Symptomatic narcolepsy with cataplexy and without cataplexy or hypersomnia, with and without hypocretin (Orexin) deficiency

Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 307-334

  Kanbayashi, T ^a   Abe, M ^a   Hishikawa, Yasuo ^a   Shimizu, Tetsuo ^a   Nishino, Seiji ^b  

^a AKITA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85056690586     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (133)

1. Nishino S, Okura M, Mignot E. Narcolepsy: genetic predisposition and neuropharmacological mechanisms. Sleep Med Rev 2000; 4:57-99.
2. Mignot E, Lammers G, Ripley B, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:1553-1562.
3. Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, Lammers G, Mignot E. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet 2000; 355:39-40.
4. Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, et al. Low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin (Orexin) and altered energy homeostasis in human narcolepsy. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:381-388.
5. Dalal M, Schuld A, Haack M, et al. Normal plasma levels of orexin A (hypocretin-1) in narcoleptic patients. Neurology 2001; 56:1749-1751.
6. Kanbayashi T, Inoue Y, Chiba S, et al. CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia. J Sleep Res 2002; 11:91-93.
7. Krahn L, Pankratz V, Oliver L, Boeve B, Silber M. Hypocretin (orexin) levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy: relationship to cataplexy and HLA DQB10602 status. Sleep 2002; 25: 733-736.
8. Bassetti C, Gugger M, Bischof M, et al. The narcoleptic borderland: a multimodal diagnostic approach including cerebrospinal fluid levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A). Sleep Med 2003; 4:7-12.
9. Ebrahim I, Sharief M, de Lacy S, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in narcolepsy and primary hypersomnia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003; 74:127-130.
10. de Lecea L, Kilduff T, Peyron C, et al. The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:322-327.
11. Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, et al. Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell 1998; 92:573-585.
12. Willie J, Chemelli R, Sinton C, Yanagisawa M. To eat or to sleep? Orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001; 24:429-458.
13. Ripley B, Overeem S, Fujiki N, et al. CSF hypocretin/orexin levels in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions. Neurology 2001; 57:2253-2258.
14. Kanbayashi T, Inoue Y, Kawanishi K, et al. CSF hypocretin measures in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2003; 12:339-341.
15. Arii J, Kanbayashi T, Tanabe Y, et al. CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) levels in childhood narcolepsy and neurologic disorders. Neurology 2004; in press.
16. von Economo C. Sleep as a problem of localization. J Nerv Ment Dis 1930; 71:249-259.
17. Adie J. Idiopathic narcolepsy: a disease sui generis, with remarks on the mechanism of sleep. Brain 1926; 49:257-306.
18. Kandt R, Emerson R, Singer H, Valle D, Moser H. Cataplexy in variant forms of Niemann-Pick disease. Ann Neurol 1982; 12:284-288.
19. Parkes J. Genetic factors in human sleep disorders with special reference to Norrie disease, Prader-Willi syndrome and Moebius syndrome. J Sleep Res 1999; 8:14-22.
20. Martinez-Rodriguez J, Lin L, Iranzo A, et al. Decreased hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with myotonic dystrophy and excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep 2003; 26:287-290.
21. Heyck H, Hess R. Zur Narkolepsiefrage, Klinik und Electroenzephalogramm. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiat. 1954; 12:531-579.
22. Roth B. Narkolepsie a hypersomnies hlediska fysiologie spanku. Statni zkravotnicke nakladatelstvi. Prague, 1957.
23. Roth B. Narkolepsie und Hypersomnie vom Standpunkt der Physiologie des Schlafes. Berlin: VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, 1962.
24. Devic M, Aimard P, Michel F, Masquin M. Clinical study of essential narcolepsies and cataplexies. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1967; 116:471-490.
25. Bonduelle M, Bouygues P, Delahousse J, Faveret C. Posttraumatic narcolepsy. Lille Med 1959; 4: 719-721.
26. Bonduelle M, Bouygues P, Delahousse J, Faveret C. Posttraumatic narcolepsy. Rev Otoneuroophtalmol 1959; 31:1-5.
27. Bonduelle M, Degos C. Symptomatic narcolepsies: a critical study. In: Guilleminault C, Dement W, Passouant P, eds. Narcolepsy. New York: Spectrum, 1976:313-332.
28. Autret A, Lucas B, Henry-Lebras F, de Toffol B. Symptomatic narcolepsies. Sleep 1994; 17:S21-S24.
29. Aldrich M, Naylor M. Narcolepsy associated with lesions of the diencephalon. Neurology 1989; 39:1505-1508.
30. Souques A. Narcolepsie d’origine traumatique: ses rapports avec une lesion de la region infundibulohypophysaire. Rev Neurol 1918; 33:521-524.
31. Francois H, Vernier L. Etude anatomo-clinique d’un cas tumeur de IIIeme ventricule cerebral. Rev Neurol 1919; 32:921-925.
32. Andre-Thomas A, Jumentie J, Chausseblanche. Lethargie intermittente traduisant l’existence d’une tumeur du IIIeme ventricule—observation anatomo-clinique. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1923; 39:67-73.
33. Alajouanine T, Lagrange, Baruk H. Tumeur de la glande pineale diagnostiquee cliniquement chez l’adulte. Bull Soc Med Hop Paris 1925; 49:1309-1314.
34. Lechelle P, Alajouanine T, Thevenard A. Deux cas de tumeur du lobe frontale a forme somnolente. Bull Soc Med Hop Paris 1925; 49:1347-1352.
35. Souques A, Baruk H, Bertrand I. Tumeurs de l’infudibulum avec lethargie isolee. Rev Neurol 1926; 1:532-540.
36. Lhermitte J, Tournay A. Le sommeil normal et pathologique. Rev Neurol 1927; 34:751-822, 885-887.
37. Lhermitte J, Kyriaco N. Hypersomnie periodique regulierement rythmee par les regles dans un cas de tumeur basilaire du cerveau. Rev Neurol 1929; 2:715-721.
38. Fulton J, Bailey P. Tumors in the third ventricle. J Nerv Ment Dis 1929; 69:1-25, 145-64, 261-277.
39. Lankford D, Wellman J, O’Hara C. Posttraumatic narcolepsy in mild to moderate closed head injury. Sleep 1994; 17:S25-S28.
40. Nishino S, Kanbayashi T. Symptomatic narcolepsy, cataplexy and hypersomnia, and their implications in the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin system. Sleep Med Rev. 2005; 9:269-310.
41. Anderson M, Salmon M. Symptomatic cataplexy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977; 40:186-191.
42. Stahl S, Layzer R, Aminoff M, Townsend J, Feldon S. Continuous cataplexy in a patient with a midbrain tumor: the limp man syndrome. Neurology 1980; 30:1115-1118.
43. Schoenhuber R, Angiari P, Peserico L. Narcolepsy symptomatic of a pontine glioma. Ital J Neurol Sci 1981; 2:379-380.
44. Pritchard P, Dreifuss F, Skinner R, Pickett J, Biggs P. Symptomatic narcolepsy. Neurology 1983; 33:239.
45. Schwartz W, Stakes J, Hobson J. Transient cataplexy after removal of a craniopharyngioma. Neurology 1984; 34:1372-1375.
46. Gurewitz R, Blum I, Lavie P, et al. Recurrent hypothermia, hypersomnolence, central sleep apnea, hypodipsia, hypernatremia, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia and growth hormone deficiency in a boy—treatment with clomipramine. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh) 1986; 279.
47. Rubinstein I, Gray T, Moldofsky H, Hoffstein V. Neurosarcoidosis associated with hypersomnolence treated with corticosteroids and brain irradiation. Chest 1988; 94:205-206.
48. Kowatch R, Parmelee D, Morin C. Narcolepsy in a child following removal of a craniopharyngioma. Sleep Res. 1989; 18:250.
49. Onofrj M, Curatola L, Ferracci F, Fulgente T. Narcolepsy associated with primary temporal lobe B-cells lymphoma in a HLA DR2 negative subject. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992; 55:852-853.
50. Clavelou P, Tournilhac M, Vidal C, Georget A, Picard L, Merienne L. Narcolepsy associated with arteriovenous malformation of the diencephalon. Sleep. 1995; 18:202-205.
51. Servan J, Marchand F, Garma L, Seilhean D, Hauw J, Delattre J. Narcolepsy disclosing neurosarcoidosis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1995; 151:281-283.
52. Ma T, Ang L, Mamelak M, Kish S, Young B, Lewis A. Narcolepsy secondary to fourth ventricular subependymoma. Can J Neurol Sci. 1996; 23:59-62.
53. Malik S, Boeve B, Krahn L, Silber M. Narcolepsy associated with other central nervous system disorders. Neurology 2001; 57:539-541.
54. Marcus C, Trescher W, Halbower A, Lutz J. Secondary narcolepsy in children with brain tumors. Sleep 2002; 25:435-439.
