 1984;148:806-8.
248. Shannon FL, Moore EE, Moore FA, et al. Value of distal colon washout in civilian rectal trauma-reducing gut bacterial translocation. J Trauma 1988;28:989-94.
249. Kudsk KA, McQueen MA, Voeller GR, Fox MA, Mangiante EC Jr, Fabian TC. Management of complex perineal soft-tissue injuries. J Trauma 1990;30:11 55-9.
250. Yajko RD, Seydel F, Trimble C. Rupture of the stomach from blunt abdominal trauma. J Trauma 1975;15:1 77-83.
251. Brunsting LA, Morten JH. Gastric rupture from blunt abdominal trauma. J Trauma 1 987;27:887-90.
252. Durham RM, Olsen S, Weigelt JA. Penetrating injuries to the stomach. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991;1 72:298-302.
253. Lang EK. Intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal organ injuries diagnosed on dynamic computed tomograms obtained for assessment of renal trauma. J Trauma 1 990;30:11 61-8.
254. Feliciano DV, Burch JM, Graham JM. Abdominal vascular injury. In: Mattox KL, Moore EE, Feliciano DV, editors. Trauma. Norwalk: Appleton & Lange, 1988:519-36.
255. Holcroft JW, Trunkey DD, Minagi H, et al. Renal trauma and retroperitoneal hematomas: indications for exploration. J Trauma 1975;15:1045-52.
256. Shapiro MJ, Wolverson MK. Perforation of the retroperitoneal sigmoid colon secondary to fracture-dislocation of the left sacroiliac joint: case report. J Trauma 1989;29:694-6.
257. McAninch JW, Carroll PR, Armenakas NA, et al. Renal gunshot wounds: methods of salvage and reconstruction. J Trauma 1993;36:1 79-284.
258. Flint LM, McCoy M, Richardson JD, et al. Duodenal injury: analysis of common misconceptions in diagnosis and treatment. Ann Surg 1980;191:697-702.
259. Phillips TF, Brotman S, Cleveland S, et al. Perforating injuries of the small bowel from blunt abdominal trauma. Ann Emerg Med 1 983;1 2:75-9.
260. Weigelt JA. Duodenal injuries. Surg Clin North Am 1990,70:529-39.
261. Shorr RM, Greaney GC, Donovan AJ. Injuries of the duodenum. Am J Surg 1987;154:93-8.
262. Fischer RP, Miller-Crochett P, Reed RL. Gastrointestinal disruption: the hazard of nonoperative management in adults with blunt abdominal injury. J Trauma 1988;28:1445-9.
263. Fabian TC, Mangiante EC, Millis M. Duodenal rupture due to blunt trauma: a problem in diagnosis. South Med J 1984;77:1078-82.
264. Snyder WH 3d, Weigelt JA, Watkins WL, et al. The surgical management of duodenal trauma: precepts based on a review of 247 cases. Arch Surg 1980;115:422-9.
265. Corley RD, Norcross WJ, Shoemaker WC. Traumatic injuries to the duodenum: a report of 98 patients. Ann Surg 1975;181:92-8.
266. Kunin JR, Korobkin M, Ellis JH, et al. Duodenal injuries caused by blunt abdominal trauma: value of CT in differentiating perforation from hematoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160:1221-3.
267. Mclnnis WD, Aust JB, Cruz AB, et al. Traumatic injuries of the duodenum: a comparison of primary closure and the jejunal patch. J Trauma 1975;15:847-58.
268. Montgomery CE 2d, Frame SB, Enderson BL. Blunt duodenal trauma. J Tenn Med Assoc 1993;86:303-5.
269. Stone HH, Fabian TC. Management of duodenal wounds. J Trauma 1979;19:334-9.
270. Ivatury RR, Nallathambi M, Gaudino J, Rohman M, Stahl WM. Penetrating duodenal injuries: analysis of 100 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 1985;202:153-8.
271. Hasson JE, Stern D, Moss GS. Penetrating duodenal trauma. J Trauma 1984;24:471-4.
272. Ivatury RR, Nallathambi M, Guadino J, et al. Penetrating duodenal injuries: analysis of 100 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 1985;202:153-8.
273. Ivatury RR, Guadino J, Ascer E, et al. Treatment of penetrating duodenal injuries: primary repair vs repair with decompressive enterostomy/ serosal patch. J Trauma 1985;25:337-41.
274. 273a. Berne CJ, Donovan AJ, White EJ, et al. Duodenal diverticulization for duodenal and pancreatic injury. Am J Surg 1 974;1 27:503-7.
275. Vaughan GD 3d, Frazier OH, Graham DY, et al. The use of pyloric exclusion in the management of severe duodenal injuries. Am J Surg 1977;134:785-90.
276. Berg A. Duodenal fistula: its treatment by gastrojejunostomy and pyloric occlusion. Ann Surg 1907;45:721-9.
277. Feliciano DV, Martin TD, Cruse PA. Management of combined pancreatoduodenal injuries. Ann Surg 1 987;205:673-80.
278. Martin TD, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL, et al. Severe duodenal injuries: treatment with pyloric exclusion and gastrojejunostomy. Arch Surg 1983;118:631-5.
