Carbon footprint of milk from pasture-based dairy farms in Azores, Portugal

Sustainability (Switzerland)

Volumn 10, Issue 10, 2018, Pages

  Morais, Tiago G ^a   Teixeira, Ricardo F M ^a   Rodrigues, Nuno R ^b   Domingos, Tiago ^a  

^a INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO   (Portugal)

^b Sociedade Unipessoal   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Dairy; Global warming potential; Grazing; Greenhouse gases; Industrial ecology; Life cycle assessment; Milk production; Sustainable food production

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE; CARBON FOOTPRINT; DAIRY FARMING; FOOD PRODUCTION; GLOBAL WARMING; GRAZING; GREENHOUSE GAS; INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY; LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS; LITERATURE REVIEW; MILK PRODUCTION; PASTURE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

AZORES; PORTUGAL;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 85054923014     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20711050     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/su10103658     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Smith, P.; Martino, D.; Cai, Z.; Gwary, D.; Janzen, H.; Kumar, P.; McCarl, B.; Ogle, S.; O'Mara, F.; Rice, C.; et al. Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 2008, 363, 789-813
2. Leip, A.; Weiss, F.; Wassenaar, T.; Perez, I.; Fellmann, T.; Loudjani, P.; Tubiello, F.; Grandgirard, D.; Monni, S.; Biala, K. Evaluation of the Livestock Sector's Contribution to the EU Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GGELS)-Final Report; European Commission, Joint Research Centre: Ispra, Italy, 2010
3. Gerber, P.J.; Steinfeld, H.; Henderson, B.; Mottet, A.; Opio, C.; Dijkman, J.; Falculli, A.; Tempio, G. Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock: A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2013; ISBN 9789251079201
4. FAO. Environmental Performance of Large Ruminant Supply Chains: Guidelines for Assessment; Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnership; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2016
5. Guinée, J.B. Handbook on life cycle assessment operational guide to the ISO standards. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2002, 7, 311-313
6. Hellweg, S.; Milà i Canals, L. Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment. Science 2014, 344, 1109-1113
7. Roy, P.; Nei, D.; Orikasa, T.; Xu, Q.; Okadome, H.; Nakamura, N.; Shiina, T. A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products. J. Food Eng. 2009, 90, 1-10
8. Foster, C.; Green, K.; Bleda, M.; Dewik, P. Environmental Impacts of Food Production and Consumption; Final Report; Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs: Manchester, UK, 2007
9. Notarnicola, B.; Hayashi, K.; Curran, M.A.; Huisingh, D. Progress in working towards a more sustainable agri-food industry. J. Clean. Prod. 2012, 28, 1-8
10. Morais, T.G.; Teixeira, R.F.M.; Domingos, T. The effects on greenhouse gas emissions of sustainable intensification of meat production with rainfed sown biodiverse pastures. Sustainability 2018, under revision
11. Zucali, M.; Tamburini, A.; Sandrucci, A.; Bava, L. Global warming and mitigation potential of milk and meat production in Lombardy (Italy). J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 153, 474-482
12. Chobtang, J.; Ledgard, S.F.; McLaren, S.J.; Zonderland-Thomassen, M.; Donaghy, D.J. Appraisal of environmental profiles of pasture-based milk production: A case study of dairy farms in the Waikato region, New Zealand. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2016, 21, 311-325
13. Christie, K.M.; Rawnsley, R.P.; Eckard, R.J. A whole farm systems analysis of greenhouse gas emissions of 60 Tasmanian dairy farms. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2011, 166-167, 653-662
14. Schader, C.; Jud, K.; Meier, M.S.; Kuhn, T.; Oehen, B.; Gattinger, A. Quantification of the effectiveness of greenhouse gas mitigation measures in Swiss organic milk production using a life cycle assessment approach. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 73, 227-235
15. Guerci, M.; Knudsen, M.T.; Bava, L.; Zucali, M.; Schönbach, P.; Kristensen, T. Parameters affecting the environmental impact of a range of dairy farming systems in Denmark, Germany and Italy. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 54, 133-141
