Tearing apart the land: Islam and legitimacy in Southern Thailand

Tearing Apart the Land: Islam and Legitimacy in Southern Thailand

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-235

  McCargo, Duncan ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85057670840     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (214)

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3. Critical Asian Studies 38, 1 [2006]).
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11. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_homicide_rate.
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13. Duncan McCargo, “Communicating Thailand’s Southern Conflict: Media Alternatives,” Journal of International Communication 12, 2 (2006): 19-34.
14. Anthony Davis of Jane’s Defence Weekly, and contributors to the March 2006 special issue of Critical Asian Studies (also published as Rethinking Thailand’s Southern Violence, ed. Duncan McCargo [Singapore: NUS Press, 2007]).
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19. International Crisis Group, Southern Thailand: Insurgency, not Jihad. Asia Report 98 (Jakarta: May 2005), http://www.crisisgroup.org.
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30. Hasan Madmarn, “How to View Muslim Society: The Case of the Southern Border Provinces,” Southern Studies] 3, 2 (1994): 51.
31. Duncan McCargo, “Southern Thai Politics: Some Preliminary Observations,” in Dynamic Diversity in Southern Thailand, ed. Wattana Sugunnasil (Chiang Mai: Silkworm, 2005), 26-30.
32. Marc Askew, Conspiracy, Politics, and a Disorderly Border: The Struggle to Comprehend Insurgency in Thailand’s Deep South (Washington, DC: East-West Center, Policy Studies 29, 2007), 12-38.
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34. Srisompob Jitpiromsri with Panyasak Sobhonvasu, “Unpacking Thailand’s Southern Conflict: The Poverty of Structural Explanations,” in Rethinking Thailand’s Southern Violence, ed. Duncan McCargo (Singapore: NUS Press, 2007), 89-111
35. Critical Asian Studies 38, 1 [2006]).
36. Duncan McCargo, “Thaksin and the Resurgence of Violence in the Thai South,”
37. Ukrist Pathmanand, “Thaksin’s Achilles’ Heel: The Failure of Hawkish Approaches in the Thai South,” in Rethinking Thailand’s Southern Violence, ed. Duncan McCargo (Singapore:NUS Press, 2007), 35-68 and 69-88
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39. Puwadol Songprasert, “Chronic Conflict in the Three Southern Border Provinces of Thailand,” in Knowledge and Conflict Resolution: The Crisis of the Border Region of Southern Thailand, ed. Uthai Dulyakasem and Lertchai Sirichai (Nakhon Si Thammarat: Walailak University, 2005), 173-200.
40. Zachary Abuza, Militant Islam in Southeast Asia (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003), 171-73
41. Kavi Chongkittavorn, “Thailand: International Terrorism and the Muslim South,” in Southeast Asian Affairs 2004 (Singapore:ISEAS, 2004), 267-75
42. Greg Barton, Jemaah Islamiyah: Radical Islamism in Indonesia (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2005).
43. http://singapore.usembassy.gov/president_at_nus.html.
44. Wan Kadir Che Man, Muslim Separatism: The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1990).
45. Duncan McCargo, “Network Monarchy and Legitimacy Crises in Thailand,” Pacific Review 18, 4 (2005): 499-519;
46. Duncan McCargo, “A Hollow Crown,” New Left Review 43 (2007): 135-44.
47. Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker, Thaksin: The Business of Politics in Thailand (Chiang Mai: Silkworm, 2004);
48. Duncan McCargo and Ukrist Pathmanand, The Thaksinization of Thailand (Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2005).
49. Duncan McCargo, “Thaksin,” 39-71.
50. Mohammed M. Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003).
51. Hafez, Why Muslims, 17-19.
52. Hafez, Why Muslims, 21-22.
53. Sidel, Riots, 217.
54. Muthiah Alagappa, “Part I, Legitimacy: Explication and Elaboration,” in Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Muthiah Alagappa (Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1995), 11-65.
55. Muthiah Alagappa, “Part I, Legitimacy: Explication and Elaboration,” in Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Muthiah Alagappa (Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1995), 29.