279. Buck JR, Sorensen VJ, Fath JJ, et al. Severe pancreato-duodenal injuries: the effectiveness of pyloric exclusion with vagotomy. Am Surg 1992;58:557-61.
280. DeSantis M, Devereaux DF, Thompson D. Pyloric exclusion: suture material of choice. Am Surg 1 987;53:711-4.
281. Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TC, et al. Enterai versus parenteral feeding: effects on septic morbidity after blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 1992;215:503-11.
282. Smego DR, Richardson JD, Flint LM. Determinants of outcome in pancreatic trauma. J Trauma 1985;25:771-6.
283. Ivatury RR, Nallathambi M, Rao P, et al. Penetrating pancreatic injuries. Am Surg 1990;56:90-5.
284. Jones RC. Management of pancreatic trauma. Am J Surg 1985;1 50:698-704.
285. Berni GA, Bandyk DF, Oreskovich MR, et al. Role of intraoperative pancreatography in patients with injury to the pancreas. Am J Surg 1982;143:602-5.
286. Lane MJ, Mindelun RE, Sandhu JS, et al. CT diagnosis of blunt pancreatic trauma: importance of detecting fluid between the pancreas and the splenic vein. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;1 63:833-5.
287. Cook DE, Walsh JW, Vick CW et al. Upper abdominal trauma: pitfalls in CT diagnosis. Radiology 1 986; 159:65-9.
288. Jeffrey RB, Federle MF? Cross RA. Computed tomography of pancreatic trauma. Radiology 1 983;147:491-4.
289. Whitwell AE, Gomez GA, Byers P, et al. Blunt pancreatic trauma: prospective evaluation of early endoscopie retrograde pancreatography. South Med J 1989;82:586-91.
290. Pachter HL, Hofstetter SR, Liang HG, et al. Traumatic injuries to the pancreas: the role of distal pancreatectomy with splenic preservation. J Trauma 1989;29:1352-5.
291. Graham JM, Mattox KL, Jordan GL. Traumatic injuries of the pancreas. Am J Surg 1978;136:744-8.
292. Cogbill TH, Moore EE, Kashuk JL. Changing trends in the management of pancreatic trauma. Arch Surg 1 982;11 7:722-8.
293. Oreskovich MR, Carrico CJ. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for trauma: a viable option? Am J Surg 1984;47:61 8-23.
294. Heimensohn DA, Canal DF, McCarthy MC, et al. The role of pancreaticoduodenectomy in the management of traumatic injuries to the pancreas and duodenum. Am Surg 1 990;56:51 1-4.
295. Mansour MA, Moore JB, Moore EE, et al. Conservative management of combined pancreatoduodenal injuries. Am J Surg 1 989;1 58:531-5.
296. Eastlick L, Fogler RJ, Shaftan GW. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for trauma: delayed reconstruction: a case report. J Trauma 1990;30:503-5.
297. Buchler M, Freiss H, Kimepa I, et al. Role of octreotide in the prevention of postoperative complications following pancreatic resection. Am J Surg 1992;163:125-31.
298. Cass AS, Bubrick M, Luxenberg M, et al. Renal trauma found during laparotomy for intra-abdominal injury. J Trauma 1985;25:997-1000.
299. Carroll PR, McAninch JW. Operative indications in penetrating renal trauma. J Trauma 1 985;25:587-93.
300. Corriere JN, McAndrew JD, Benson GS. Intraoperative decision-making in renal trauma surgery. J Trauma 1991 ;31:1390-2.
301. Carroll PR, Klosterman PW, McAninch JW. Surgical management of renal trauma: analysis of risk factors, technique, and outcomes. J Trauma 1988;28:1071-7.
302. McAninch JW, Carroll PR. Renal trauma: kidney preservation through improved vascular control: a refined approach. J Trauma 1982;22:285-90.
303. McAninch JW. Genitourinary trauma. In: Moore EE, Mattox KL, Feliciano DY editors. Trauma. Norwalk: Appleton & Lange, 1991:571-86.
304. Spirnak JP, Persky L, Resnick Ml. The management of civilian ureteral gunshot wounds: a review of 8 patients. J Urol 1985;134:733-6.
305. Holden S, Hicks CC, O'Brien DP, et al. Gunshot wounds of the ureter: a 15 year review of 63 consecutive cases. J Urol 1976;116:562-4.
306. Walker JA. Injuriesof the ureter duetoexternal violence. J Urol 1 969;102:410-3.
307. Fisher S, Young DA, Malin JM, et al. Ureteral gunshot wounds. J Urol 1972;108:238-9.
308. Campbell EW, Filderman PS, Jacobs SC. Ureteral injury due to blunt and penetrating trauma. Urology 1992;40:21 6-20.
309. Presti JC, Carroll PR, McAninch JW. Ureteral and renal pelvic injuries from external trauma: diagnosis and management. J Trauma 1989;29:370-4.