16. Brentrup, F.; Pallière, C. GHG Emissions and Energy Efficiency in European Nitrogen Fertiliser Production and Use. In Proceedings of the International Fertiliser Society, Cambridge, UK, 11 December 2008; International Fertiliser Society: York, UK, 2008; pp. 1-15
17. O'Brien, D.; Shalloo, L.; Patton, J.; Buckley, F.; Grainger, C.;Wallace, M. A life cycle assessment of seasonal grass-based and confinement dairy farms. Agric. Syst. 2012, 107, 33-46
18. Lehuger, S.; Gabrielle, B.; Gagnaire, N. Environmental impact of the substitution of imported soybean meal with locally-produced rapeseed meal in dairy cow feed. J. Clean. Prod. 2009, 17, 616-624
19. Chobtang, J.; McLaren, S.J.; Ledgard, S.F.; Donaghy, D.J. Environmental trade-offs associated with intensification methods in a pasture-based dairy system using prospective attributional Life Cycle Assessment. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 143, 1302-1312
20. Nguyen, T.L.T.; Hermansen, J.E.; Mogensen, L. Environmental consequences of different beef production systems in the EU. J. Clean. Prod. 2010, 18, 756-766
21. Opio, C.; Gerber, P.; Mottet, A.; Falcucci, A.; Tempio, G.; MacLeod, M.; Vellinga, T.; Henderson, B.; Steinfeld, H. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ruminant Supply Chains-A Global Life Cycle Assessment; Animal Production and Health Division, Ed.; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Rome, Italy, 2013; ISBN 978-92-5-107945-4
22. Weidema, B.P.; Wesnae, M.; Hermansen, J.; Kristensen, I.; Halberg, N. Environmental Improvement Potentials of Meat and Dairy Products; Eder, P., Delgado, L., Eds.; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg, 2008; Volume 23491
23. Bargo, F.; Muller, L.D.; Delahoy, J.E.; Cassidy, T.W. Milk Response to Concentrate Supplementation of High Producing Dairy Cows Grazing at Two Pasture Allowances. J. Dairy Sci. 2002, 85, 1777-1792
24. Hills, J.L.; Wales, W.J.; Dunshea, F.R.; Garcia, S.C.; Roche, J.R. Invited review: An evaluation of the likely effects of individualized feeding of concentrate supplements to pasture-based dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 1363-1401
25. Baldini, C.; Gardoni, D.; Guarino, M. A critical review of the recent evolution of Life Cycle Assessment applied to milk production. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 140, 421-435
26. Cardoso, P.; Gaspar, C.; Borges, P.A.V.; Amorim, I.R.; Martins, A.F.; Maduro-Dias, F.; Porteiro, J.M.; Silva, L.; Pereira, F. Açores: Um retrato natural. In Azores: A Natural Portrait/Açores: Um Retrato Natural; Cardoso, P., Gaspar, C., Borges, P.A.V., Gabriel, R., Amorim, I.R., Martins, A.F., Maduro-Dias, F., Porteiro, J.M., Silva, L., Pereira, F., Eds.; Ver Açor: Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 2009; p. 235, ISBN 9898123169
27. Souto, L.F.; Meneses, J.F.; Bruce, J.M. Prediction of the energy balance and milk production of grazing cows in the Azores for autumn and spring calving. Biosyst. Eng. 2011, 110, 57-65
28. Gomes, A. Performance of Lolium perenne with Trifolium repens, and spontaneous grasses with Trifolium repens, in Azores. In Grassland in a Changing World, Proceedings of the 23rd General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Kiel, Germany, 29 August-2 September 2010; Mecke Druck und Verlag: Duderstadt, Germany, 2010; pp. 952-954
29. Rodrigues, N.P.P.d. S.C. Influência da fertilizaçao azotada na produção, composição botânica e qualidade de pastagens na Ilha do Faial, Açores. Master's Thesis, British International Studies Association, Aberystwyth, UK, 2010
30. Leitão, L.; Cameira, M.; Pato, R.; Costa, M.; Hortas, M.; D'Eça, P. Estudo de Caracterização do Impacte Ambiental da Produção Intensiva de Leite nas Regiões de Entre Douro e Minho e da Beira Litoral; PAMAF-Medida 4, acção 4.4.; Estudos Estratégicos. Projecto no. 442 992 056; FENALAC-Federação Nacional das Uniões de Cooperativas de Leite e Lacticínios: Valencia, Spain, 2001
31. INE Estatísticas da Produção e Consumo de Leite 2015; Instituto Nacional de Estatistica: Lisboa, Portugal, 2015
32. Castanheira, é.G.; Dias, A.C.; Arroja, L.; Amaro, R. The environmental performance of milk production on a typical Portuguese dairy farm. Agric. Syst. 2010, 103, 498-507
33. SREA VAB por CAE-Valor Acrescentado Bruto. Available online: http://srea.azores.gov.pt/Reportserver? %2FRelatoriosVarios%2FMacroeconomicos-Valor+Acrescentado+Bruto&rs:Command=Render (accessed on 29 December 2017)