56. Robert W. Hefner, “Introduction: Modernity and the Remaking of Muslim Politics,” in Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization, ed. Robert W. Hefner (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 22.
57. Alagappa, “Legitimacy,” 40.
58. Muhammad Qasim Zaman, “Pluralism, Democracy, and the ‘Ulama,’ " in Remaking Muslim Politics, ed. Robert W. Hefner, 67.
59. Pnina Werbner, “Divided Loyalties, Empowered Citizenship: Muslims in Britain,” in Political Loyalty and the Nation-State, eds. Michael Waller and Andrew Linklater (London:Routledge, 2003): 105-22.
60. Zaman, “Pluralism,” 60-65.
61. Alagappa, “Legitimacy,” 46.
62. Alagappa, “Legitimacy,” 59.
63. David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1991), 205-42.
64. Paul Handley, The King Never Smiles (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006).
65. Michael K. Connors, “Article of Faith: The Failure of Royal Liberalism in Thailand,” Journal of Contemporary Asia 38, 1 (2008), 150.
66. [Chalermkiat Khunthongpetch, Haji Sulong Abdul Gade: Rebel or Hero of the Four Southern Provinces?] (Bangkok: Matichon Publishing, 2005), 87.
67. [Den Tohmeena, “Muslim MPs are Mere Ornamental Plants,” Muslim Newspaper], December 20, 1997-January 20, 1998.
68. [Ajarn Bangnara (pseud.), “Raman in the History of Perak,” Historical Culture Journal], undated, 11-20.
69. [Chalermkiat, Haji Sulong], 15-16;
70. James Ockey, “The Religio-Nationalist Pilgrimages of Haji Sulong Abdulkadir al Fattani,” unpublished paper, n.d., 22.
71. [Dolah Jetae, Maroning Salae, Abdulloh Dure et al., Final Research Report, Training and Action Research Project in History, Archaeology and Ethnicity, Study of Social and Cultural Change: Case Study of Ban Dato and Ban Phumi, Yaring District, Pattani] (Thailand Research Fund, December 2004), 182.
72. Imtiyaz Yusuf, “The Ethno-Religious Dimension of the Conflict in Southern Thailand,” in Understanding Conflict and Approaching Peace in Southern Thailand, ed. Imtiyaz Yusuf and Lars Peter Schmidt (Bangkok: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2006), 181.
73. Khaled Abou El Fadl, The Great Theft: Wresting Islam from the Extremists (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 45-109.
74. Noorhaidi Hasan, Laskar Jihad: Islam, Militancy, and Quest for Identity in Post-New Order Indonesia (Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 2006), 33.
75. Dolah et al., Final Research Report], 44.
76. Ernesto Braam, “Travelling with the Tabilighi Jamaat in South Thailand,” ISIM Review 17 (2006): 42-43.
77. [Bukohri Yimah, Ahmad Yisunsong, Maroning Salaeming, and Abdulhafiz Hileh, “Study Project on the Ideas of Ulama:Relations with Community Health in Muslim Society of the Southern Border Provinces”], Unpublished draft research paper, undated, ca. September 2006, 4-5.
78. [”Response from the Group for Supporting Muslim Arts and Culture in the Southern Border Provinces,” (Saudara) Prachatai], August 18, 2006, www.prachatai.com.
79. [”Inside the World of Muslim Students and the Violence on the Southern Border,” Prachatai], August 11, 2006, www.prachatai.com.
80. [Dolah et al., Final Research Report], 23.
81. [Dolah et al., Final Research Report], 30.
82. Translation of Salih Muslim, Book 4, The Book of Prayers (Kitab Al-Salat), no. 1365, available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/004.smt.html#004.1365.
83. Kamala Tiyavanich, Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth Century Thailand (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997).
84. Imtiyaz Yusuf, “Islam and Democracy in Thailand: Reforming the Office of the Chularajamontri/Shaikh Al-Islam,” Journal of Islamic Studies 9, 2 (1998): 277-98.
85. [Tenggu Arifin Bintengguji Al-Fatani, “The Islamic Council Elections: A Political Problem in Religious Organizations”], Isara News Center, November 18, 2005. www.tjanews.org.
86. Michel Gilquin, The Muslims of Thailand (Chiang Mai: Silkworm 2005), 40.
87. [Ahmad Somboon Bualuang, special interview, “Measuring the Political Degree of the Islamic Council Elections”], Isara News Center, November 20, 2005. www.tjanews.org.
88. Hasan, Pondok and Madrasah
89. Ibrahem Narongraksakhet, “Educational Change for Building Peace in Southern Border Provinces of Thailand,” in Understanding Conflict and Approaching Peace in Southern Thailand, ed. Imtiyaz Yusuf and Lars Peter Schmidt (Bangkok: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2006), 128-47.
90. Hasan, Pondok and Madrasah, 58-67.
91. Robert W. Hefner, “Introduction:The Culture, Politics, and Future of Muslim Education,” in Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Muslim Education, ed. Robert W. Hefner (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 8-9.
92. Zamakhsyasri Dhofier, The Pesantren Tradition (Tempe, AZ: Southeast Asian Studies Program, Arizona State University, 1999), 73.
93. Hasan, Pondok and Madrasah, 72-79. Interview, August 8, 2006.
94. Ockey, “Religio-nationalist Pilgrimages,” 22;
95. Chalermkiat, Haji Sulong], 19-21.
96. Ibn Taymiyya, Le statut des moines [On the Status of Monks] (Beirut, El-Safîna Éditions, 1997)
97. Malika Zeghal, “The ‘Recentering’ of Religious Knowledge and Discourse: the Case of al-Azhar in Twentieth-Century Egypt,” in Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Muslim Education, ed. Robert W. Hefner (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 125.
98. [Bukohri et al., Ulama], p. 3.
99. [Ahmad Somboon Bualuang, “Religious Roles and Identity, and the Unrest in the South: Power, Charisma or Illusion?“] paper presented at Lowy Institute, Sydney, November 9, 2006, 4-5.
100. [”Islamic Council Elections from Villagers’ Points of View: Changing the People, not the Direction”], Isara News Center, November 23, 2005, www.tjanews.org
101. “Ignorance ‘Cause of Unrest,’ " Bangkok Post, May 12, 2006.
102. Imtiyaz Yusuf, Faces of Islam in Southern Thailand (Washington, DC: East-West Center, Working Paper 7, 2007), 11-12.
103. Nirmala Rao, “The Changing Context of Representation,” in Representation and Community in Western Democracies, ed. Nirmala Rao (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 2000), 1-4.
104. Somchai Pathatharananunth, Civil Society and Democratization: Social Movements in Northeast Thailand (Copenhagen: NIAS, 2006), 15-16;
105. Naruemon Thabchumpon, “Contesting Democracy: Thailand’s Forum of the Poor,” Ph.D. diss., University of Leeds, 2006.
106. David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1991), 205-42.
107. Charnvit Kasetsiri, “Violent Incidents in the Southern Border Provinces and the History of Wounds,” Art and Culture Magazine] (February 2005): 152.
108. Ockey, “Religio-nationalist Pilgrimages,” 25.
109. James Ockey, “Elections, Political Integration, and Cultural Pluralism in the Lower South of Thailand,” in A Plural Peninsula, ed. Michael Montesano and Patrick Jory (Singapore: NUS Press, 2008), 125-35.
110. Ockey, “Religio-nationalist Pilgrimages,” 32.
111. “New Thai Govt To Consider Self-rule for Muslim South: Minister,” Agence France Press, February 12, 2008.
112. [Prawase Encourages South To Govern Itself, Says It Won’t Affect Royal Powers, and Doesn’t Mean We Don’t Love the King], http://www.prachatai.com, 10 November 2007.
113. [Phichai Kaosamran, Somjet Naksewi, and Worawidh Baru, 1986 Elections in Pattani: Case Study of the System of Campaigning and Vote Canvassers] (Bangkok: Foundation for Democracy and Development Studies, 1988), 27-28.
114. Michael Nelson has persuasively argued that “Phakphuak [cliques] fill the void left by political parties, public and citizens” in the Thai electoral context: see his Analyzing Provincial Political Structures in Thailand: phuak, trakun and hua khanaen (Hong Kong: Working Paper No. 79, Southeast Asia Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, August 2005), http://www.cityu.edu.hk/searc, p. 9.