310. Brandes SB, Chelsky MJ, Buckman RF, et al. Ureteral injuries from penetrating trauma. J Trauma 1994;36:766-9.
311. Cass AS. Ureteral contusion with gunshot wounds. J Trauma 1984;24:59-60.
312. Toporoff B, Scalfani S, Scalea T, et al. Percutaneous antegrade ureteral stenting as an adjunct for treatment of complicated ureteral injuries. J Trauma 1992;32:534-8.
313. Rober PE, Smith JB, Pierce JM, et al. Gunshot injuries of the ureter. J Trauma 1990;30:83-6.
314. Cass AS, Luxenberg M. Features of 164 bladder ruptures. J Urol 1987;138:743-5.
315. Wolk DJ, Sandier CM, Carrière JN Jr. Extraperitoneal bladder rupture without pelvic fracture. J Urol 1 985;1 32:1199-201.
316. Carroll PR, McAnninch JW. Major bladder trauma: mechanisms of injury and a unified method of diagnosis and repair. J Urol 1 984; 132:254-7.
317. Rehm CG, Mure AJ, O'Malley KF; et al. Blunt traumatic bladder rupture: the role of cystogram. Ann Emerg Med 1991 ;20:845-7.
318. Mee SL, McAnninch JW, Federle MP Computerized tomography in bladder rupture: diagnostic limitations. J Ural 1987;1 37:207-9.
319. Cass AS. False negative retrograde cystography with bladder rupture owing to external trauma. J Trauma 1984;24:168-9.
320. Kotkin L, Koch MO. Morbidity associated with nonoperative management of extraperitoneal bladder injuries. J Trauma 1 995;38:895-8.
321. Fallon B, Wendt JC, Hawtrey CE. Urology injury and assessment in patients with fractured pelvis. J Urol 1 984;1 31:712-4.
322. Burch JM, Richardson RJ, Martin RR, Mattox KL. Penetrating iliac vascular injuries: recent experience with 233 consecutive patients. J Trauma 1990;30:1450-9.
323. Wiencek RG, Wilson RF. Injuries to the abdominal vascular system: how much does aggressive resuscitation and prelaparotomy thoracotmy really help? Surgery 1 987;102:731-6.
324. Lucas AE, Richardson JD, Flint LM, et al. Traumatic injury of the proximal superior mesenteric artery. Ann Surg 1981 ;193:30-4.
325. Millikan JS, Moore EE. Critical factors in determining mortality from abdominal aortic trauma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985;1 60:313-6.
326. Wasserberger J, Ordog GJ, Dang C, et al. Emergency department thoracotomy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1989;7:103-15.
327. Low RB. Preliminary report on the use of the Percluder occluding aortic balloon in human beings. Ann Emerg Med 1 986;15:1466-9.
328. Shah DM, Leather RP, Carson JD, et al. PTFE grafts in rapid reconstruction of acute contaminated peripheral vascular injuries. Am J Surg 1984;148:229-33.
329. Bricker DL, Beall AC, DeBakey ME. The differential response of infection of autogenous vein versus Dacron arterial prosthesis. Chest 1970;58:566-70.
330. Reisman JD, Morgan AS. Analysis of 46 intra-abdominal aortic injuries from blunt trauma: case reports and literature review. J Trauma 1990;30:1294-7.
331. Klein SR, Baumgartner FJ, Bongard FS. Contemporary management strategy for major inferior vena caval injuries. J Trauma 1994;37:35-42.
332. Pasch AR, Bishara RA, Schuler JJ, et al. Results of venous reconstruction after civilian vascular trauma. Arch Surg 1986;121:607-11.
333. Low RB, Schmidt CS, Wilder RJ, et al. Control of intra-abdominal hemorrhage: a comparison of methods. J Okla State Med Assoc 1984;77:356-60.
334. Accola KD, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL. Management of injuries to the superior mesenteric artery. J Trauma 1986;26:313-9.
335. Feliciano DV, Mattox KL, Graham JM, et al. Five-year experience with PTFE grafts in vascular wounds. J Trauma 1 985;25:71 -82.
336. Duncan TO, Phillips TF, Scalea TM. Management of transpelvic gunshot wounds. J Trauma 1989;29:1335-40.
337. Rich NM, Hughes CW, Baugh JH. Management of venous injuries. Ann Surg 1970;171:724-30.
338. Yelon JA, Scalea TM. Venous injuries of the lower extremities and pelvis: repair versus ligation. J Trauma 1992;33:532-6.
339. Machado MAC, Ikejiri CI, Borrelli M, et al. An unusual case of four iliac veins injured by gunshot: case report and review of the literature. J Trauma 1994;36:442-3.
340. Shakleford RT, Zuidema GD. Surgery of the alimentary tract. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Sounders Company, 1982.
341. Collins PS, Goloxovsky M, Salander JM, et al. Intra-abdominal vascular injury secondary to penetrating trauma. J Trauma 1988;28:S1 65-70.
342. Donahue TK, Strauch GO. Ligation as definitive management of injury to the superior mesenteric vein. J Trauma 1 988;28:541-3.