The oxygen heterocyclic components of citrus essential oils

Citrus Oils: Composition, Advanced Analytical Techniques, Contaminants, and Biological Activity

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 405-444

  Dugo, Paola ^a   Russo, Marina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85055380722     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b10314     Document Type: Chapter

References (121)

1. Ameer, B., and Weintraub, R.A. 1997. Drug interactions with grapefruit juice. Clin. Pharmacocinet. 33:103-121.
2. Analytical Methods Committee. 1987. Applications of high performance liquid chromatography to the analysis of essential oils. Part 1. Determination of bergapten (4-methoxyfuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-one) (8-methoxypsoralen) in oils of bergamot. Analyst 112:195-198.
3. Bailey, D.G., Spence, J.D., Edgar, B., Baycliff, C.D., and Arnold, J.M. 1989. Ethanol enhances the emodynamic effects of felodipine. Clin. Invest. Med, 12:357-362.
4. Benincasa, M., Buiarelli, F., Cartoni, G.P., and Coccioli, F. 1990. Analysis of lemon and bergamot essential oils by HPLC with microbore columns. Chromatographia 30:271-276.
5. Berahia, T., Gaydou, E.M., Cerrati, C., and Wallet, J. 1994. Mass spectrometry of polymethoxylated flavones. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:1697-1700.
6. Bianchini, J.P., and Gaydou, E.M. 1980. Separation of polymethoxylated flavones by straight-phase highperformance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 190:233-236.
7. Bianchini, J.P., and Gaydou, E.M. 1981. Role of water in qualitative and quantitative determination of polymethoxylated flavones by straight-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: application to orange peel oils. J. Chromatogr. 211:61-78.
8. Böhme, H., and Pietsch, G. 1938. Stearoptene of orange peel oil. Arch. Pharm. 276:482-488.
9. Bonaccorsi, I., McNair, H.M., Brunner, L.A., Dugo, P., and Dugo, G. 1999. Fast HPLC for the analysis of oxygen heterociclic compounds of citrus essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:4237-4239.
10. Bonaccorsi, I., Dugo, G., Mcnair, H.M., and Dugo, P. 2000. Rapid HPLC methods for the analysis of the oxygen heterocyclic fraction in citrus essential oils. Ital. J. Food Sci. 4:485-491.
11. Bonaccorsi, I., Dugo, P., Trozzi, A., Cotroneo, A., and Dugo, G. 2009. Characterization of mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) essential oil. Determination of volatiles, non-volatiles, physico-chemical indices and enantiomeric ratios. Natural Products Communications 4:1-7.
12. Buiarelli, F., Cartoni, G. P., Coccioli, F., and Ravazzi, E. 1991. Analysis of orange and mandarin essential oils by HPLC. Chromatographia 31:489-492.
13. Buiarelli, A., Cartoni, G., Coccioli, F., Jasionowska, R., and Mazzarino, M. 2002. Analysis of limette and bergamot distilled essential oils by HPLC. Anna. Chim. 92:363-372.
14. Calabrò, G., and Currò, P. 1975. Spectrofluorimetric determination of the coumarins of bergamot essential oil. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum, 45:246-262.
15. Calabrò, G., and Currò, P. 1976. Spectrofluorimetric determination of coumarins from lemon essential oil. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum. 46:215-223.
16. Caldwell, A.G., and Jones E.R.H. 1945. The constituents of expressed west Indian lime oil. J. Chem. Soc. 540-543.
17. Calvarano, M., and Gallino, M. 1975. Contributo allo studio del limāo Galego (Citrus aurantifolia Sw.) coltivato in Brasile. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum., 45:279-291.
18. Calvarano, I., Ferlazzo, A., and Di Giacomo, A. 1979. The cumarinic and furocumarinic composition of bergamot oil. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum., 49:12-21.
19. Calvarano, I., Calvarano, M., Gionfriddo, F, Bovalo, F., and Postorino, E. 1995. HPLC profile of citrus essential oils from different geographic origin. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum., 65:488-502.