34. Finnveden, G.; Hauschild, M.Z.; Ekvall, T.; Guinée, J.; Heijungs, R.; Hellweg, S.; Koehler, A.; Pennington, D.; Suh, S. Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment. J. Environ. Manag. 2009, 91, 1-21
35. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14040 Environmental Management Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Framework; International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006
36. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14044 Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Requirements and Guidelines; International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006
37. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14067:2013 Greenhouse Gases-Carbon Footprint of Products-Requirements and Guidelines for Quantification and Communication; International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013
38. International Dairy Federation (IDF). Bulletin of the IDF No 479/2015: A Common Carbon Footprint Approach for the Dairy Sector-The IDF Guide to Standard Life Cycle Assessment Methodology; International Dairy Federation (IDF): Brussels, Belgium, 2015
39. Sjaunja, L. A Nordic proposal for an energy-corrected milk (ECM) formula. In Proceedings of the 27th Biennial Session of the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR), Paris, France, 2-6 July 1990
40. International Dairy Federation (IDF). Environmental/Ecological impact of the dairy sector: Literature review on dairy products for an inventory of key issues, list of environmental initiatives and influences on the dairy sector. In Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation 436; International Dairy Federation (IDF): Brussels, Belgium, 2009
41. Morais, T.G.; Teixeira, R.F.; Domingos, T. A step toward regionalized scale-consistent agricultural life cycle assessment inventories. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2017, 13, 939-951
42. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; IPCC: Kanagawa, Japan, 2006
43. APA. Portuguese National Inventory Report on Greenhouse Gases, 1990-2018; Portuguese Environmental Agency (APA): Amadora, Portugal, 2018
44. ADP Fichas de Especificação. Available online: http://www.adp-fertilizantes.pt/templates/template5.aspx? M=120&F=23&L=24 (accessed on 25 July 2017)
45. INRA; CIRAD; AFZ; FAO. Feedipedia-Animal Feed Resources Information System. Available online: http://www.feedipedia.org/content/feeds?category=13594 (accessed on 25 July 2017)
46. ADEME. AGRIBALYSE®: Rapport Méthodologique-Version 1.0; ADEME: Angers, France, 2013
47. Frischknecht, R.; Jungbluth, N.; Althaus, H.-J.; Doka, G.; Dones, R.; Heck, T.; Hellweg, S.; Hischier, R.; Nemecek, T.; Rebitzer, G.; et al. The ecoinvent Database: Overview and Methodological Framework. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2005, 10, 3-9
48. REN. Technical Report 2016; Rede Eletrica Nacional: Lisbon, Portugal, 2016
49. IPCC. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Climate Change 2007. Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis. Available online: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2s2-10-2.html (accessed on 20 May 2006)
50. Myhre, G.; Shindell, D.; Bréon, F.-M.; Collins, W.; Fuglestvedt, J.; Huang, J.; Koch, D.; Lamarque, J.-F.; Lee, D.; Mendoza, B.; et al. Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 659-740
51. Van der Werf, H.M.G.; Kanyarushoki, C.; Corson, M.S. An operational method for the evaluation of resource use and environmental impacts of dairy farms by life cycle assessment. J. Environ. Manag. 2009, 90, 3643-3652
52. Morais, T.G.; Teixeira, R.F.M.; Domingos, T. Regionalization of agri-food life cycle assessment: A review of studies in Portugal and recommendations for the future. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2016, 21, 875-884
53. Basset-Mens, C.; Ledgard, S.; Carran, A. First Life Cycle Assessment of Milk Production from New Zealand Dairy Farm Systems. In Proceedings of the Australia New Zealand Society for Ecological Economics Conference, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 11-13 December 2005; pp. 258-265
54. Basset-Mens, C.; Ledgard, S.; Boyes, M. Eco-efficiency of intensification scenarios for milk production in New Zealand. Ecol. Econ. 2009, 68, 1615-1625
55. Soltanali, H.; Emadi, B.; Rohani, A.; Khojastehpour, M.; Nikkhah, A. Life Cycle Assessment modeling of milk production in Iran. Inf. Process. Agric. 2015, 2, 101-108
