Still stuck in traffic: Coping with peak-hour traffic congestion

Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-457

  Downs, Anthony ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85057696306     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (184)

1. Chapter 1
2. Texas Transportation Institute, The 2001 Urban Mobility Report (College Station, Tex.: 2001), p. 15.
3. Gallup Poll, The Gallup Poll Monthly, June 2000, pp. 44-47.
4. Texas Transportation Institute, The 2002 Urban Mobility Report (College Station, Tex.: 2002).
5. Anthony Downs, Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion (Brookings, 1992).
6. Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey 1995, 1995 NPTS Data Book (Department of Transportation, 1995), p. 6-30
7. David Schrank and Tim Lomax, The 2002 Urban Mobility Report (College Station, Tex.: Texas Transportation Institute, June 2002)
8. P. B. Goodwin, “Solving Congestion: Inaugural Lecture for the Professorship of Transport Policy,” University College, London, Centre for Transport Studies, October 23, 1997 (www.ucl.ac.uk/transport-studies/tsu/pbginau.htm), p. 9.
9. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2001 (2001), p. 391.
10. Gallup Poll, The Gallup Poll Monthly, February 2001, p. 7.
11. Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Users—Views of Quality, Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (Department of Transportation, December 1997), p. 14.
12. Danny Hakim, “Fuel Economy Hit 22-Year Low in 2002,” New York Times, Saturday May 3, 2003, pp. B-1-B-2.
13. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 2000 (Department of Transportation, 2000)
14. David Shrank and Tim Lomax, The 2002 Urban Mobility Report (College Station, Texas: Texas Transportation Institute, June 2002), p. 149
15. Boris S. Pushkarev and Jeffrey M. Zupan, Public Transportation and Land Use Policy (Indiana University Press, 1977), p. 177.
16. Catherine L. Ross and Anne E. Dunning, “Land Use Transportation Interaction: An Examination of the NPTS Data,” in Federal Highway Administration, Searching for Solutions: Nationwide Personal Transportation Symposium (Department of Transportation, October 1997), p. 149.
17. Edward L. Glaeser and Jesse Shapiro, City Growth and the 2000 Census: Which Places Grew, and Why (Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, May 2001), p. 12.
18. John Brennan and Edward Hill, Where Are the Jobs? Cities, Suburbs, and the Competition for Employment (Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, November 1999), pp. 4-5.
19. Robert E. Lang, Edgeless Cities: Exploring the Elusive Metropolis (Brookings, 2003), p. 55.
20. Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson, “Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?” “Smart Growth Network, Alternative Views of Sprawl,” and “The Myth That Sprawl Causes Congestion,” Thoreau Institute (www.ti.org/index.html).
21. Alan E. Pisarski, Commuting in America II: The Second National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends (Washington: Eno Transportation Foundation, 1996), p. 87.
22. Federal Highway Administration, Our Nation’s Travel: 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Early Results Report (Department of Transportation, September 1997), p. 13.
23. William M. Rohe and others, Travel to Work Patterns: A Preliminary Analysis of Selected Data from the Annual Housing Survey Travel-to-Work File (University of North Carolina, Department of City and Regional Planning, 1980), p. 145.
24. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2001, p. 664.
25. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002 (2002), p. 684.
26. Ted Scott, American Trucking Associations, “Trucking Industry Perspective,” in Department of Transportation, Federal Truck Size and Weight Policy: Looking beyond the Comprehensive Truck Size and Weight Study, Symposium 2000, report issued June 30, 2000, p. 15.
27. Charles Lave, Things Won’t Get a Lot Worse: The Future of U.S. Traffic Congestion (University of California at Irvine, Institute of Transportation Studies and the Department of Economics, 1990).
28. Alice Reid and Patricia Davis, “A Jumper on Wilson Bridge Throws Area into Gridlock,” Washington Post, November 5, 1998, p. A1.
29. J. Lindley, “Urban Freeway Congestion Problems and Solutions: An Update,” ITE Journal (1989), p. 21
30. P. B. Farradyne, Traffic Incident Management Handbook, prepared for the Office of Traffic Management, Federal Highway Administration (Department of Transportation, November 2000), pp. 1-2.