115. [Pichai et al., 1986 Elections in Pattani], 29.
116. [Den Tohmeena, My Family (Flesh) is not Behind the Southern Fires] (Bangkok: Working Experience, 2004), 78.
117. Den, My Family], 83.
118. Den, My Family], 104.
119. Morton Grodzins, The Loyal and the Disloyal: Social Boundaries of Patriotism and Treason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), 208-16.
120. Phichai et al., 1986 Elections in Pattani], 29.
121. Daungyewa Utarasint, “Wadah: The Muslim Faction in Thai Political Party [sic],” paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on Thai Studies, DeKalb, Illinois, April 3-6, 2005, 6.
122. Daungyewa, “Wadah,” 11.
123. [Pichai et al., 1986 Elections in Pattani], 63-64.
124. Ariphen Utarasint, Local Administration in Special Areas:Case Study of the Five Southern Border Provinces] (Nonthaburi: King Prachadipok Institute, 2002).
125. James Ockey, “Thai Society and Patterns of Political Leadership,” Asian Survey 36, 4 (April 1996): 345-60.
126. Brad Adams, “Thailand’s Crackdown: Drug ‘War’ Kills Democracy, Too,” International Herald Tribune, April 24, 2003.
127. Michael H. Nelson, “Thailand: Problems with Decentralization?" in Thailand’s New Politics: KPI Yearbook 2001, ed. Michael H. Nelson (Bangkok: White Lotus Press, 2002), 219-81.
128. Chandranuj Mahakanjana, Decentralization, Local Government, and Sociopolitical Conflict in Southern Thailand, Working Paper 5 (Washington, DC: East-West Center, 2007), 27.
129. Omar Farouk Bajunid, “Islam, Nationalism and the Thai State,” in Dynamic Diversity in Southern Thailand, ed. Wattana Sugunnasil (Chiang Mai: Silkworm, 2005).
130. Askew, Conspiracy, 5-12.
131. Thailand: “If You Want Peace, Work for Justice,” Amnesty International, ASA 39/001/2006 (London: Amnesty International, 2006).
132. More Power, Less Accountability: Thailand’s New Emergency Decree (Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, August 2005), 10-13.
133. International Crisis Group, Thailand’s Emergency Decree: No Solution, Asia Report No. 105 (Jakarta: ICG, 18 November 2005), http://www.crisisgroup.org, 25-29.
134. Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situation, B.E. 2548 (2005), Section 12.
135. Media and Society Working Group, NRC, Critiques of the National Reconciliation Commission Report “Overcoming Violence through the Power of Reconciliation”] (Bangkok: NRC, 2006), 161.
136. [Critiques of the National Reconciliation Commission], 161.
137. [NRC, Overcoming Vio - lence], 74-80 [80-87].
138. Duncan McCargo, “Security, Development, and Political Participation in Thailand: Alternative Currencies of Legitimacy,” Contemporary Southeast Asia 24, 1 (2002): 50-67;
139. James Ockey, “Thailand: The Struggle to Redefine Civil-military Relations,” in Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia, ed. Muthiah Alagappa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), 187-208.
140. Rungrawee C. Pinyorat, “Recruitment and Performance of Soldiers and Police Officers: The Problem of Human Rights Violations in the Three Southern Border Provinces”], unpublished paper presented at seminar on “Southern Violence and the Thai State” organized by Chaiwat Satha-Anand, Sirindhorn Anthropology Center, Bangkok, August 18-19, 2006, pp. 6-9.
141. The Boys in Black:The Thaharn Phran (Rangers), Thailand’s Para-Military Border Guards (Bangkok: White Lotus, 2004), 111.
142. [Kingor Laohong, “Friendship in the Red Zone”], Isara News Center, October 26, 2005, www.tjanews.com.
143. [”Report of the Independent Commission to Investigate the Deaths in the Tak Bai Incident,” October 25, 2004] (Bangkok 2004), 44-45.
144. Rungrawee, “Recruitment and Performance”], 8.
145. International Crisis Group, Southern Thailand:The Problem with Paramilitaries (Jakarta: ICG, October 2007), 4-14, http://www.crisisgroup.org.
146. [Pimonphan, “Organizational Cultures”], 106.
147. [Pimonphan, “Organizational Cultures”], 107.
148. Pimonphan, “Organizational Cultures”], 109.
149. “Southern Thai Tensions Will Escalate if Soldiers Have Sex with Local Muslim Women, Clerics Say,” Associated Press, May 24, 2005.
150. “Thai Army Launches Probe into ‘Inappropriate Conduct’ of Troops in South,” Bangkok Post, May 26, 2005.
151. “Seven Killed in Brutal Attack,” The Nation, May 10, 2007.
152. Report of the Independent Fact-Finding Commission on the Kru-Ze Mosque Incident (Part I)] (Bangkok, July 26, 2004), 12-18.
153. [General Panlop Pinmani, The General McArthur of Thailand, Was I Wrong to Seize Kru-Ze?!] (Bangkok:Good Morning Publishing, 2004).
154. [Kru-Ze Report], 2004, 33-35.
155. May Tan-Mullins, “Voices from Pattani: Fears, Suspicion, and Confusion,” in Rethinking Thailand’s Southern Violence, ed. Duncan McCargo (Singapore: NUS Press, 2007), 147
156. Critical Asian Studies, 38, 1, March 2006).
157. Critical Asian Studies, 2004, 30.
158. Chermsak Pinthong, “The Truth about the Tak Bai Incident,” The Nation, November 8, 2004.
159. Chermsak, “The Truth.” 161.
160. Human Rights Watch (hereafter HRW), “It Was Like Suddenly My Son No Longer Existed”: Enforced Disappearances in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces (New York:Human Rights Watch, March 2007), http://www.hrw.org.
161. Pasuk Phongpaichit, Nualnoi Treerat, Yongyuth Chaiyapong, and Chris Baker, Corruption in the Public Sector in Thailand: Perceptions and Experience of Households (Bangkok:Chulalongkorn University, Political Economy Center, 2000), 27.
162. As Cynthia Enloe observes, troubled relationships between the police and military are leading causes of ethnic conflicts; see her Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1980), 108.
163. [Supalak Ganjanakhundee and Don Pathan, Peace in Flames] (Bangkok: Nation Books, 2004), 302-5.
164. Desmond Ball and David Scott Mathieson, Militia Redux: Or Sor and the Revival of Paramilitarism in Thailand (Bangkok: White Lotus, 2007), especially chapter 6.
165. Ball and Mathieson, Militia Redux, 260.
166. Ball and Mathieson, Militia Redux, 241.
167. Police colonel Phitak Iadkaew interview, July 23, 2007.
168. International Crisis Group, Southern Thailand: The Problem with Paramilitaries, 20-21.
169. International Crisis Group, Southern Thailand: The Impact of the Coup, Asia Report No. 129 (Jakarta: ICG, 15 March 2007), at http://www.crisisgroup. org, 13-15.
170. Duncan McCargo, “State of Denial,” Time [Asia], September 11, 2006.
171. Such arguments were summarized in an undated paper circulated by Zachary Abuza in March 2007, entitled “Wake Up Call,” and echoed by Jane’s Defence Weekly correspondent Anthony Davis.
172. Daniel Ten Kate, “Thailand’s Southern Rebels Return to Spotlight,” Asia Sentinel, January 17, 2008.
173. Wattana Sugunnasil, “Islam, Radicalism, and Violence in Southern Thailand: Berjihad di Patani and the 28 April 2004 Attacks,” Rethinking Thailand’s Southern Violence, ed. Duncan McCargo (Singapore: NUS Press, 2007), 112-36 (
174. Critical Asian Studies 38, 1 [2006]).
175. International Crisis Group, Southern Thailand: Insurgency not Jihad, Asia Report No. 98 (Jakarta: ICG, March 2005), http://www.crisisgroup.org, 24.
176. Ya Yi-Eng (pseud.), Khom Sae Daeng, Part Four, Behind The Dismissal of Sant, Following the Guns to Aceh, and Suicides at Kru-Ze] (Bangkok: Ya Yi-Eng, 2004), 204.