56. Mc Geough, E.J.; Little, S.M.; Janzen, H.H.; McAllister, T.A.; McGinn, S.M.; Beauchemin, K. A Life-cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from dairy production in Eastern Canada: A case study. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95, 5164-5175
57. De Léis, C.M.; Cherubini, E.; Ruviaro, C.F.; Prudêncio da Silva, V.; do Nascimento Lampert, V.; Spies, A.; Soares, S.R. Carbon footprint of milk production in Brazil: A comparative case study. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2014, 20, 46-60
58. Dall-Orsoletta, A.C.; Almeida, J.G.R.; Carvalho, P.C.F.; Savian, J.V.; Ribeiro-Filho, H.M.N. Ryegrass pasture combined with partial total mixed ration reduces enteric methane emissions and maintains the performance of dairy cows during mid to late lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 2016, 99, 4374-4383
59. Beauchemin, K.A.; Kreuzer, M.; O'Mara, F.; McAllister, T.A. Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: A review. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48, 21-27
60. Benchaar, C.; Hassanat, F.; Gervais, R.; Chouinard, P.Y.; Petit, H.V.; Massé, D.I. Methane production, digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and milk production of cows fed corn silage-or barley silage-based diets. J. Dairy Sci. 2014, 97, 961-974
61. Hassanat, F.; Gervais, R.; Julien, C.; Massé, D.I.; Lettat, A.; Chouinard, P.Y.; Petit, H.V.; Benchaar, C. Replacing alfalfa silage with corn silage in dairy cow diets: Effects on enteric methane production, ruminal fermentation, digestion, N balance, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96, 4553-4567
62. Knapp, J.R.; Laur, G.L.; Vadas, P.A.; Weiss, W.P.; Tricarico, J.M. Invited review: Enteric methane in dairy cattle production: Quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions. J. Dairy Sci. 2014, 97, 3231-3261
63. Moraes, L.E.; Strathe, A.B.; Fadel, J.G.; Casper, D.P.; Kebreab, E. Prediction of enteric methane emissions from cattle. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2014, 20, 2140-2148
64. Williams, A.G.; Audsley, E.; Sandars, D.L. Determining the Environmental Burdens and Resource Use in the Production of Agricultural and Horticultural Commodities; Main Report. Defra Research Project IS0205; Cranfield University and Defra: Bedford, UK, 2006
65. Kelliher, F.M.; Cox, N.; Van Der Weerden, T.J.; De Klein, C.A.M.; Luo, J.; Cameron, K.C.; Di, H.J.; Giltrap, D.; Rys, G. Statistical analysis of nitrous oxide emission factors from pastoral agriculture field trials conducted in New Zealand. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 186, 63-66
66. Saggar, S.; Giltrap, D.L.; Davison, R.; Gibson, R.; de Klein, C.A.; Rollo, M.; Ettema, P.; Rys, G. Estimating direct N2O emissions from sheep, beef, and deer grazed pastures in New Zealand hill country: Accounting for the effect of land slope on the N2O emission factors from urine and dung. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2015, 205, 70-78
67. De Klein, C.A.M.; Barton, L.; Sherlock, R.R.; Li, Z.; Littlejohn, R.P. Estimating a nitrous oxide emission factor for animal urine from some New Zealand pastoral soils. Aust. J. Soil Res. 2003, 41, 381
68. NIWA Overview of New Zealand's Climate. Available online: https://www.niwa.co.nz/education-andtraining/schools/resources/climate/overview (accessed on 3 October 2018)
69. Rösemann, C.; Haenel, H.-D.; Dämmgen, U.; Poddey, E.; Freibauer, A.; Wulf, S.; Eurich-Menden, B.; Döhler, H.; Schreiner, C.; Bauer, B.; et al. Calculations of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from German Agriculture 1990-2011; Report on Methods and Data (RMD) Submission 2013; Thünen Report, No. 1; IDEAS: Sharjah, UAE, 2013
70. Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands Phyllis2-Database for Biomass andWaste. Available online: Https://www.ecn.nl/phyllis2 (accessed on 3 October 2018)
71. Lovett, D.K.; Shalloo, L.; Dillon, P.; O'Mara, F.P. A systems approach to quantify greenhouse gas fluxes from pastoral dairy production as affected by management regime. Agric. Syst. 2006, 88, 156-179
72. Zehetmeier, M.; Baudracco, J.; Hoffmann, H.; Heißenhuber, A. Does increasing milk yield per cow reduce greenhouse gas emissions? A system approach. Animal 2012, 6, 154-166
73. Kristensen, T.; Mogensen, L.; Knudsen, M.T.; Hermansen, J.E. Effect of production system and farming strategy on greenhouse gas emissions from commercial dairy farms in a life cycle approach. Livest. Sci. 2011, 140, 136-148