20. Chen, J., Montanari, A.M., and Widmer, W.W. 1997. Two new polymethoxylated flavones, a class of compounds with potential anticancer activity, isolated from cold pressed dancy tangerine peel oil solids. J. Agric. Food Chem, 45:364-368.
21. Chouchi, D., and Barth, D. 1994. Rapid identification of some coumarin derivatives in deterpenated citrus peel oil by gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 672:177-183.
22. Cieri, U.R. 1969. Characterization of the steam non-volatile residue of bergamot oil and some other essential oils. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 52:719-728.
23. Costa, R., Dugo, P., Navarra, M., Raymo, M., Dugo, G., and Mondello, L. 2010. Study on the chemical composition variability of some processed bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oils. Flavour Fragr. J. 25:4-12.
24. Crupi, M.L., Costa, R., Dugo, P., Dugo, G., and Mondello, L. 2007. A comprehensive study on the chemical composition and aromatic characteristics of lemon liquor. Food Chem. 105:771-783.
25. D’Amore, G., and Calapaj, R. 1965. Le sostanze fluorescenti contenute nelle essenze di limone, bergamotto, mandarino, arancio dolce, arancio amaro. Rass. Chim. 6:264-269.
26. Dandan, W., Jian, W., Xuehui, H., Ying, T., and Kunyi, N. 2007. Identification of polymethoxylated flavones from green tangerine peel (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride) by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44:63-69.
27. Di Giacomo, A., and Calvarano, I. 1974. Estudio del aceite de bergamotta por cromatografia en lamina delgada y espectrofluorimetria. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum, 44:329-339.
28. Di Giacomo, A., and Calvarano, M. 1978. The bergapten content in cold-extracted bergamot essential oil. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum., 48:51-83.
29. Di Giacomo, A. 1990. Valutazione della qualità delle essenze agrumarie “cold-pressed” in relazione al contenuto in composti cumarinici e psoralenici. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum., 60:313-334.
30. Di Giacomo, G., and Di Giacomo, A. 1999. Cumarine e furocumarine nell’olio di bergamotto. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum. 69:247-250.
31. Dresser, G.K., Spence, J.D., and Bailey, D.G. 2000. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic consequences and clinical relevance of cytochrome P4503A4 inhibition. Clin. Pharmacokinet, 38:41-57.
32. Dugo, G., Bonaccorsi, I., Ragonese, C., et al. 2010. Analytical characterization of mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Tan.) oils. Flavour Fragr. J. In press.
33. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Cogliandro, Stagno d’Alcontres, I., and Cotroneo, A. 1994. On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part 46. Polymethoxylated flavones of the non volatile residue of Italian sweet orange and mandarin essential oils. Flavour Fragr. J, 9:105-111.
34. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Lamonica, G. and Dugo, G. 1996a. OPLC analysis of heterocyclic oxygen compounds from citrus fruit essential oils. J. Planar Chromatogr. 9:120-125.
35. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Dugo, G., et al. 1996b. Rapid analysis of polymethoxylated flavones from citrus oils by supercritical fluid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44:3900-3905.
36. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Cogliandro, E., Verzera, A., and Dugo, G. 1996c. On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. 51. Oxygen heterocyclic compounds of bitter orange oil (Citrus aurantium L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 44:544-549.
37. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Stagno d’Alcontres I., Cavazza A., and Dugo, G. 1997a. Oxygen heterocyclic compounds of citrus essential oils. Perf. Flav. 22 (1):25-30.
38. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Lamonica, G., and Dugo, G. 1997b. Characterization of cold-pressed key and Persian lime oils by gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and physicochemical indices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45:3608-3616.
39. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Cogliandro, E., Cavazza, A., and Dugo G. 1998. On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part LIII. Determination of the composition of the oxygen heterocyclic fraction of lemon essential oils (Citrus limon L. Burm. f.) by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Flavour Fragr. J. 13:329-334.
40. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Proteggente, A.R., and Dugo, G. 1999. Oxygen heterocyclic compounds of bergamot essential oils. Riv. Ital. EPPOS 27:31-41.
41. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., and Dugo, G. 2000a. Citrus oils: liquid chromatography. In Encyclopedia of Separation Science, ed. M. Cooke, 2441-2454. San Diego, USA: Academic Press.
42. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Dugo, L., Stancanelli, R., and Dugo, G. 2000b. LC-MS for the identification of oxygen heterocyclic compounds in citrus essential oils. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 24:147-154.
43. Dugo, P, and McHale, D. 2002. The oxygen heterocyclic compounds of citrus essential oils. In Citrus, eds. G. Dugo, and A. Di Giacomo, 355-390. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
44. Dugo, P., Favoino, O., Luppino, R., Dugo, G., and Mondello, L. 2004a. Comprehensive two-dimensional normal- phase (adsorption)-reversed phase liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem. 76: 2525-2530.
45. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Lo Presti, M., Favoino, O., Luppino, R., and Dugo, G. 2004b. HPLC-APCI/MS per l’analisi dei componenti a nucleo eterociclico contenente ossigeno degli olii essenziali agrumari. In Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, 476-480. Milano: Morgan Edizioni Scientifiche.
46. Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Favoino, O., Cicero, L., Rodriguez Zenzero, N.A., and Dugo, G. 2005. Characterization of cold-pressed Mexican dancy tangerne oils. Flavour Fragr. J. 20:60-66.
47. Dugo, P., Piperno, A., Romeo, R., et al. 2009. Determination of oxygen heterocyclic components in citrus products by HPLC with UV detection. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:6543-6551.
48. Feger, W., Brandauer, H., and Ziegler, H. 2001. Analytical investigation of Sweetie peel oil. J. Ess. Oil Res. 13:309-313.
49. Feger, W., Brandauer, H., and Ziegler, H. 2003. Analytical investigation of Murcott (Honey) tangerine peel oil. J. Ess. Oil Res. 15:143-147.
50. Feger, W., Brandauer, H., Gabris, P., and Ziegler, H. 2006. Nonvolatiles of commercial lime and grapefruit oils separated by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:2242-2252.
51. Fisher, J.F., and Nordby, H.E. 1965. Isolation and spectral characterization of coumarins in Florida grapefruit peel oil. J. Food Sci. 30:869-873.
52. Fisher, J.F., and Nordby, H.E. 1966. Two new coumarins from grapefruit peel oil. Tetrahedron 22:1489-1493.
53. Fisher, J.F., Nordby, H.E., Waiss, A.C. Jr, and Stanley, W.L. 1967. A new coumarin from grapefruit peel oil. Tetrahedron 23:2523-2528.
54. Fisher, J.F., and Trama, L.A. 1979. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of some coumarins and psoralens found in citrus peel oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 27:1334-1337.
55. François, I., de Villiers, A., and Sandra, P. 2006. Considerations on the possibilities and limitations of comprehensive normal phase-reversed phase liquid chromatography (NPLC×RPLC), J. Sep. Sci, 29:492-498.
56. François, I., de Villiers, A., Tienpont, B., David, F., and Sandra, P. 2008. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography applying two parallel columns in the second dimension. J. Chromatogr. A 1178:33-42.
57. Frérot, E., and Decorzant, E. 2004. Quantification of total furocoumarins in citrus oils by HPLC coupled with UV, fluorescence, and mass detection. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:6879-6886.
58. Fukuda, K., Ohta, T., Oshima, Y., Ohashi, N., Yoshikawa, M., and Yamazoe, Y. 1997. Specific CYP3A4 inhibitors in grapefruit juice: furocoumarins dimmers as components of drug interaction. Pharmacogenetics 5:391-396.
59. Gardana, C., Nalin, F., and Simonetti, P. 2008. Evaluation of flavonoids and furanocoumarins from Citrus bergamia (bergamot) juice and identification of new compounds. Molecules 13:2220-2228.
60. Gattuso, G., Barreca, D., Caristi, C., Gargiulli, C., and Lezzi, U. 2007. Distribution of flavonoids and furocoumarins in juices from cultivars of Citrus bergamia Risso. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:9921-9927.
61. Gaydou, E.M., Bianchini, J.-P., and Randriamiharisoa, R.P. 1987. Orange and mandarin peel oils differentiation using polymethoxylated flavone composition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 85:525-529.
62. Glandian, R., Corneteau, H., Drouet, S., and Rouzet, M. 1978. Composition of the non volatile fraction of the essential oil of lemon from the Ivory Coast. Labo-Pharma Probl. Tech. 26:503-507.
63. Gionfriddo, F., Postorino, E., and Bovalo, F. 1997. On the authenticity of bergamot oil: HPLC profile of heterocyclic components. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum, 67:342-352.
64. Iinuma, M., Matsuura, S., Kurogochi, K., and Tanaka, T. 1980. Studies on the constituents of useful plants. 5. Multisubstituted flavones in the fruit peel of Citrus reticulata and their examination by gas-liquid chromatography. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 28:717-722.
65. Kane, G.C., and Lipsky, J.J. 2000. Drug-grapefruit juice interactions. Mayo Clin. Proc. 75:933-942.
66. Kleiner, H.E., Xia, X., Sonoda, J., et al. 2008. Effects of naturally occurring coumarins on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 232:337-350.
67. Komatsu, S., Tanaka, S. Ozawa, S., Kubo, R., Ono, Y., and Matsuda, Z. 1930. Biochemical studies on grapefruits, Citrus aurantium L. J. Chem. Soc. Japan 51:478-498.
68. Ho, P.C., Saville, DJ., and Wanwimolruk, S. 2001. Inhibition of human CYP3A4 activity by grapefruit flavonoids, furanocoumarins and related compounds. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, 4:217-227.
69. Latz, H.W., and Madsen, B.C. 1969. Total luminescence of coumarin derivatives isolated from expressed lime oil. Anal. Chem. 41:1180-1185.
70. Latz, H.W., and Ernes, D.A. 1978. Selective fluorescence detection of citrus oil components separated by highpressure liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 166:189-199.
71. Lawrence, B.M. 1982. Progress in essential oils-Coumarins and psoralens in citrus oils. Perfum. Flavor.7(3):57-65.
72. Lawrence, B.M. 2001. Progress in essential oils-Mandarin oil. Perfum. Flavor. 26(1):36-44.
73. Lawrence, B.M. 2009. Progress in essential oils-Sweet orange oil. Perfum. Flavor. 34(3):52-56.
74. Li, S., Lo, C., and Ho, C. 2006. Hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones and methylated flavonoids in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:4176-4185.
75. Li, S., Lambros, T., Wang, Z., Goodnow, R., and Ho, C. 2007. Efficient and scalable method in isolation of polymeyhoxyflavones from orange peel extract by supercritical fluid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B 846:291-297.
76. Lin, Y.K., Sheu, M.T., Huang, C.H., and Ho, H. 2009. Development of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for analyzing furanocoumarin components in citrus fruit juices and Chinese herbal medicines. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 47:211-215.
77. Lubda, D., Cabrera, K., Kraas, W., Schaefer, C., Cunningham, D., and Majors, R.E. 2001. New developments in the application of monolithic HPLC columns. LC GC North Am. 19:1186-1191.
78. Madsen, B. C., and Latz, H. L. 1970. Qualitative and quantitative in situ fluorimetry of citrus oil thin-layer chromatograms. J. Chromatogr. 50:288-303.
79. Mangiola, C., Postorino, E., Gionfriddo, F., Catalfamo, M., and Manganaro, R. 2009 Evaluation of the genuiness of cold-pressed bergamot oil. Traditional analyses high resolution gas chromatographic and chiral analyses. Perfum. Flavor. 34:26-32.
80. Manthey, J.A., and Buslig, B.S., 2005. Distribution of furanocoumarins in grapefruit juice fractions. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53:5158-5163.
81. McHale, D., and Sheridan, J.B. 1983. Detection of adulteration of cold-pressed bitter orange oil. Paper presented at IX International Essential Oil Congress, Singapore. Technical paper book 3: 43-48.
82. McHale, D., and Sheridan, J.B. 1988. Detection of adulteration of cold-pressed lemon oil. Flavour Fragr. J, 3:127-133.
83. McHale, D., and Sheridan, J.B. 1989. The oxygen heterocyclic compounds of citrus peel oils. J. Ess. Oil Res. 1:139-149.
84. McHale, D. 2002. Adulteration of citrus oils. In Citrus, eds. G. Dugo, G., and A. Di Giacomo, 496-517. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
85. Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., and Theoharides 2000. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells:Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol. Rev, 52:673-751.
86. Mondello, L., Stagno d’Alcontres, I., Del Duce, R., and Crispo, F., 1993. On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part 40. Composition of the coumarins and psoralens of Calabrian bergamot essential oil (Citrus bergamia Risso). Flav. Fragr. J, 8:17-24.
87. Morin, Ph., Gallois, A., Richard, H., and Gaydon, E. 1991. Fast separation of polymethoxylated flavones by carbon dioxide supercritical fluid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 586:171-176.
88. Murakami, A., Kuki, W., Takahashi, Y., et al. 1997. Auraptene, a citrus coumarin, inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induces tumor promotion in ICR mouse skin, possibly through suppression of superoxide generation in leukocytes. Jpn. J. Cancer Res, 88:4443-4452.
89. Nigg, H.N., Nordby, H.E., Beier, R.C., Dillman, A., Macias, C., and Hansen, R.C. 1993. Phototoxic coumarins in limes. Fd. Chem. Toxic, 31:331-335.
90. Ogawa, K., Kawasaki, A., Yoshida, T., et al. 2000. Evaluation of auraptene content in citrus fruits and their products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:1763-1769.
91. Ortiz, J.M. 2002. Botany: taxonomi, morphology and physiology of fruits, leaves and flowers. In Citrus, eds. G. Dugo, and A. Di Giacomo, 16-35. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
92. Patnayak, K.C., Rangaswani, S., and Seshadri, T.R. 1942. Chemical investigation of Indian fruits. III. Characteristic crystalline components of certain citrus fruits (oranges of the circars). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 16A:10-15.
93. Peroutka, R., Schulzová, V., Botek, P., and Hajšlová J. 2007. Analysis of furanocoumarins in vegetables (Apiaceae) anal citrus fruits (Rutaceae). J. Sci. Food Agric. 87:2152-2163.
94. Porcaro, P.J., and Shubiak, P. 1974. Liquid chromatographic determination of bergapten content in treated or natural bergamot oils. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem, 57:145-147.
95. Prosen, H., and Kočar, D. 2008. Different sample preparation methods combined with LC-MS/MS and LC-UV for determination of some furocoumarin compounds in products containing citruses. Flavour Fragr. J. 23:263-271.
96. Raman, G., Jayaprakasha, G.K., Cho, M., Brodbelt, J., and Patil, B.S. 2005. Rapid adsorptive separation of citrus polymethoxylated flavones in non-aqueous conditions. Sep. Purif. Technol. 45:147-152.
97. Row, E. C., Brown, S.A., Stachulski, A.V., and Lennard, M.S. 2006. Synthesis of 8-geranyloxypsoralen anlogues and their evaluation as inhibitors of CYP3A4. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14:3865-3871.
98. Sale, J.W., Winkler, W.O., Gnagy, M.J., et al. 1953. Analysis of lemon oils. J. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem. 36:112-119.
99. Sarin, P.S., and Seshadri, T.R. 1960. New components of Citrus aurantium. Tetrahedron 8:64-66.
100. Schipilliti, L., Tranchida, P.Q., Sciarrone, D., et al. 2010. Genuiness assessment of mandarin essential oils employing gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS), J. Sep. Sci. 33:617-625.
101. Schmidt, C.O., Krammer, G.E., Weber, B., et al. 2006. Powerful analytical tools for citrus characterization: LC/MS and LC/NMR characterization of polymethoxylated flavones. In Potential Health Benefits of Citrus, ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, Chapter 5: 70-78.
102. Shu, C. K., Walradt, J. P., and Taylor, W.I. 1975. Improved method for bergapten determination by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 106:271-282.
103. Sommer, H., Bertran, H.J., Krammer, G., et al. 2003. HPLC-NMR a powerful tool for the identification of nonvolatiles in lemon peel oils. Perf. Flav. 28:21-34.
104. Stanley, W.L., and Vannier, S.H. 1957. Chemical composition of lemon oil. Isolation of a series of substituted coumarins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79:3488-3491.
105. Stanley, W.L. 1963. Recent development in coumarin chemistry. Aspects plant Phenolic Chem. Proc. Symp. 3rd Univ. Toronto, 79-102.
106. Stanley, W.L., Waiss, A.C. Jr, Lundin, R.E., and Vannier, S.H. 1965. Auraptenol, a coumarin compound in bitter (Seville) orange oil. Tetrahedron 21:89-92.
107. Stanley, W.L., and Vannier, S.H. 1967. Psoralens and substituted coumarins from expressed oil of lime. Phytochemistry 6:585-596.
108. Stanley, W.L., and Jurd, L. 1971. Citrus coumarins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 19:1106-1110.
109. Swift, L.J. 1960. Nobiletin from the peel of the Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis L.). J. Org. Chem. 25:2067-2068.
110. Tanaka, T., Kawabata, K., Kakumoto, M., et al. 1997. Citrus auraptene inhibits chemically induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in male F344 rats. Carcinogenesis 18:2155:2161.
111. Tanaka, N., Kobayashi, H., Ishizuka, N., et al. 2002. Monolithic silica columns for high-efficiency chromatographic separations. J. Chromatogr. A 965:35-49.
112. Tatum, J.H., and Berry, R.E. 1972. Six new flavonoids from citrus. Phytochemistry 11:2283-2288.
113. Tatum, J.H., and Berry, R.E. 1979. Coumarins and psoralens in grapefruit peel oil. Phytochemistry 18:500-502.
114. Vernin, G., Bianchini, J.-P., and Siouffi, A. 1979. Methods for determinino bergapten and citropten in bergamot essential oils. Comparative study. Parfums, Cosmet., Aromes 30: 49-50, 53-55.
115. Versari, A., Natali, N., Russo, M.T., and Antonelli, A. 2003. Analysis of some italian liquors (Limoncello), J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:4978-4983.
116. Verzera, A., Proteggente, A.R., and Lamonica, G. 1997a. Sulla genuinità delle essenze agrumarie. Nota LV. La composizione dell’olio essenziale di mandarino prodotto nella stagione 1996/97. Essenz. Deriv. Agrum., 67:154-170.
117. Verzera, A., Lamonica, G., Mondello, L., Trozzi, A., and Dugo, G. 1997b. The composition of bergamot oil. Perfum. Flavor. 21:19-34.
118. Verzera, A., Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Trozzi, A., and Cotroneo, A. 1999. Extraction technology and lemon oil composition. Ital. J. Food Sci. 11:361-370.
119. Weber, B., Hartmann, B., Stöckigt, D., et al. 2006. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance as complementary analytical techniques for unambiguous identification of polymethoxylated flavones in residues from molecular distillation of orange peel oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:274-278.
120. Widmer, W., and Haun, C. 2005. Variation in furanocoumarin content and new furanocoumarin dimers in commercial grapefruit. J. Food Sci. 70:307-312.
121. Ziegler, H., and Spiteller, G. 1992. Coumarins and psoralens from sicilian lemon oil (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.). Flavour Fragr. J. 7:129-139.