177. ICG, Insurgency not Jihad, 24-25
178. Ya Yi-Eng, Khom Sae Daeng], 196-21.
179. Ya Yi-Eng, Khom Sae Daeng], 205.
180. Corpses, Living Death: A True Story of Thai Muslims Who Died in the 28 April 2004 Incident], Bangkok: Khien Paendin, 2004, 252-53.
181. ICG, Insurgency not Jihad, 24.
182. [Ya Yi-Eng, Khom Sae Daeng], 211.
183. Don Pathan, “South Militancy Has Been Years in the Making,” The Nation, May 30, 2006.
184. [Isara News Center], August 29, 2006, http://www.tjanews.org/.
185. Andrew Marshall with Don Pathan, “In Death’s Shadow,” Time (Asia), November 26, 2006.
186. Don Pathan, “Alone in the Shadow of the Militants,” The Nation, May 21, 2006.
187. Marshall and Pathan, “In Death’s Shadow.”
188. Chaiwat Satha-Anand, “The Silence of the Bullet Monument:Violence and ‘Truth’ Management, Dusun-nyor 1948, and Kru-Ze 2004,” in Rethinking Thailand’s Southern Violence, ed. Duncan McCargo (Singapore: NUS Press, 2007), 11-34
189. Critical Asian Studies 38, 1 [2006]).
190. Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel, 158-59.
191. Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel, 161.
192. Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel, 160.
193. Chai-Anan Samudavanija, Kusuma Snitwongse, and Suchit Bunbongkarn, From Armed Suppression to Political Offensive (Bangkok: ISIS, Chulalongkorn University, 1990).
194. Don Pathan, “South an Elusive ‘Spider’s Web’ for Generals,” The Nation, September 6, 2006.
195. Don Pathan, “Hopelessly Adrift in the Stormy South,” The Nation, May 23, 2006.
196. Human Rights Watch, “Suddenly My Son,” 14, citing anonymous interview, July 25, 2006.
197. Human Rights Watch, No One is Safe: Insurgent Violence against Civilians in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces (New York: HRW, August 2007), http://www.hrw.org, 7-8, 18-28.
198. Kitti Rattanachaya, Igniting the Southern Fire, Establishing the Pattani State] (Bangkok: n.p. 2004), 119-21.
199. Connors, “War on Error,” 157-59.
200. Human Rights Watch, No One is Safe, 18-19.
201. Saronee Duerae, Perceptions of Local People concerning the Southern Violence: A Study from Leaflets, Graffiti, and Local Media] (Bangkok: NRC, 2006), 21-26.
202. Anthony Davis, “Village Violence-Thai Insurgents Heighten Communal Tensions,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, June 1, 2007.
203. Marshall and Pathan, “In Death’s Shadow.” 201.
204. Don Pathan, “Old Separatists Still Dream of a Free Patani,” The Nation, February 13, 2007.
205. Don Pathan, “Talks Vital to Restore Peace in the South,” The Nation, November 27, 2006.
206. Marshall and Pathan, “In Death’s Shadow.” 209.
207. Wattana, “Islam, Radicalism.” 210.
208. Connors, “War on Error,” 160-62.
209. Don Pathan, “A Legacy of Failure in the Deep South,” The Nation, August 6, 2004.
210. Colonel interview, March 13, 2006.
211. I have not found a deposition or leaflet source for the claim that Patani was previously an Islamic state; but the claim does appear on the PULO website (http://puloinfo.net/?Show=Patani), and the issue was raised by local academics at a seminar on Patani history held at PSU, August 4, 2006.
212. [Ismael LutfiChapakia, Islam, Religion of Peace] (Yala: Social Service Center, Yala Islamic College, 2004), 81-82.
213. Nidhi Aeusrivongse, “Understanding the Situation in the South as a “Millenarian Revolt,' " Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, 6, 2005, http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue5/index.html.
214. Chris Baker’s “Afterword” in Nidhi Eoseewong, Pen and Sail: Literature and History in Early Bangkok (Chiang Mai: Silkworm, 2005), 361-84.