Non-respiratory tuberculosis

Clinical Tuberculosis, Fifth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 167-188

  Ormerod, Peter ^a,b,c  

^a ROYAL BLACKBURN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85054637600     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b16604     Document Type: Chapter

References (210)

1. Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, Pathania V, and Raviglione MC. Consensus statement: global burden of tuberculosis: esti-mated incidence, prevalence and mortality by country. World Health Organization Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. JAMA 1999;282:677-86.
2. Talbot EA, Moore M, McCray E, and Binkin NJ. Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States, 1993-98. JAMA 2000;284:2894-900.
3. Health Protection Agency, London, UK. Tuberculosis in England and Wales. 2005.
4. Kumar D, Watson JM, Charlett A, et al. Tuberculosis in England and Wales in 1993: results of a national survey. Thorax 1997;52:1060-7.
5. Weir MR and Thornton GF. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Med 1985;79:467-78.
6. Pitchenik AE, Fertel D, and Bloch AB. Pulmonary effects of AIDS: mycobacterial disease - epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Clin Chest Med 1988;9: 425-41.
7. Chest Service, Medical and Health Department. Annual Report 1990. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government.
8. Corbett EL, Steketee RW, Kuile FO, Latif AS, Kamali A, and Hayes RJ. HIV-1/AIDS and the control of other infectious diseases in Africa. Lancet 2002;359:2177-87.
9. Pitchenik AE, Cole C, Russell BW, et al. Tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteriosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among Haitian and non-Haitian patients in South Florida. Ann Int Med 1984;101:641-5.
10. Berenguer J, Santiago M, Laguna F, et al. Tuberculous men-ingitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1992;326:668-72.
11. Rana FS, Hawken MP, Mwachari C, et al. Autopsy study of HIV-1 positive and HIV-1 negative adult medical patients in Nairobi, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;24:23-9.
12. Harries AD, Hargreaves JN, Kemp J, et al. Deaths from tuber-culosis in sub-Saharan African Countries with a high preva-lence of HIV-1. Lancet 2001;375:1519-23.
13. Campbell IA and Dyson AJ. Lymph node tuberculosis: a comparison of various methods of treatment. Tubercle 1977;58:171-9.
14. Mehta JB, Dutt A, Harvill L, and Mathews KM. Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 1991;99:1134-38.
15. Alvarez S and McCabe WR. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis revisited: a review of experience at Boston City Hospital and other hospitals. Medicine 1984;63:25-53.
16. Lau SK, Kwan S, Lee J, and Wei WR. Source of tubercle bacilli in cervical lymph nodes: a prospective study. J Laryngol Otol 1991;105:558-61.
17. British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Short course chemotherapy for tuberculosis of lymph nodes: a controlled trial. Br Med J 1985;290:1106-08.
18. Finch PJ, Millard FJC, and Maxwell JD. Risk of tuberculosis in immigrant Asians: culturally acquired immunodeficiency. Thorax 1991;46:1-5.
19. Huhti E, Brander E, Ploheimo S, and Sutinen S. Tuberculosis of cervical lymph nodes: a clinical, pathological and bacterio-logical study. Tubercle 1975;56:27-36.
20. British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Six-months versus nine-months chemotherapy for tuberculosis of lymph nodes: preliminary results. Respir Med 1992;86:15-19.
21. Lau SK, Wei WI, Hau C, and Engzell UC. Efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of tuberculosis cervical lymphadenopathy. J Laryngol Otol 1990;104:24-7.
22. Lau SK, Wei WI, Kwan S, and Engzell UC. Fine needle aspi-ration biopsy of tuberculosis cervical lymphadenopathy. Aust N Z J Surg 1988;58:947-50.
23. Lau SK, Wei WI, Kwan S, and Yew WW. Combined use of fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination and tuberculin skin test in the diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis: a prospec-tive study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;117:87-90.
24. Shaha A, Webber C, and Marti J. Fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. Am J Surg 1986;152:420-3.
25. British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Short course chemotherapy for lymph node tuberculosis: final report at 5 years. Br J Dis Chest 1988;82:282-4.
26. Jindani A, Aber VR, Edwards EA, and Mitchison DA. The early bactericidal activity of drugs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Resp Dis 1980;121:139-48.
27. British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Six-months versus nine-months chemotherapy for tuberculosis of lymph nodes: final results. Respir Med 1993;87:621-3.
28. McCarthy OR and Rudd RM. Six-months chemotherapy for lymph node tuberculosis. Respir Med 1989;89:425-7.
29. Jawahar MS, Sivasubramanian S, Vijayan VK, et al. Short-course chemotherapy for tuberculous lymphadenitis in chil-dren. Br Med J 1990;301:359-61.
30. The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tubercu-losis, and measures for its prevention and control. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2006. ISBN 1 86016 227 0.
31. Campbell IA and Dyson AJ. Lymph node tuberculosis: a com-parison of treatments 18 months after completion of chemo-therapy. Tubercle 1979;60:95-8.
32. Ormerod LP, Horsfield N, and Green RM. Can a nine month regimen be used to treat isoniazid resistant tuberculosis diagnosed after standard treatment is started? J Infection 2001;42:1-3.
33. Prissick FH and Masson AM. Cervical lymphadenitis in chil-dren caused by chromogenic mycobacteria. Can Med Assoc J 1956;75:798-803.
34. McKellar A. Diagnosis and management of atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children. J Paediatr Surg 1976;11:85-9.
35. White MP, Bangash H, Goel KM, et al. Non-tuberculous myco-bacterial lymphadenitis. Arch Dis Child 1986;61:368-71.
36. Walgren A. The timetable of tuberculosis. Tubercle 1948;29:245-51.
37. Medical Research Council Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit. National survey of tuberculosis notifications in England and Wales in 1983: characteristics of disease. Tubercle 1987;68:19-32.
38. Hodgson SP and Ormerod LP. Ten year experience with bone and joint tuberculosis in Blackburn 1978-87. J Roy Coll Surg Edinb 1990;35:259-62.
39. Davies PDO, Humphries MJ, Byfield SP, et al. Bone and joint tuberculosis in a national survey in England and Wales in 1978/9. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66:326-30.
40. Humphries MJ, Sister Gabriel M, and Lee YK. Spinal tuber-culosis presenting as abdominal symptoms - a report of two cases. Tubercle 1986;67:303-7.
41. Walker GF. Failure of early recognition of skeletal tuberculo-sis. Br Med J 1986;i:682.
42. Gorse GJ, Pais JM, Kurske JA, et al. Tuberculous spondylitis: a report of six cases and a review of the literature. Medicine 1983;62:178-93.
43. Ip M, Chen NK, and So SY, et al. Unusual rib destruction in pleuropulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 1989;95:242-4.
44. Lin-Greenberg A and Cholankeril J. Vertebral arch destruc-tion in tuberculosis: CT features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990;14:462-5.
45. Bell GR, Stearns KL, Bonutti PM, and Boumphrey FR. MRI diagnosis of tuberculous vertebral osteomyelitis. Spine 1990;15:462-5.
46. Smith DF, Smith FW, and Douglas JG. Tuberculous radicu-lopathy: the value of magnetic resonance imaging of the neck. Tubercle 1989;70:213-16.
47. Angtuaco EGC, McConnell JR, Chadock WM, and Flannigan S. Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal epidural sepsis. Am J Roentgen 1987;42:1249-53.
48. Medical Research Council Working Party on Tuberculosis of the Spine. A controlled trial of ambulant outpatient treatment and inpatient rest in bed in the management of tuberculosis of the spine in young Korean patients on standard chemotherapy. A study in Masan, Korea. J Bone Joint Surg 1973;55:678-97.
49. Medical Research Council Working Party on Tuberculosis of the Spine. A controlled trial of plaster-of-Paris jackets in the management of ambulant outpatient treatment of tuberculosis of the spine in children on standard chemotherapy: a study in Pusan, Korea. Tubercle 1973;54:261-82.
50. Medical Research Council Working Party on Tuberculosis of the Spine. A controlled trial of debridement and ambula-tory treatment in the management of tuberculosis of the spine on standard chemotherapy. A study in Bulawayo, Rhodesia. J Trop Med Hyg 1974;77:72-92.
51. Medical Research Council Working Party on Tuberculosis of the Spine. A controlled trial of anterior spinal fusion and debridement in the surgical management of tuberculosis of the spine in patients on standard chemotherapy: a study in Hong Kong. Br J Surg 1974;61:853-66.
52. Medical Research Council Working Party on Tuberculosis of the Spine. A 10-year assessment of a controlled trial compar-ing debridement and anterior spinal fusion in the management of tuberculosis of the spine in patients on standard therapy in Hong Kong. J Bone Joint Surg 1982;64:393-8.
53. Medical Research Council Working Party on Tuberculosis of the Spine. A ten-year assessment of controlled trials of inpa-tient and outpatient treatment and of plaster-of-Paris jackets for tuberculosis of the spine in children on standard che-motherapy: studies in Masan and Pusan. J Bone Joint Surg 1985;67:103-10.
54. Medical Research Council Working Party on Tuberculosis of the Spine. A controlled trial of six-month and nine-month regimens of chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical sur-gery for tuberculosis of the Spine in Hong Kong. Tubercle 1986;67:243-59.
55. Narlawar RS, Shah JR, Mahesh K, et al. Isolated tuberculosis of the posterior elements of spine: magnetic resonance imag-ing findings in 33 patients. Spine 2002;27:275-81.
56. Mehta JS and Bhojraj SY. A classification based on the selection of surgical strategies. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2001;83:859-63.
57. Rajasekaran S, Shanmugasundraram TK, Prabhakar R, et al. Tuberculous lesions of the lumbosacral region. A 15 year fol-low-up of patients treated with ambulant chemotherapy. Spine 1998;23:1163-7.
58. Moon MS. Tuberculosis of the spine. Controversies and a new challenge. Spine 1997;22:1791-7.
59. Houshian S, Poulsen S, and Riegels-Nielsen P. Bone and joint tuberculosis in Denmark: increase due to immigration. Acta Orthop Scand 2000;71:312-15.
60. Rasool MN. Osseous manifestations of tuberculosis in chil-dren. J Pedatr Orthop 2001;21:749-55.
61. Parkinson RW, Hodgson SP, and Noble J. Tuberculosis of the elbow: a report of 5 cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72:523-24.
62. Valdazo JP, Perez-Ruiz F, Albarracin A, et al. Tuberculous arthritis: report of a case with multiple joint involve-ment and periarticular tuberculous abscesses. J Rheumatol 1988;17:399-401.
63. Ormerod LP, Grundy M, and Rahman MA. Multiple tuber-culous bone lesions simulating metastatic disease. Tubercle 1989;70:305-7.
64. Nwokolo C. Ascites in Africa. Dr Med J 1961;i:33.
65. Menzies RI, Alasen H, Fitzgerald JM, and Mohapeola RG. Tuberculous peritonitis in Lesotho. Tubercle 1986;67:47-54.
66. Lucas SB, De Kock KM, Hounnou A, et al. Contribution of tuberculosis slim disease in Africa. Br Med J 1994;308:1531-33.
67. Mukherjee P and Singal AK. Intestinal tuberculosis: 500 operated cases. Proc Assoc Surg East Afr 1979;2:70-5.
68. Klimach OE and Ormerod LP. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis: a retrospective review of 109 cases in a district general hospital. Q J Med 1985;56:569-78.
69. deMas R, Lombeck G, and Rieman JF. Tuberculosis of the oesophagus masquerading as an ulcerated tumour. Endoscopy 1986;18:153-5.
70. Gupta SP, Arora A, and Bhargava DK. An unusual presentation of oesophageal tuberculosis. Tuberc Lung Dis 1992;73:174-6.
71. Khan MR, Khan IR, and Pal KM. Diagnostic issues in abdom-inal tuberculosis. J Pak Med Assoc 2001;51:138-42.
72. Addison NV. Abdominal tuberculosis - a disease revived. Ann Roy Coll Surg Engl 1983;65:103-11.
73. Lambrianides AL, Ackroyd N, and Shorey B. Abdominal tuberculosis. Br J Surg 1980;67:887-9.
74. Sherman S, Rohwedder JJ, Ravikrishnan KP, and Weg JG. Tuberculous enteritis and peritonitis - report of 36 general hospital cases. Arch Intern Med 1980;140:506-8.
75. Bastani B, Shariatzadeh MR, and Dehdashti F. Tuberculous peritonitis and a review of the literature. Q J Med 1985;56:549-57.
76. Muneef MA, Memish Z, Mahmoud SA, et al. Tuberculosis in the belly: a review of forty-six cases involving the gas-trointestinal tract and peritoneum. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36:528-32.
77. Thoreau N, Fain O, Bahmet P, et al. Peritoneal tuberculosis: 27 cases in the suburbs of north-eat Paris. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6:253-8.
78. Saczek KB, Schaaf HS, Voss M, Cotton MF, and Moore SW. Diagnostic dilemmas in abdominal tuberculosis in children. Pediatr Surg Int 2001;17:111-15.
79. Shukla HS and Hughes LE. Abdominal tuberculosis in the 1970‘s: a continuing problem. Br J Surg 1978;65:403-5.
80. Gilinsky NH, Marks IN, and Kottler RE. Abdominal tubercu-losis. A 10-year review. S Afr Med J 1983;64:849-57.
81. Das P and Shukla HS. Clinical diagnosis of abdominal tuber-culosis. Br J Surg 1976;63:941-6.
82. Naga MI, Okasha HH, Ismail Z, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis in colon tuberculosis. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:789-93.
83. Anand AC, Patnaik PK, and Bhalla VP. Massive lower intes-tinal bleeding - a decade of experience. Trop Gastroenterol 2001;22:131-4.
84. Pozniak AL and Dalton-Clarke HJ. Colonic tuberculosis pre-senting as massive rectal bleeding. Tubercle 1985;66:295-9.
85. Kraemer M, Gill SS, and Seow-Choen F. Tuberculous anal sepsis: report of clinical features in 20 cases. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:1589-91.
86. Rodriguez de Lope C, San Miguel Joglar G, and Pons Romero F. Laparoscopic diagnosis of tuberculous ascites. Endoscopy 1982;14:178-9.
87. Sochocky S. Tuberculous peritonitis. A review of 100 cases. Am Rev Resp Dis 1967;95:398-401.
88. Akhan O and Pringot J. Imaging in abdominal tuberculosis. Eur Radiol 2002;12:312-23.
89. Gupta S, Rajak CL, Sood BP, et al. Sonographically guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of abdominal lymph nodes: experience in 102 patients. J Ultrasound Med 1999;18:135-9.
90. Andronikou S, Welam CJ, and Kader E. The CT features of abdominal tuberculosis in children. Pediatr Radiol 2002;32:75-81.
91. Zissin R, Gayer G, Chowers M, et al. Computerized tomogra-phy findings in abdominal tuberculosis: report of 19 cases. Isr Med Assoc J 2001;3:414-18.
92. Hanson RD and Turner TB. Tuberculous peritonitis: CT appearance. Am J Radiol 1985;144:931-2.
93. Hulnick DH, Megibow AJ, Naidich DP, et al. Abdominal tuberculosis - a CT evaluation. Radiology 1985;157:199-204.
94. Denath FM. Abdominal tuberculosis in children: CT findings. Gastrointest Radiol 1990;15:303-6.
95. Epstein BM and Mann JH. CT of abdominal tuberculosis. Am J Radiol 1982;139:861-6.
96. Levine H. Needle biopsy of the peritoneum in exudative asci-tes. Arch Intern Med 1967;120:542-5.
97. Singh MM, Bhargava AN, and Jain KP. Tuberculous peritonitis: an evaluation of pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic problems and therapeutic measures. N Engl J Med 1969;281:1091-6.
98. Shukla HS, Naitrani YP, Bhatia S, Das P, and Gupta SC. Peritoneal biopsy for diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis. Postgrad Med J 1982;58:226-8.
99. Jorge JD. Peritoneal tuberculosis. Endoscopy 1984;16:10-12.
100. Manohar A, Simjee AE, and Haffejee AA. Symptoms and investigative findings in 145 patients with tuberculous perito-nitis diagnosed by peritoneoscopy and biopsy over a five year period. Gut 1990;31:1130-2.
101. Kalvaria I, Kottler RE, and Marks IN. The role of colonos-copy in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988;10:516-23.
102. Kochhar RJ, Rajwanshi A, Goenka MK, et al. Colonoscopic fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of ileo-caecal tuberculosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:102-4.
103. Yandon HD and Prakash A. Pathology of intestinal tuberculosis and its distinction from Crohns disease. Gut 1972;13:260-9.
104. Abrams JS and Holden WD. Tuberculosis of the gastrointesti-nal tract. Arch Surg 1964;89:282-93.
105. Dineen P, Homan WP, and Grafe WR. Tuberculous peritoni-tis: 43 years experience in diagnosis and treatment. Ann Surg 1976;84:717-23.
106. McMillen MA, and Arnold SD. Tuberculous peritoni-tis associated with alcoholic liver disease. N Y State J Med 1979;79:922-4.
107. Byrom HB and Mann CV. Clinical features and surgical management of ileocaecal tuberculosis. Proc Roy Soc Med 1969;62:1230-3.
108. Chijoke A. Current views on the epidemiology of renal tuber-culosis. West Afr J Med 2001;20:217-19.
109. Ormerod LP. Why does genitourinary tuberculosis occur less often than expected in ISC ethnic patients. J Infect 1993;27:27-32.
110. Stoller JK. Late recurrence of Mycobacterium bovis genito-urinary tuberculosis: case report and a review of the literature. J Urol 1985;134:565-6.
111. Yaqoob M, Goldsmith HJ, and Ahmad R. Bovine genitourinary tuberculosis revisited. Q J Med 1990;74:105-9.
112. Lichtenstein IH and MacGregor RR. Mycobacterial infections in renal transplant recipients: report of 5 cases and a review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5:216-26.
113. Al-Shohaib S. Tuberculosis in chronic renal failure in Jeddah. J Infect 2000;40:150-3.
114. Lui SL, Tang S, Li FK, et al. Tuberculosis infection in Chinese patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialy-sis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38:1055-60.
115. Moore DAJ, Lightstone E, Javid B, and Friedland JS. High rates of tuberculosis in end stage renal failure: the impact of international migration. Emerg Inf Dis 2002;8:77-8.
116. Quantrill SJ, Woodhead MA, Bell CE, Hutchinson AJ, and Gokal R. Peritoneal tuberculosis in patients receiving contin-uous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:1024-7.
117. Ferrie BG and Rundle JSH. Genitourinary tuberculosis in patients under 25 years of age. Urology 1985;25:576-8.
118. Datta SK. Renal tuberculosis presenting as hypertension. J Assoc Physicians India 1987;35:798-9.
119. Benn JJ, Scoble JE, Thomas AC, and Eastwood JB. Cryptogenic tuberculosis presenting as a preventable cause of end-stage renal failure. Am J Nephrol 1988;8:306-8.
120. Morgan SH, Eastwood JB, and Baker LRI. Tuberculous inter-stitial nephritis - the tip of an iceberg? Tubercle 1990;71:5-6.
121. Al-Sulaiman MH, Dhar JM, al-Hasani MK, et al. Tuberculous interstitial nephritis after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1990;50:162-4.
122. Gorse GJ and Belshe RB. Male genital tuberculosis: a review of the literature with instructive case reports. Rev Infect Dis 1985;7:511-14.
123. Dolev E, Bass A, and Nossinowitz N. Frequent occurrence of renal calculi in tuberculous kidneys in Israel. Urology 1985;26:544-5.
124. Okawaza N, Sekiya T, and Tada S. Computed tomographic features of renal tuberculosis. Radiat Med 1985;3:209-13.
125. