Operant Learning Versus Energy Conservation Activity Pacing Treatments in a Sample of Patients With Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal of Pain

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2019, Pages 420-439

  Racine, Mélanie ^a,b,c   Jensen, Mark P ^d   Harth, Manfred ^a   Morley Forster, Patricia ^e   Nielson, Warren R ^a,c,e  

^a LAWSON HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b WESTERN UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c ST JOSEPH S HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Activity pacing; fibromyalgia syndrome; pain intensity; physical function; psychological function

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; ENERGY CONSERVATION; FATIGUE; FIBROMYALGIA; FOLLOW UP; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SLEEP QUALITY; THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; ADULT; CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; ENERGY METABOLISM; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PILOT STUDY; PROCEDURES;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ADULT; COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; CONDITIONING, OPERANT; ENERGY METABOLISM; FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMANS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT, HEALTH CARE; PILOT PROJECTS;

EID: 85056635009     PISSN: 15265900     EISSN: 15288447     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.09.013     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Agardy, S:, Letter to the editor: comments on “Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments given in the PACE trial. Psychol Med, 43, 2013, 1787.
2. Anderson, KO, Getto, CJ, Mendoza, TR, Palmer, SN, Wang, XS, Reyes-Gibby, CC, Cleeland, CS, Fatigue and sleep disturbance in patients with cancer, patients with clinical depression, and community-dwelling adults. J Pain Symptom Manage 25 (2003), 307–318.
3. Arnold, LM, Gebke, KB, Choy, EH, Fibromyalgia: management strategies for primary care providers. Int J Clin Pract 70 (2016), 99–112.
4. Birkholtz, M, Aylwin, L, Harman, R, Activity pacing in chronic pain management: one aim, but which method? Part two: National activity pacing survey. Br J Occup Ther 67 (2004), 481–487.
5. Bjelland, I, Dahl, AA, Haug, TT, Neckelmann, D, The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 52 (2002), 69–77.
6. Borenstein M, Hedges L, Rothstein H, Cohen J, Schoenfeld D: Power And Precision: Development funded by NIMH/SBIR, 2011.
7. Bourke, JH, Johnson, AL, Sharpe, M, Chalder, T, White, PD, Pain in chronic fatigue syndrome: response to rehabilitative treatments in the PACE trial. Psychol Med 44 (2014), 1545–1552.
8. Boutron, I, Moher, D, Altman, DG, Schulz, KF, Ravaud, P, Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 148 (2008), 295–309.
9. Boutron, I, Moher, D, Altman, DG, Schulz, KF, Ravaud, P, Group, C, Methods and processes of the CONSORT Group: example of an extension for trials assessing nonpharmacologic treatments. Ann Intern Med 148 (2008), W60–W66.
10. Cane, D, Nielson, WR, McCarthy, M, Mazmanian, D, Pain-related activity patterns: measurement, interrelationships, and associations with psychosocial functioning. Clin J Pain 29 (2013), 435–442.
11. Carter, S, Letter to the editor: “Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments given in the PACE trial”: recovery or remission?. Psychol Med 43 (2013), 1787–1788.
12. Chalder, T, Goldsmith, KA, White, PD, Sharpe, M, Pickles, AR, Rehabilitative therapies for chronic fatigue syndrome: a secondary mediation analysis of the PACE trial. Lancet Psychiatr 2 (2015), 141–152.
13. Clauw, DJ, Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA 311 (2014), 1547–1555.
14. Cohen, J, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed., 1988, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ.
15. Cole, JC, Dubois, D, Kosinski, M, Use of patient-reported sleep measures in clinical trials of pain treatment: a literature review and synthesis of current sleep measures and a conceptual model of sleep disturbance in pain. Clin Ther 29:Suppl (2007), 2580–2588.
16. Courtney, R:, Letter to the editor: “Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments given in the PACE trial”: an appropriate threshold for a recovery?. Psychol Med 43 (2013), 1788–1789.
17. Courtney, R, Doubts over the validity of the PACE hypothesis. Lancet Psychiatr 2 (2015), e9–e10.
18. Cox, D., Letter to the editor: “Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments given in the PACE trial”: data on the recovery groups as a whole would be useful. Psychol Med, 43, 2013, 1789.
19. Cuperus, N, Vliet Vlieland, T, Brodin, N, Hammond, A, Kjeken, I, Lund, H, Murphy, S, Neijland, Y, Opava, CH, Roskar, S, Sargautyte, R, Stamm, T, Mata, XT, Uhlig, T, Zangi, H, van den Ende, CH, Characterizing the concept of activity pacing as a non-pharmacological intervention in rheumatology care: results of an international Delphi survey. Scand J Rheumatol 45 (2015), 1–9.
20. Dworkin, RH, Turk, DC, Revicki, DA, Harding, G, Coyne, KS, Peirce-Sandner, S, Bhagwat, D, Everton, D, Burke, LB, Cowan, P, Farrar, JT, Hertz, S, Max, MB, Rappaport, BA, Melzack, R, Development and initial validation of an expanded and revised version of the Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2). Pain 144 (2009), 35–42.
21. Dworkin, RH, Turk, DC, Wyrwich, KW, Beaton, D, Cleeland, CS, Farrar, JT, Haythornthwaite, JA, Jensen, MP, Kerns, RD, Ader, DN, Brandenburg, N, Burke, LB, Cella, D, Chandler, J, Cowan, P, Dimitrova, R, Dionne, R, Hertz, S, Jadad, AR, Katz, NP, Kehlet, H, Kramer, LD, Manning, DC, McCormick, C, McDermott, MP, McQuay, HJ, Patel, S, Porter, L, Quessy, S, Rappaport, BA, Rauschkolb, C, Revicki, DA, Rothman, M, Schmader, KE, Stacey, BR, Stauffer, JW, von, ST, White, RE, Witter, J, Zavisic, S, Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain 9 (2008), 105–121.
22. Faulkner, G, In non-blinded trials, self-report measures could mislead. Lancet Psychiatr, 2, 2015, e7.
23. Feehan, SM, Liverpool, MESG, The PACE trial in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 377 (2011), 1831–1832.
24. Finlayson, M, Pilot study of an energy conservation education program delivered by telephone conference call to people with multiple sclerosis. NeuroRehabilitation 20 (2005), 267–277.
25. Fordyce, WE, Behavioural Methods for Chronic Pain and Illness. 1976, Mosby, St. Louis, MO.
26. Furst, GP, Gerber, LH, Smith, CC, Fisher, S, Shulman, B, A program for improving energy conservation behaviors in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Occup Ther 41 (1987), 102–111.
27. Gerber, L, Furst, G, Shulman, B, Smith, C, Thornton, B, Liang, M, Cullen, K, Stevens, MB, Gilbert, N, Patient education program to teach energy conservation behaviors to patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 68 (1987), 442–445.
28. Giakoumakis, J, The PACE trial in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet, 377, 2011, 1831 author reply 377:1834-1835, 2011.
29. Gil, KM, Ross, SL, Keefe, FJ, Behavioral treatment of chronic pain: Four pain management protocols. France, RD, Krishnan, KRR, (eds.) Chronic Pain, 1988, American Psychiatric Association Press, 377–418, Washington, DC.
30. Gill, JR, Brown, CA, A structured review of the evidence for pacing as a chronic pain intervention. Eur J Pain 13 (2009), 214–216.
31. Gladman, DD, Mease, PJ, Strand, V, Healy, P, Helliwell, PS, Fitzgerald, O, Gottlieb, AB, Krueger, GG, Nash, P, Ritchlin, CT, Taylor, W, Adebajo, A, Braun, J, Cauli, A, Carneiro, S, Choy, E, Dijkmans, B, Espinoza, L, van der Heijde, D, Husni, E, Lubrano, E, McGonagle, D, Qureshi, A, Soriano, ER, Zochling, J, Consensus on a core set of domains for psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 34 (2007), 1167–1170.
32. Hays, RD, Martin, SA, Sesti, AM, Spritzer, KL, Psychometric properties of the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep measure. Sleep Med 6 (2005), 41–44.
33. Hays, RD, Stewart, AL, Sleep measures,. Stewart, AL, Ware, JE, (eds.) Measuring Functioning and Well-Being: The Medical Outcomes Study Approach, 1992, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 235–259.
34. Hoffman, DL, Dukes, EM, The health status burden of people with fibromyalgia: a review of studies that assessed health status with the SF-36 or the SF-12. Int J Clin Pract 62 (2008), 115–126.
35. Horvath, AO, Greenberg, LS, The development of the Working Alliance Inventory. Greenberg, LS, Pinsof, WM, (eds.) The Psychotherapeutic Process: A Research Handbook, 1986, Guilford Press, New York, NY, 529–556.
36. Horvath, AO, Greenberg, LS, Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. J Counsel Psychol 36 (1989), 223–233.
37. Hurst, H, Bolton, J, Assessing the clinical significance of change scores recorded on subjective outcome measures. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 27 (2004), 26–35.
38. Hwang, SS, Chang, VT, Rue, M, Kasimis, B, Multidimensional independent predictors of cancer-related fatigue. J Pain Symptom Manage 26 (2003), 604–614.
39. Jamieson-Lega, K, Berry, R, Brown, CA, Pacing: a concept analysis of the chronic pain intervention. Pain Res Manag 18 (2013), 207–213.
40. Jensen, MP, Hu, X, Potts, SL, Gould, EM, Single vs composite measures of pain intensity: relative sensitivity for detecting treatment effects. Pain 154 (2013), 534–538.
41. Jensen, MP, Karoly, P, Self-report scales and procedures for assessing pain in adults. Turk, DC, Melzack, R, (eds.) Handbook of Pain Assessment, 2001, Guilford Press, New York, NY, 15–34.
42. Jensen, MP, Karoly, P, Braver, S, The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods. Pain 27 (1986), 117–126.
43. Jensen, MP, Turner, JA, Romano, JM, Fisher, LD, Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain 83 (1999), 157–162.
44. Kewley, AJ, The PACE trial in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet, 377, 2011, 1832 author reply 377:1834-1835, 2011.
45. Khanna, D, Furst, DE, Clements, PJ, Park, GS, Hays, RD, Yoon, J, Korn, JH, Merkel, PA, Rothfield, N, Wigley, FM, Moreland, LW, Silver, R, Steen, VD, Weisman, M, Mayes, MD, Collier, DH, Medsger, TA Jr., Seibold, JR, Relaxin Study, G, Scleroderma Clinical Trials C. Responsiveness of the SF-36 and the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in a systemic sclerosis clinical trial. J Rheumatol 32 (2005), 832–840.
46. Kim, SS, Won, JC, Kwon, HS, Kim, CH, Lee, JH, Park, TS, Ko, KS, Cha, BY, Validity of the medical outcomes study sleep scale in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Korea. J Diabetes Investig 4 (2013), 405–409.
47. Kindlon, T, The PACE trial in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet, 377, 2011, 1833 author reply 377:1834-1835, 2011.
48. Kindlon, T, People want to learn as much as possible from the PACE trial for chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ, 347, 2013, f5731.
49. King, CP, Jason, LA, Frankenberry, EL, Jourdan, KM, Think inside the envelope. CFIDS Chronicle 10 (1997), 10–14.
50. Kirby, SB, Methods and outcome reporting in the PACE trial. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 2015, e10.
51. Kosinski, M, Keller, SD, Ware, JE Jr., Hatoum, HT, Kong, SX, The SF-36 Health Survey as a generic outcome measure in clinical trials of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: relative validity of scales in relation to clinical measures of arthritis severity. Med Care 37 (1999), MS23–MS39.
52. Kosinski, M, Zhao, SZ, Dedhiya, S, Osterhaus, JT, Ware, JE Jr, Determining minimally important changes in generic and disease-specific health-related quality of life questionnaires in clinical trials of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43 (2000), 1478–1487.
53. Lami, MJ, Martinez, MP, Sanchez, AI, Systematic review of psychological treatment in fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep, 17, 2013, 345.
54. Leeuw, M, Goossens, ME, Linton, SJ, Crombez, G, Boersma, K, Vlaeyen, JW, The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence. J Behav Med 30 (2007), 77–94.
55. Lethem, J, Slade, PD, Troup, JD, Bentley, G, Outline of a Fear-Avoidance Model of exaggerated pain perception–I. Behav Res Ther 21 (1983), 401–408.
56. Machin, D, Fayers, PM, Trial size. Machin, D, Fayers, PM, (eds.) Randomized clinical trials: design, practice and reporting, 2010, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.
57. Maruish, ME, User's manual for the SF-36v2 Health Survey. 3rd ed., 2011, QualityMetric Incorporated, Lincoln, RI.
58. Maryhew, C:, Letter to the editor: comments on “Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments given in the PACE trial. Psychol Med 43 (2013), 1789–1790.
59. Mathiowetz, V, Matuska, KM, Murphy, ME, Efficacy of an energy conservation course for persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82 (2001), 449–456.
60. Mathiowetz, VG, Finlayson, ML, Matuska, KM, Chen, HY, Luo, P, Randomized controlled trial of an energy conservation course for persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 11 (2005), 592–601.
61. McGrath, S, Omission of data weakens the case for causal mediation in the PACE Trial. Lancet Psychiatr 2 (2015), e7–e8.
62. Mead, K, Theadom, A, Byron, K, Dupont, S, Pilot study of a 4-week Pain Coping Strategies (PCS) programme for the chronic pain patient. Disabil Rehabil 29 (2007), 199–203.
63. Mease, PJ, Clauw, DJ, Arnold, LM, Goldenberg, DL, Witter, J, Williams, DA, Simon, LS, Strand, CV, Bramson, C, Martin, S, Wright, TM, Littman, B, Wernicke, JF, Gendreau, RM, Crofford, LJ, Fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 32 (2005), 2270–2277.
64. Mendoza, TR, Wang, XS, Cleeland, CS, Morrissey, M, Johnson, BA, Wendt, JK, Huber, SL, The rapid assessment of fatigue severity in cancer patients: use of the Brief Fatigue Inventory. Cancer 85 (1999), 1186–1196.
65. Minnock, P, Kirwan, J, Bresnihan, B, Fatigue is a reliable, sensitive and unique outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48 (2009), 1533–1536.
66. Murphy, SL, Kratz, AL, Activity pacing in daily life: a within-day analysis. Pain 155 (2014), 2630–2637.
67. Murphy, SL, Kratz, AL, Kidwell, K, Lyden, AK, Geisser, ME, Williams, DA, Brief time-based activity pacing instruction as a singular behavioral intervention was not effective in participants with symptomatic osteoarthritis. Pain 157 (2016), 1563–1573.
68. Murphy, SL, Lyden, AK, Clary, M, Geisser, ME, Yung, RL, Clauw, DJ, Williams, DA, Activity pacing for osteoarthritis symptom management: study design and methodology of a randomized trial testing a tailored clinical approach using accelerometers for veterans and non-veterans. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 12, 2011, 177.
69. Murphy, SL, Lyden, AK, Smith, DM, Dong, Q, Koliba, JF, Effects of a tailored activity pacing intervention on pain and fatigue for adults with osteoarthritis. Am J Occup Ther 64 (2010), 869–876.
70. Murphy, SL, Smith, DM, Alexander, NB, Measuring activity pacing in women with lower-extremity osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Am J Occup Ther 62 (2008), 329–334.
71. Murphy, SL, Strasburg, DM, Lyden, AK, Smith, DM, Koliba, JF, Dadabhoy, DP, Wallis, SM, Effects of activity strategy training on pain and physical activity in older adults with knee or hip osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 59 (2008), 1480–1487.
72. Nielson, W, Jensen, MP, Vlaeyen, JW, Activity pacing in chronic pain: concepts, evidence and future directions. Clin J Pain 29 (2013), 461–468.
73. Nielson, WR, Jensen, MP, Relationship between changes in coping and treatment outcome in patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Pain 109 (2004), 233–241.
74. Nielson, WR, Jensen, MP, Karsdorp, PA, Vlaeyen, JW, A content analysis of activity pacing in chronic pain: what are we measuring and why. Clin J Pain 30 (2013), 639–645.
75. Packer, TL, Brink, NAS, Managing Fatigue: A Six-Week Course for Energy Conservation. 1995, Therapy Skill Builders, Tuscon, AZ.
76. Philips, HC, Rachman, S, The role of activity pacing. Philips, HC, Rachman, S, (eds.) The Psychological Management of Chronic Pain, 1996, Springer, New York, NY, 173–183.
77. Puhan, MA, Frey, M, Buchi, S, Schunemann, HJ, The minimal important difference of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Health Quality Life Outcomes, 6, 2008, 46.
78. Sauter, C, Zebenholzer, K, Hisakawa, J, Zeitlhofer, J, Vass, K, A longitudinal study on effects of a six-week course for energy conservation for multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 14 (2008), 500–505.
79. Services USDoHaH. Rehabilitation through learning: energy conservation and joint protection. 1985, Public Health Service National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
80. Sharpe, M, Goldsmith, KA, Johnson, AL, Chalder, T, Walker, J, White, PD, Rehabilitative treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome: long-term follow-up from the PACE trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2 (2015), 1067–1074.
81. Shepherd, C, Letter to the editor: comments on “Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments given in the PACE trial.”. Psychol Med 43 (2013), 1790–1791.
82. Shinohara, M, The PACE trial in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 377 (2011), 1833–1834 author reply 377:1834-1835, 2011.
83. Singh, JA, Strand, V, Gout is associated with more comorbidities, poorer health-related quality of life and higher healthcare utilisation in US veterans. Ann Rheum Dis 67 (2008), 1310–1316.
84. Singh, JA, Strand, V, Spondyloarthritis is associated with poor function and physical health-related quality of life. J Rheumatol 36 (2009), 1012–1020.
85. Stouten, B, Goudsmit, EM, Riley, N, The PACE trial in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 377 (2011), 1832–1833 author reply 377:1834-1835, 2011.
86. Strand, V, Singh, JA, Improved health-related quality of life with effective disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: evidence from randomized controlled trials. Am J Manag Care 14 (2008), 234–254.
87. Tabachnick, BG, Fidell, LS, Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed., 2007, Pearson Education Inc USA, Fort Worth, TX.
88. Tan, G, Jensen, MP, Thornby, JI, Shanti, BF, Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain 5 (2004), 133–137.
89. Thieme, K, Flor, H, Turk, DC, Psychological pain treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome: efficacy of operant behavioural and cognitive behavioural treatments. Arthritis Res Ther, 8, 2006, R121.
90. Thieme, K, Gromnica-Ihle, E, Flor, H, Operant behavioral treatment of fibromyalgia: a controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 49 (2003), 314–320.
91. Thumboo, J, Strand, V, Health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an update. Ann Acad Med Singapore 36 (2007), 115–122.
92. Torrance, N, Smith, BH, Bennett, MI, Lee, AJ, The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population survey. J Pain 7 (2006), 281–289.
93. Turk, DC, Dworkin, RH, Trudeau, JJ, Benson, C, Biondi, DM, Katz, NP, Kim, M, Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with acute low back pain. J Pain 16 (2015), 1012–1021.
94. Twisk, F, Post-exertional malaise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet Psychiatr 2 (2015), e8–e9.
95. van Koulil, S, Kraaimaat, FW, van Lankveld, W, van Helmond, T, Vedder, A, van Hoorn, H, Donders, AR, Thieme, K, Cats, H, van Riel, PL, Evers, AW, Cognitive-behavioral mechanisms in a pain-avoidance and a pain-persistence treatment for high-risk fibromyalgia patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 63 (2011), 800–807.
96. van Koulil, S, van Lankveld, W, Kraaimaat, FW, van Helmond, T, Vedder, A, van Hoorn, H, Donders, AR, Wirken, L, Cats, H, van Riel, PL, Evers, AW, Tailored cognitive-behavioural therapy and exercise training improves the physical fitness of patients with fibromyalgia. Ann Rheum Dis 70 (2011), 2131–2133.
97. van Koulil, S, van Lankveld, W, Kraaimaat, FW, van Helmond, T, Vedder, A, van Hoorn, H, Donders, R, de Jong, AJ, Haverman, JF, Korff, KJ, van Riel, PL, Cats, HA, Evers, AW, Tailored cognitive-behavioral therapy and exercise training for high-risk patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 62 (2010), 1377–1385.
98. Vanage, SM, Gilbertson, KK, Mathiowetz, V, Effects of an energy conservation course on fatigue impact for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis. Am J Occup Ther 57 (2003), 315–323.
99. Veehof, MM, Ten Klooster, PM, Taal, E, Westerhof, GJ, Bohlmeijer, ET, Psychometric properties of the Dutch Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in patients with fibromyalgia. Clin Rheumatol 30 (2011), 1045–1054.
100. Viala-Danten, M, Martin, S, Guillemin, I, Hays, RD, Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Medical Outcomes Study sleep scale in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy during an international clinical trial. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 6, 2008, 113.
101. Vlaeyen, JW, de Jong, AJ, Leeuw, M, Crombez, G, Fear Reduction in Chronic Pain: Graded Exposure In Vivo With Behavioral Experiments. 2004, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
102. Vlaeyen, JW, Karsdorp, P, Gatzounis, R, Ranson, S, Schrooten, M, The PACE trial in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet, 377, 2011, 1834 author reply 377:1834-1835, 2011.
103. Vlaeyen, JW, Linton, SJ, Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 85 (2000), 317–332.
104. Walwyn, R, Potts, L, McCrone, P, Johnson, AL, DeCesare, JC, Baber, H, Goldsmith, K, Sharpe, M, Chalder, T, White, PD, A randomised trial of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): statistical analysis plan. Trials, 14, 2013, 386.
105. Ware, JE Jr., Kosinski, M, Dewy, JE, How to score Version 2 of the SF-36 Health Survey (Standard and Acute Forms). 2001, QualityMetric Incorporated, Lincoln, RI.
106. Ware, JJ, Snow, K, Kosinski, M, Gandek, B, SF-36 Health Survey: manual and interpretation guide. 1993, The Health Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA.
107. White, PD, Chalder, T, Sharpe, M, Johnson, T, Goldsmith, K, PACE trial authors’ reply to letter by Kindlon. BMJ, 347, 2013, f5963.
108. White, PD, Goldsmith, K, Johnson, AL, Chalder, T, Sharpe, M, Letter to the editor: response to correspondence concerning “Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments in the PACE trial.”. Psychol Med 43 (2013), 1791–1792.
109. White, PD, Goldsmith, KA, Johnson, AL, Potts, L, Walwyn, R, DeCesare, JC, Baber, HL, Burgess, M, Clark, LV, Cox, DL, Bavinton, J, Angus, BJ, Murphy, G, Murphy, M, O'Dowd, H, Wilks, D, McCrone, P, Chalder, T, Sharpe, M, Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial. Lancet 377 (2011), 823–836.
110. White, PD, Sharpe, MC, Chalder, T, DeCesare, JC, Walwyn, R, PACE trial group:. Protocol for the PACE trial: a randomised controlled trial of adaptive pacing, cognitive behaviour therapy, and graded exercise, as supplements to standardised specialist medical care versus standardised specialist medical care alone for patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis or encephalopathy. BMC Neurol, 7, 2007, 6.
111. Williams, ACC, In-patient management of chronic pain. Hodes, M, Moorey, S, (eds.) Psychological Treatment in Disease and Illness, 1993, The Society for Psychosomatic Research & Gaskell, London, UK.
112. Wolfe, F:, Fatigue assessments in rheumatoid arthritis: comparative performance of visual analog scales and longer fatigue questionnaires in 7760 patients. J Rheumatol 31 (2004), 1896–1902.
113. Wolfe, F:, New American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia: a twenty-year journey. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 62 (2010), 583–584.
114. Wolfe, F, Clauw, DJ, Fitzcharles, MA, Goldenberg, DL, Katz, RS, Mease, P, Russell, AS, Russell, IJ, Winfield, JB, Yunus, MB, The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 62 (2010), 600–610.
115. Wolfe, F, Smythe, HA, Yunus, MB, Bennett, RM, Bombardier, C, Goldenberg, DL, Tugwell, P, Campbell, SM, Abeles, M, Clark, P, Fam, AG, Farber, SJ, Fiechtner, JJ, Franklin, CM, Gatter, RA, Hamaty, D, Lessard, J, Lichtbroun, AS, Masi, AT, McCanin, GA, Reynolds, WJ, Romano, TJ, Russell, IJ, Sheon, RP, The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia: Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum 33 (1990), 160–172.
116. Woolrich, RA, Kennedy, P, Tasiemski, T, A preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in 963 people living with a spinal cord injury. Psychol Health Med 11 (2006), 80–90.
117. Zigmond, AS, Snaith, RP, The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 67 (1983), 361–370.