31. Jeffrey A. Lindley, “Urban Freeway Congestion: Quantification of the Problem and Effectiveness of Potential Solutions,” ITE Journal (January 1987), pp. 27-32
32. “Urban Freeway Congestion: Problems and Solutions: An Update,” ITE Journal (December 1989), pp. 21-23.
33. Data taken from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2001, Overview, DOT HS 809 476 (http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/).
34. NHTSA, 2001 National Statistics, Traffic Safety Facts 2001 (December 2002), p. 1 (www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSFAnn/TSF2001.pdf).
35. Warren G. LaHeist, Highway Safety Assessment: A Summary of Findings in Ten States, DOT HS 808 796 (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, June 1998)
36. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (2000), p. 1 (www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs).
37. NHTSA, Traffic Safety Facts 2001, DOT HS-809-332 (Washington, 2001), p. 16.
38. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1976 (1976), p. 600.
39. NHTSA, Traffic Safety Facts 1999, Overview (2000), p. 11.
40. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2000 (2000).
41. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2000, p. 13.
42. NHTSA, Traffic Safety Facts 2001: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimate System (Washington, December 2002)
43. Federal Highway Administration, 2000 National Statistics (Department of Transportation, 2001), p. 45.
44. Federal Highway Administration, Personal Travel in the U.S., vol. 1, 1983-1984 (Department of Transportation, 1986), p. 7-13
45. Anthony Downs, “The Law of Peak-Hour Expressway Congestion,” Traffic Quarterly, vol. 16 (July 1962), pp. 393-409.
46. Ken Retherford, “Two-Lane Roads Have More Fatalities,” Decatur [Alabama] Daily, June 1, 2002.
47. James D. Carvell Jr., Texas Transportation Institute, “Dallas Urban Area Integrated Transportation Systems,” Second National Symposium on Integrated Transportation Management Systems, 1995, Plenary Session, Benefits of ITMS (http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/circulars/circ474/toc.html [November 2003]).
48. Committee for Guidance on Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Managing Speed: Review of Current Practice for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits, Special Report 254 (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998), p. 161.
49. Vincent Pearce, “What Have We Learned about Freeway, Incident, and Emergency Management and Electronic Toll Collection?” (Department of Transportation, December 2000), chap. 2, p. 23.
50. Federal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration, Metropolitan Transportation Management Center—Concepts of Operation: A CrossCutting Study: Improving Transportation Network Efficiency, FHWA-JPO-99- 020/FTA-TRI-11-99-10 (Department of Transportation, October 1999), p. 28.
51. Alexander Skabardonis, Hisham Noeimi, Karl Petty, Dan Rydzewski, Pravin P. Varaiya, and Haitham Al-Deek, “Freeway Service Patrols Evaluation,” Technical Report PATH Research Report UCB-ITS-PRR-95-5 (University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Transportation Studies, 1994).
52. Loral AeroSys, “The State-of-the-Practice, Task A Final Working Paper for Design of Support Systems for Advanced Traffic Management Systems,” DTFH61-92C-00073 (Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Traffic Management Centers, June 1993), p. 22.
53. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract 2002 (2002)
54. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 2002 (2002).
55. Don Pickerell, “Induced Demand: Definition, Measurement and Significance,” Appendix A, in Working Together to Address Induced Demand, Proceedings of a Forum, February 22-23, 2001 (Washington: Eno Transportation Foundation), p. 26.
56. Robert Cervero, “Are Induced-Travel Studies Inducing Bad Investments?” Access, no. 22 (Spring 2003), p. 26
57. Robert Cervero and Mark Hansen, “Road Supply-Demand Relationships: Sorting Out Causal Linkages” (University of California at Berkeley, October 2000).
58. Douglas B. Lee Jr., “Induced Traffic and Induced Demand,” World Bank publication, appendix B (www.worldbank.org/transport/roads/rpl_docs/apbinduc.pdf [January 2004]).
59. Cambridge Systematics, Inc., “Executive Summary, 9: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations” and “Appendix K - Technical Memorandum - Secondary Research” in Final Report of the Twin Cities Ramp Meter Evaluation (Cambridge, Mass., 2001).
60. Joseph L. Schofer and Edward J. Czepiel, Executive Summary: High Occupancy Vehicle Facilities for the Chicago Metropolitan Area: A Review of National Experience, Success Factors and Decision Issues, prepared for the Metropolitan Planning Council and the Regional Transportation Authority (Northwestern University, May 1999).
61. Jennifer Nee, John Ishimaru, and Mark E. Hallenbeck, HOV Lane Performance Monitoring: 2000 Report, Executive Summary, WA-RD 506-2 (University of Washington, Washington State Transportation Center and Washington State Department of Transportation, February 2002), pp. 2-5.
62. Jennifer Nee, John Ishimaru, and Mark E. Hallenbeck, HOV Lane Performance Monitoring: 2000 Report, Executive Summary, WA-RD 506-2 (University of Washington, Washington State Transportation Center and Washington State Department of Transportation, February 2002), pp. 2
63. John R. Meyer and Jose A. Gomez-Ibanez, Autos, Transit, and Cities (Harvard University Press, 1981).
64. Morgan State University, Center for Transportation Studies, A Study to Assess the Importance of Personal, Social, Psychological and Other Factors in Ridesharing Programs (Department of Transportation, 1984), pp. 66-67, 84
65. National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board, 1987 Survey and Evaluation of Ride Finders Ridesharing Network (Washington: Metropolitan Council of Governments, 1987).
66. Washington State Department of Transportation, FLOW—A Two-Year Evaluation (Seattle, 1983), p. 11.
67. Washington State Department of Transportation, Six-Year FLOW Evaluation (Seattle, 1989), pp. 3, 14.
68. The Federal Highway Administration, 2001 National Household Travel Study (Washington, 2002)
69. John Pucher and John L. Renne, “Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS,” Transportation Quarterly, vol. 57 (Summer 2003), pp. 49-77.
70. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 2002 (2002)
71. Boris S. Pushkarev and Jeffery M. Zupan, Public Transportation and Land Use Policy (Indiana University Press, 1977), p. 177.
72. Nancy McGuckin and Elaine Murakami, “Examining Trip-Chaining Behavior,” p. 6 (http://npts.ornl.gov/npts/1995/Doc/Chain2.pdf [February 2004]).
73. Patricia Mokhtarian and Ilan Salomon, “How Derived Is the Demand for Travel? Some Conceptual and Measurement Considerations,” UCD-ITS-REP- 01-15 (University of California at Davis, Institute of Transportation Studies, 2001), pp. 706, 710.
74. Robert Burchell, Anthony Downs, and others, Costs of Sprawl 2000, Report 74 (Washington: Transit Cooperative Research Program, 2002), pp. 448-60.
75. Martin J. H. Mogridge, Traffic in Towns: Jam Yesterday, Jam Today, Jam Tomorrow? (London: Macmillan Reference Books, 1990)
76. Light Rail Transit Association, “What Is Light Rail?” (www.lrta.org/explain/html [February 2004]).
77. Federal Transit Administration, Issues in Bus Rapid Transit (Washington, 1998)
78. General Accounting Office, Mass Transit: Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise, GAO-OI—984 (September 2001), p. 3.
79. David Schrank and Tim Lomax, The 2002 Urban Mobility Report (College Station, Tex.:Texas Transportation Institute, June 2002), p. 56
80. Federal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration, “Compilation of Spending Data from Adopted Long-Range Plans for Selected Metropolitan Areas, 1990-2000” (Department of Transportation, May 2002).
81. William S. Vickrey, “Some Implications of Marginal Cost Pricing for Public Utilities,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, vol. 45 (1955) pp. 605-20
82. Vickrey, “General and Specific Financing of Urban Services,” in Howard G. Schaller, ed., Public Expenditure Decisions in the Urban Community (Washington: Resources for the Future, 1963), pp. 62-90
83. Herbert Mohring, “Urban Highway Investments,” in Robert Dorf- man, ed., Measuring Benefits of Government Investment (Brookings, 1965), pp. 231-75
84. Herbert Mohring, “The Peak-Load Problem with Increasing Returns and Pricing Constraints,” American Economic Review, vol. 60 (September 1970), pp. 693-705
85. Kenneth A. Small, Clifford Winston, and Carol A. Evans, Road Work: A New Highway Pricing and Investment Policy (Brookings 1989), p. 87
86. Clifford Winston and Chad Shirley, Alternate Route: Toward Efficient Urban Transportation (Brookings, 1998), pp. 107-08.
87. Elaine Murakami and Jennifer Young, “Daily Travel by Persons with Low Income,” paper presented at Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Symposium, Md., 1997, table 1 http://npts.ornl.gov/npts/1995/Doc/LowInc.pdf [December 2003]
88. C. Kenneth Orski, “Congestion Pricing: Promise and Limitations,” remarks at the 1991 National Planning Conference, New Orleans, p. 8.
89. Kenneth A. Small, “The Incidence of Congestion Tolls on Urban Highways,” Journal of Urban Economics, vol. 13 (January 1983), pp. 90-111.
90. Brian J. Harbord, “Electronic Road- Pricing in Hong Kong: 2. The Technology,” Traffic Engineering + Control, vol. 26 (December 1985), pp. 608-15.
91. Jose A. Gomez-Ibanez and Gary R. Fauth, “Downtown Auto Restraint Policies: The Costs and Benefits for Boston,” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol. 14 (May 1980), pp. 133-53
92. Marvin Kraus, “The Welfare Gains from Pricing Road Congestion Using Automatic Vehicle Identification and On-Vehicle Meters,” Journal of Urban Economics, vol. 25, no. 3 (1989), pp. 261-81.
93. Robert W. Poole Jr. and C. Kenneth Orski, “HOT Networks: A New Plan for Congestion Relief and Better Transit,” Reason Foundation Policy Study 305 (Los Angeles: Reason Foundation, February 2003).
94. David J. Forkenbrock and Jon G. Kuhl, A New Approach to Assessing Road User Charges (University of Iowa, Public Policy Center, 2002).
95. Puget Sound Regional Council, “Transportation Pricing Demonstration Project,” Issue Paper 4, February 2002 (www.psrc.org/projects/pricing/demo.pdf [July 2002]).
96. Ng Guan Sim and Michael Li Zhifeng, “Singapore Road Pricing Scheme: Is Three Dollars Really Too High?” Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (www.ntu.edu.sg/nbs/publications/regional_issues_in_economics/11-ngs96.pdf [December 2003]).
97. Todd Litman, “London Congestion Pricing: Implications for Other Cities,” Victoria Transport Policy Institute, June 30, 2003 (www.vtpi.org/london.pdf [December 2003]).
98. Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Policy Information, Highway Statistics 2001 and Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, tables on highway finance (www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.htm [December 2003]).
99. Martin Wachs, Improving Efficiency and Equity in Transportation Finance, Transportation Reform series (Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, April 2003)
100. Robert Puentes and Ryan Prince, Fueling Transportation Finance: A Primer on the Gas Tax, Transportation Reform series (Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, March 2003).
101. Reid H. Ewing, Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, FHWA-RD-99- 135 (U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1999) (www.ite.org/traffic/tcstate.htm#tcsop [December 2003]).
102. Federal Highway Administration, Our Nation’s Travel: 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, Early Results Report (Department of Transportation, September 1997), p. 14.
103. Federal Transit Administration, Office of Technical Assistance and Safety, TDM Status Report: Telecommuting, prepared by K.T. Analytics (Department of Transportation, August 1992).
104. Judy Davis, “Portland Moves Ahead in Transit-Related Development,” Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, “Design’97” (www.djc.com [January 2004]).
105. Robert T. Dunphy and Ben C. Lin, Transportation Management through Partnerships (Washington: Urban Land Institute, 1990), pp. 159-60.
106. John Pucher, “Urban Travel Behavior as the Outcome of Public Policy: The Example of Modal-Split in Western Europe and North America,” American Planning Association Journal, vol. 54 (Autumn 1988), pp. 509-19. www.expatsingapore.com/once/usedcar.shtml (January 2004).
107. Donald Shoup, “Evaluating the Effects of Cashing Out Employer-Paid Parking: Eight Case Studies,” Transport Policy, vol. 4 (October 1997), pp. 201-16
108. Intelligent Transportation Systems of America, ITS America News (August 2002), p. 8.
109. Lloyd Batzler, “All Over the Road,” Technews.com (April 19, 2002).
110. Robert Burchell, Anthony Downs, and others, Costs of Sprawl 2000, TCRP Report 74 (Washington: Transit Cooperative Research Program, 2002)
111. “The Loss of Community,” in James Howard Kunstler, The Geography of Nowhere (Simon and Schuster, 1993)
112. Real Estate Research Corporation, The Costs of Sprawl: Detailed Cost Analysis (Washington, April 1974).
113. Boris S. Pushkarev and Jeffrey M. Zupan, Public Transportation and Land Use Policy (Indiana University Press, 1977).
114. University of South Florida, Center for Transportation Research, Public Transit in America: Findings from the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, NUT14-USF-4 (September 1998).
115. Gary Delsohn, “The First Pedestrian Pocket,” Planning Magazine, vol. 55 (December 1989), pp. 20-22.
116. Dena Belzer and Gerald Autler, Transit Oriented Development: Moving from Rhetoric to Reality (Discussion Paper for the Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and the Great American Station Foundation, June 2002), pp. 21-22.
117. Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing, Not In My Back Yard: Removing Barriers to Affordable Housing (Washington, 1991).
118. Gerald A. Carlino, “From Decentralization to Deconcentration: People and Jobs Spread Out,” Business Review (Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, November-December 2000), pp. 15-27.
119. Gerrit J. Knaap and Arthur C. Nelson, “The Effects of Regional Land-Use Control in Oregon: A Theoretical and Empirical Review,” Review of Regional Studies, vol. 18 (Spring), pp. 37-46
120. Anthony Downs, “Have Housing Prices Risen Faster in Portland than Elsewhere?” Housing Policy Debate, vol. 13 (Spring 2002), pp. 7-31.
121. Richard B. Peiser, “Density and Urban Sprawl,” Land Economics, vol. 65 (August 1989), pp. 193-204.
122. Robert Cervero in “Jobs-Housing Balance and Regional Mobility,” American Planning Association Journal, vol. 55 (Spring 1980), pp. 136-50
123. Lincoln Institute for Land Policy, Achieving a Jobs-Housing Balance: Land-Use Planning for Regional Growth, Resource Manual 1991 (Cambridge, Mass.: 1991)
124. Southern California Association of Governments, The New Economy and Jobs/Housing Balance in Southern California (Los Angeles: SCAG, April 2001).
125. Robert Burchell, Anthony Downs, Samuel Seskin, and others, The Costs of Sprawl 2000 (Transit Cooperative Research Board, 2002), pp. 448-56.
126. National Association of Realtors, Real Estate Outlook: Market Trends and Insights, vol. 10 (April 2003), pp. 18-19.
127. Robert B. Zehner, Access, Travel, and Transportation in New Communities (Ballinger, 1977).
128. Larry P. Arnn, “Jobs-Housing Balance: Too Good to Be True, Too Easy to Be Good—Some Lessons for the Inland Empire,” Golden State Briefings (Montclair, Calif.: Claremont Institute, 1990).
129. Anthony Downs, “What Does ‘Smart Growth’ Really Mean?” Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 67 (April 2001), pp. 20-25.
130. Peter Gordon, Harry Richardson, and Genevieve Giuliano, Travel Trends in Non-CBD Activity Centers (University of Southern California, School of Urban and Regional Planning, 1989), p. 16.
131. Robert E. Lang, Edgeless Cities (Brookings, 2003), p. 77.
132. Edward L. Glaeser, Matthew Kahn, and Chenghuan Chu, Job Sprawl: Employment Location in U.S. Metropolitan Areas (Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, May 2001).
133. Joel Garreau, Edge Cities: Life on the New Frontier (Macmillan, 1991), p. 4.
134. Robert Cervero, Suburban Gridlock (Center for Urban Policy Research of Rutgers University, 1986)
135. Madelyn Glickfield and Ned Levine, The New Land-Use Regulation “Revolution”: Why California’s Local Jurisdictions Enact Growth Control and Management Measures (University of California at Los Angeles Extension Public Policy Program, June 22, 1990)
136. Elizabeth Deakin, “Land Use and Transportation Planning in Response to Congestion: A Review and Critique,” paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 1989.
137. William Fischel, The Homevoter Hypothesis (Harvard University Press, 2001)
138. Seymour I. Schwartz, David E. Hanson, and Richard D. Green, “Suburban Growth Controls and the Price of Housing,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, vol. 8 (December 1981), pp. 303-20
139. Lawrence Katz and Kenneth T. Rosen, “The Interjurisdictional Effects of Growth Controls on Housing Prices, “ Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 30 (April 1987), pp. 149-60.
140. “What Do Economists Know about Growth Controls? A Research Review,” in David J. Brower, David R. God- schalk, and Douglas R. Porter, eds., Understanding Growth Management: Critical Issues and a Research Agenda (Washington: Urban Land Institute, 1989), pp. 59-86.
141. Anthony Downs, “What Does ‘Smart Growth’ Really Mean?” American Planning Association, Planning Magazine, vol. 67 (April 2001), pp. 20-25.
142. Andreas Schafer, D. Victor, and Robert W. Johnson Jr., “The Future Mobility of the World Population,” in Transportation Research A, Part A 34 (2000), pp. 171-205.
143. Patricia Mokhtarian and Ilan Salomon, “How Derived Is the Demand for Travel? Some Conceptual and Measurement Considerations,” UCD-ITS-REP- 01-15 (University of California at Davis, Institute of Transportation Studies, 2001).
144. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United Sates: 2002 (2002), p. 833.
145. International Road Federation, World Road Statistics 2002 (Geneva, 2002)
146. Sutharsan Ganesan, “Rumble in Calcutta—City of Joy,” October 31, 1997 http://calcuttapolice.org/site/calcutta_traffic.htm [January 2004].
147. Meera Smith, “Bakul: The Victim of Sacrifice” www.prabasi.org/Literary/Shankha/Spring00/Item1_sp00.html ([January 2004]).
148. Kanchit Pianuan, Mingsarn Snatikarn Kaosa-ard, and Piyanuch Pien- chob, “Bangkok Traffic Congestion: Is There a Solution?” TDRI Quarterly Review, vol. 9 (June 1994), pp. 20-23.
149. Thomas L. Friedman, “Bangkok Bogs Down,” New York Times, March 1996, sec. A, p. 19.
150. G. Giuliano, “Urban Travel Patterns,” in B. Hoyle and R. Knowles, eds., Modern Transport Geography, 2d ed. (John Wiley and Sons, 1998).
151. Christian Gerondeau, “Moving People and Goods in Europe,” Driving America Conference, highway users’ national conference on mobility, Washington, 1999.
152. P. B. Goodwin, “Solving Congestion,” Centre for Transport Studies, University College London, October 23, 1997 (www.ucl.ac.uk/tsu/pbginau.htm [January 2004]).
153. American Public Transit Association, “People on the Go: Mass Transit around the World, Case Study: Tokyo, Japan—A City in Motion,” p. 3 (www.worldatlases.com).
154. Tang Yuankai, “Sound Transportation Network Makes Travel Easier in Beijing” (www.bjreview.com.cn). See also “Bikes Banned on Beijing Street,” China Energy Efficiency Information Bulletin, vol. 4 (November 1998) (www.pnl.gov/china).
155. Ian Thompson and Alberto Bull, “Urban Traffic Congestion: The Scourge of Latin American Cities,” CEPAL Review, no. 76 (April 2002), p.112.
156. Donella Meadows, “The City of First Priorities,” Whole Earth Review (Spring 1995) (www.globalideasbank.org./BI/BI-262.html) ([January 2004]).
157. Milton Keynes Chamber of Commerce, “About Milton Keynes and North Bucks” (www.mk-chamber.co.uk./aboutchamber/keyfacts.asp) ([January 2004]).
158. Kathryn A. Foster, Regionalism on Purpose (Cambridge: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2001), p. 18.
159. Martin Wachs and Jennifer Dill, “Regionalism in Transportation and Air Quality: History, Interpretation, and Insights for Regional Governance,” in A. Altshuler, W. Morrill, H. Wolman, and F. Mitchell, eds., Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America (Washington: National Academy Press, 1999), p. 261.
160. Martin Wachs and Jennifer Dill, “Regionalism in Transportation and Air Quality: History, Interpretation, and Insights for Regional Governance,” in A. Altshuler, W. Morrill, H. Wolman, and F. Mitchell, eds., Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America (Washington: National Academy Press, 1999), p. 262.
161. Martin Wachs and Jennifer Dill, “Regionalism in Transportation and Air Quality: History, Interpretation, and Insights for Regional Governance,” in A. Altshuler, W. Morrill, H. Wolman, and F. Mitchell, eds., Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America (Washington: National Academy Press, 1999), pp. 253-80.
162. Brian D. Taylor, “Unjust Equity: An Examination of California’s Transportation Development Act,” Transportation Research Record No. 1297 (1991), pp. 85-92.
163. Paul S. Dempsey, Andrew Goetz, and Carl Larson, Metropolitan Planning Organizations: An Assessment of the Transportation Planning Process (University of Denver and Mississippi State University, 1998).
164. Anthony Downs, Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion (Brookings and Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1992)
165. Anthony Downs, Inside Bureaucracy (Little, Brown, 1967).
166. California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, “LEV II—Amendments to California’s Low-Emission Vehicle Regulations” (www.arb.ca.gov[January 2004]).
167. David R. Godschalk, “Smart Growth Efforts around the Nation,” in Growing Smart in North Carolina, a special issue of Popular Government, vol. 66 (Fall 2000), p. 17.
168. Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (Knopf, 1972), p. 198.
169. Robert N. Bellah and others, Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Harper and Row, 1985).
170. Lawrence Susskind, Sarah McKeranan, and Jennifer Thomas-Larmer, The Consensus Building Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Reaching Agreement (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1999).
171. Anthony Downs, “Up and Down with Ecology: The Issue-Attention Cycle,” in Political Theory and Public Choice: The Selected Essays of Anthony Downs, Volume One (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1998), pp. 100-12.
172. Anthony Downs, “Up and Down with Ecology—The Issue-Attention Cycle,” in Political Theory and Public Choice, the Selected Essays of Anthony Downs, Volume One (Edward Elgar, 1997), pp. 100-12.
173. Karl Petty, “Data for Datta,” Caltrans Performance Measuring System (PeMS) Lane 2 chart for Speed versus Flows (http://paleale.eecs.berkeley.edu/FSP/Datta/index.html [June 2002]).
174. Kara Maria Kockelman, “Modeling Traffic’s Flow-Density Relation: Accommodation of Multiple Flow Regimes and Traveler Types,” Transportation, vol. 28, (2001), pp. 363-74
175. “Changes in the Flow-Density Relation due to Environmental, Vehicle, and Driver Characteristics,” Transportation Research Record No. 1644 (1998), pp. 363-74.
176. Zhangfeng Jia, Pravin Varaiya, Chao Chen, Karl Petty, and Alex Skabardonis, Congestion, Excess Demand, and Effective Capacity in California Freeways (PeMS Development Group, University of California Berkeley, December 9, 2000) (http://paleale.eecs.berkeley.edu/~varaiya/papers_ps.dir/delay7-eff.pdf).
177. Zhanfeng Jia, Pravin Varaiya, Chao Chen, Karl Petty, and Alex Skabardonis, Maximum Throughput in LA Freeways Occurs at 60 mph (University of California Berkeley, PeMS Development Group, January 16, 2001) (http://paleale.eecs.berkeley.edu/~varaiya/papers_ps.dir/throughoutput4.pdf).
178. Boris S. Pushkarev and Jeffrey M. Zupan, Public Transportation and Land Use Policy (Indiana University Press, 1977)
179. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract 2002 (2002), p. 49.
180. Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “Changes in Demographics and Travel,” Inklings: Preliminary Results from the 2001NHTS (http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/presentations/inklings/inklings1.pdf [January 2004]).
181. Boris S. Pushkarev and Jeffrey M. Zupan, Public Transportation and Land Use Policy (University of Indiana Press, 1977), p. 39.
182. Robert Cervero and Kara Kockelman, “Travel Demand and the 3Ds: Density, Diversity, and Design,” Transportation Research D 2D, 3: 199-219
183. John Niles and Dick Nelson, “Measuring the Success of Transit-Oriented Development: Retail Market Dynamics and Other Key Determinants,” paper prepared for the American Planning Association National Planning Conference, Seattle 1999. (www.globaltelematics.com/apa99.htm [January 2004]).
184. Dena Belzer and Gerald Autler, Transit-Oriented Development: Moving from Rhetoric to Reality (Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and the Great American Station Foundation, June 2002).