74. IACA. Anuário 2016; Associação Portuguesa dos Industriais de Alimentos Compostos Para Animais: Lisbon, Portugal, 2016
75. Yan, M.-J.; Humphreys, J.; Holden, N.M. Life cycle assessment of milk production from commercial dairy farms: The influence of management tactics. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96, 4112-4124
76. Thomassen, M.A.; Dalgaard, R.; Heijungs, R.; De Boer, I. Attributional and consequential LCA of milk production. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2008, 13, 339-349
77. Bartl, K.; Gómez, C.A.; Nemecek, T. Life cycle assessment of milk produced in two smallholder dairy systems in the highlands and the coast of Peru. J. Clean. Prod. 2011, 19, 1494-1505
78. Teixeira, R.F.M.; Morais, T.G.; Domingos, T. A practical comparison of regionalized land use and biodiversity life cycle impact assessment models using livestock production as a case study. Sustainabilty 2018, under revision
79. Chaudhary, A.; Brooks, T.M. Land Use Intensity-specific Global Characterization Factors to Assess Product Biodiversity Footprints. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018
80. Chaudhary, A.; Verones, F.; de Baan, L.; Hellweg, S. Quantifying Land Use Impacts on Biodiversity: Combining Species-Area Models and Vulnerability Indicators. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 9987-9995
81. Morais, T.G.; Domingos, T.; Teixeira, R.F.M. A spatially explicit life cycle assessment midpoint indicator for soil quality in the European Union using soil organic carbon. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2016, 21, 1076-1091
82. Teixeira, R.F.M.; Morais, T.G.; Domingos, T. Consolidating regionalized global characterization factors for soil organic carbon depletion due to land occupation and transformation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018
83. Cao, V.; Margni, M.; Favis, B.D.; Deschênes, L. Aggregated indicator to assess land use impacts in life cycle assessment (LCA) based on the economic value of ecosystem services. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 94, 56-66
84. Virgílio Cruz, J.; Silva, M.O.; Dias, M.I.; Isabel Prudêncio, M. Groundwater composition and pollution due to agricultural practices at Sete Cidades volcano (Azores, Portugal). Appl. Geochem. 2013, 29, 162-173
85. Melo, A.; Cruz, J.V.; Coutinho, R. River water composition in volcanic islands: Characterization and main hydrogeochemical processes in São Miguel island (Azores, Portugal). Comunicações Geológicas 2014, 101, 693-696
86. Gerber, P.; Vellinga, T.; Opio, C.; Steinfeld, H. Productivity gains and greenhouse gas emissions intensity in dairy systems. Livest. Sci. 2011, 139, 100-108
87. Vijayakumar, M.; Park, J.H.; Ki, K.S.; Lim, D.H.; Kim, S.B.; Park, S.M.; Jeong, H.Y.; Park, B.Y.; Kim, T. The effect of lactation number, stage, length, and milking frequency on milk yield in Korean Holstein dairy cows using automatic milking system. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2017, 30, 1093-1098
88. Andrade, S.C.N. Desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de vacas Holstein-Frísia em comparação com os respectivos cruzamentos com vermelha sueca e Montbéliarde. Master's Thesis, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisbon, Portugal, 2013
89. Teixeira, R.F.M.; Barão, L.; Morais, T.G.; Domingos, T. Determining Estimating the greenhouse gas balance of natural and sown pastures using a carbon and nitrogen mass balance approach. Sustainability 2018, under revision
90. Del Prado, A.; Brown, L.; Schulte, R.; Ryan, M.; Scholefield, D. Principles of Development of a Mass Balance N Cycle Model for Temperate Grasslands: An Irish Case Study. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2006, 74, 115-131
91. Morais, T.G.; Teixeira, R.F.M.; Rodrigues, N.R.; Domingos, T. Characterizing livestock production in Portuguese sown rainfed grasslands: Applying the inverse approach to a process-based model. Sustainability 2018, under revision
92. Ali, I.; Cawkwell, F.; Green, S.; Dwyer, N. Application of statistical and machine learning models for grassland yield estimation based on a hypertemporal satellite remote sensing time series. In Proceedings of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Beijing, China, 13-18 July 2014; pp. 5060-5063
93. INE. Estatísticas do Ambiente 2016; Instituto Nacional de Estatistica: Lisboa, Portugal, 2017