55. Snow A, Gozal E, Malhotra A, et al. Severe hypersomnolence after pituitary/hypothalamic surgery in adolescents: clinical characteristics and potential mechanisms. Pediatrics. 2002; 110:e74.
56. Rosen G, Bendel A, Neglia J, Moertel C, Mahowald M. Sleep in children with neoplasms of the central nervous system: case review of 14 children. Pediatrics. 2003; 112:e46-e54.
57. Arii J, Kanbayashi T, Tanabe Y, Ono J, Nishino S, Kohno Y. A hypersomnolent girl with decreased CSF hypocretin level after removal of a hypothalamic tumor. Neurology 2001; 56:1775-1776.
58. Krahn L, Boeve B, Oliver L, Silber M. Hypocretin (orexin) and melatonin values in a narcoleptic-like sleep disorder after pinealectomy. Sleep Med 2002; 3:521-523.
59. Dempsey O, McGeoch P, de Silva R, Douglas N. Acquired narcolepsy in an acromegalic patient who underwent pituitary irradiation. Neurology 2003; 61:537-540.
60. Nokura K, Kanbayashi T, Ozeki T, et al. Hypersomnia Secondary To Hypothalamic Damage And CSF Orexin-A Level In Four Cases. Sleep 2004; 27:A249.
61. Gill A. Idiopathic and traumatic narcolepsy. Lancet. 1941:474-579.
62. Guilleminault C, Faull K, Miles L. Post-traumatic daytime sleepiness: a review of 20 patients. Neurology 1983; 33:1584-1589.
63. Maccario M, Ruggles K, Meriwether M. Post-traumatic narcolepsy. Mil Med 1987; 152:370-371.
64. Good J, Barry E, Fishman P. Posttraumatic narcolepsy: the complete syndrome with tissue typing. Case report. J Neurosurg 1989; 71:765-767.
65. Maeda M, Tamaoka A, Hayashi A, Mizusawa H, Shoji S. A case of HLA-DR2, DQw1 negative post-traumatic narcolepsy. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1995; 35:811-813.
66. Francisco G, Ivanhoe C. Successful treatment of post-traumatic narcolepsy with methylphenidate: a case report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 75:63-65.
67. Dauvilliers Y, Baumann C, Carlander B, et al. CSF hypocretin-1 levels in narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and otherhypersomnias and neurological conditions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003; 74:1667-1673.
68. Arii J, Kanbayashi T, Miyamoto H, Suzuki H, Kondo H, Ishii M. A case with post-trumatic hypersomnia and low hypocretin/orexin level. JSSR abstract 2004:257.
69. Bruck D, Broughton R. Diagnostic ambiguities in a case of post-traumatic narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain Inj 2004; 18:321-326.
70. Berg O, Hanley J. Narcolepsy in two cases of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1963; 39:252-256.
71. Ekbom K. Familial multiple sclerosis associated with narcolepsy. Arch Neurol 1966; 15:337-344.
72. Schrader H, Gotlibsen O, Skomedal G. Multiple sclerosis and narcolepsy/cataplexy in a monozygotic twin. Neurology 1980; 30:105-108.
73. Younger D, Pedley T, Thorpy M. Multiple sclerosis and narcolepsy: possible similar genetic susceptibility. Neurology 1991; 41:447-448.
74. Iseki K, Mezaki T, Oka Y, et al. Hypersomnia in MS. Neurology 2002; 59:2006-2007.
75. Oka Y, Kanbayashi T, Mezaki T, et al. Low CSF hypocretin-1/orexin-A associated with hypersomnia secondary to hypothalamic lesion in a case of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2004; 251:885-886.
76. von Economo C. Encephalitis lethargica: its sequela and treatment. London: Oxford University Press, 1931.
77. Stiefler G. Narkolepsie nach Enzephalitis Lethargica. Wien Klin 1924; 37:1044-1046.
78. Barker W. Studies in epilepsy: personality patterns, situatuonal stress and the symptoms of narcolepsy. Psychosom Med 1948; 10:193-202.
79. Smith C, Hamilton J. Psychological factors in the narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome. Psychosom Med 1959; 21:40-49.
80. Mamelak M. A perspective on narcolepsy. Encephale 1992; 18:347-351.
81. Siegel J. Brainstem Mechanisms Generating REM Sleep. In: Kryger MR, T. Dement, WC., ed. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2000:112-133.
82. Peyron C, Faraco J, Rogers W, et al. A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat Med. 2000; 6:991-997.
83. Thannickal T, Moore R, Nienhuis R, et al. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron 2000; 27:469-474.
84. Melberg A, Ripley B, Lin L, Hetta J, Mignot E, Nishino S. Hypocretin deficiency in familial symptomatic narcolepsy. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:136-137.
85. Melberg A, Dahl N, Hetta J, et al. Neuroimaging study in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy. Neurology 1999; 53:2190-2192.
86. Scammell T, Nishino S, Mignot E, Saper C. Narcolepsy and low CSF orexin (hypocretin) concentration after a diencephalic stroke. Neurology. 2001; 56:1751-1753.
87. Vela-Bueno A, Kales A, Soldatos C, et al. Sleep in the Prader-Willi syndrome. Clinical and polygraphic findings. Arch Neurol. 1984; 41:294-296.
88. Helbing-Zwanenburg B, Kamphuisen H, Mourtazaev M. The origin of excessive daytime sleepiness in the Prader-Willi syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1993; 37:533-541.
89. Vgontzas A, Bixler E, Kales A, et al. Daytime sleepiness and REM abnormalities in Prader-Willi syndrome: evidence of generalized hypoarousal. Int J Neurosci. 1996; 87:127-139.
90. Manni R, Politini L, Nobili L, et al. Hypersomnia in the Prader Willi syndrome: clinical-electrophysiological features and underlying factors. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112:800-805.
91. Tobias E, Tolmie J, Stephenson J. Cataplexy in the Prader-Willi syndrome. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87:170.
92. Nevsimalova S, Vankova J, Stepanova I, Seemanova E, Mignot E, Nishino S. Hypocretin Deficiency in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Sleep Res 2004.
93. Vankova J, Stepanova I, Jech R, et al. Sleep disturbances and hypocretin deficiency in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Sleep 2003; 26:427-430.
94. Vanier M. Maladie de Niemann-Pick: etude biochimique de 107 cas (97 familles). Manifestations clinique et approche physiopathologique du type C. Lyon, 1983.
95. Kanbayashi T, Abe M, Fujimoto S, et al. Hypocretin deficiency in niemann-pick type C with cataplexy. Neuropediatrics 2003; 34:52-53.
96. Philip P, Ghorayeb I, Leger D, et al. Objective measurement of sleepiness in summer vacation long-distance drivers. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997; 102:383-389.
97. Coccagna G, Mantovani M, Parchi C, Mironi F, Lugaresi E. Alveolar hypoventilation and hyperosmnia in myotonic dystrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975; 38:977-984.
98. Park J, Radtke R. Hypersomnolence in myotonic dystrophy: demonstration of sleep onset REM sleep. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 58:512-513.
99. Gibbs Jr, Ciafaloni E, Radtke R. Excessive daytime somnolence and increased rapid eye movement pressure in myotonic dystrophy. Sleep 2002; 25:672-675.
100. Katz E, McGrath S, Marcus C. Late-onset central hypoventilation with hypothalamic dysfunction: a distinct clinical syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000; 29:62-68.
101. Marcus C, Mignot E. Letter to the editor regarding our previous publication: “Secondary narcolepsy in children with brain tumors,” SLEEP 2002; 25:435-439. Sleep 2003; 26:228.
102. Kubota H, Kanbayashi T, Tanabe Y, et al. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 levels near the onset of narcolepsy in 2 prepubertal children. Sleep 2003; 26:555-557.
103. Tohyama J, Kanazawa O, Akasaka N, Kamimura T. Acase of bilateral paramedian thalamic infarction in childhood with the sensory disturbance and the sensory loss of taste. No To Hattatsu 2004; 36:65-69.
104. Guilleminault C, Quera-Salva M, Goldberg M. Pseudo-hypersomnia and pre-sleep behaviour with bilateral paramedian thalamic lesions. Brain 1993; 116:1549-1563.
105. Bassetti C, Mathis J, Gugger M, Lovblad K, Hess C. Hypersomnia following paramedian thalamic stroke: a report of 12 patients. Ann Neurol 1996; 39:471-480.
106. Kashiwagi M, Tanabe T, Hara K, et al. Sleepiness Due To Wernicke’s Encephalopathy Wirh Bilateral Hypothalamic Lesion In A 5-Year-Old Girl. Sleep 2004; suppl:A315.
107. Yamato H, Tanozaki M, Seino Y, Wakasaya Y, Suda T, Baba M. A hypersomnia case due to limbic encephalitis with decreased orexin level. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2004; 44:482.
108. Lagrange A, Blaivas M, Gomez-Hassan D, Malow B. Rasmussen’s syndrome and new-onset narcolepsy, cataplexy, and epilepsy in an adult. Epilepsy Behav 2003; 4:788-792.
109. Overeem S, van Hilten J, Ripley B, Mignot E, Nishino S, Lammers G. Normal hypocretin-1 levels in Parkinson’s disease patients with excessive daytime sleepiness. Neurology 2002; 58:498-499.
110. Drouot X, Moutereau S, Nguyen J, et al. Low levels of ventricular CSF orexin/hypocretin in advanced PD. Neurology 2003; 61:540-543.
111. Baumann C, Dauvilliers Y, Mignot E, Bassetti C. Normal CSF Hypocretin-1 (Orexin A) Levels in Dementia with Lewy Bodies Associated with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness. Eur Neurol. 2004; 52:73-76.
112. Hattori Y, Hattori T, Mukai E, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness and low CSF orexin-A/hypocretin-I levels in a patient with probable progressive supranuclear palsy. No To Shinkei 2003; 55:1053-1056.
113. Bliwise D, Rye D, Dihenia B, Gurecki P. Greater daytime sleepiness in subcortical stroke relative to Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:61-67.
114. Billiard M. Other hypersomnias. In: Billiard M, ed. Sleep: Physiology, Investigations, and Medicine. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003.
115. Poirier G, Montplaisir J, Dumont M, et al. Clinical and sleep laboratory study of narcoleptic symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1987; 37:693-695.
116. Kato T, Kanbayashi T, Yamamoto K, et al. Hypersomnia and low CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentration in a patient with multiple sclerosis showing bilateral hypothalamic lesions. Intern Med 2003; 42:743-745.
117. Kubota H, Kanbayashi T, Tanabe Y, Takanashi J, Kohno Y. A case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis presenting hypersomnia with decreased hypocretin level in cerebrospinal fluid. J Child Neurol 2002; 17:537-539.
118. Gledhill R, Bartel P, Yoshida Y, Nishino S, Scammell T. Narcolepsy caused by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Arch Neurol. 2004; 61:758-760.
119. Yoshikawa S, Suzuki S, Yamamoto K, et al. A case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with hypersomnia and low CSF hypocretin levels. Pediatric Neurology 2004.
120. Yano T, Kanbayashi T, Sawaishi Y, Shimizu T, Takada G. An Infant Case Of Hypersomnia With Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Due To Hypothalamic Dysfunction. Sleep 2004; 27:A238.
121. Nozaki H, Katada S, Sato M, Tanaka K, Nishizawa M. A case with hypersomnia and paresthesia due to diffuse MS leisons from hypothalamus to spine. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2004; 44:59.
122. Mignot E, Nishino S. Perspectives for new treatments: a 2005 update. Sleep 2005; 28.
123. Yamashita S, Ueno K, Hashimoto Y, Teramoto H, Uchino M. A case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis accompanying Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. No To Shinkei 1999; 51:799-803.
124. Kanbayashi T, Goto A, Hishikawa Y, et al. Hypersomnia due to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a 5-year-old girl. Sleep Med 2001; 2:347-350.
125. Kanbayashi T, Ishiguro H, Aizawa R, et al. Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid are low in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002; 56:273-274.
126. Nishino S, Kanbayashi T, Fujiki N, et al. CSF hypocretin levels in Guillain-Barre syndrome and other inflammatory neuropathies. Neurology 2003; 61:823-825.
127. Baumann C, Bassetti C. CSF hypocretin levels in Guillain-Barre syndrome and other inflammatory neuropathies. Neurology 2004; 62:2337.
128. Overeem S, Dalmau J, Bataller L, et al. Hypocretin-1 CSF levels in anti-Ma2 associated encephalitis. Neurology. 2004; 62:138-140.
129. Lecendreux M, Maret S, Bassetti C, Mouren M, Tafti M. Clinical efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins near the onset of narcolepsy in a 10-year-old boy. J Sleep Res 2003; 12:347-348.
130. Mignot E. Sleep, sleep disorders and hypocretin (orexin). Sleep Med 2004; 5:S2-S28.
131. Ripley B, Fujiki N, Okura M, Mignot E, Nishino S. Hypocretin levels in sporadic and familial cases of canine narcolepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8:525-534.
132. Castillo PR, Mignot E, Woodruff BK, Boeve BF. Undetectable CSF hypocretin-1 in “Hashimoto’s encephalopathy” associated with coma. Neurology 2004; 62(10):1909.
133. Voderholzer U, Riemann D, Gann H, et al. Transient total sleep loss in cerebral Whipple’s disease: a longitudinal study. J Sleep Res 2002; 11(4):321-329.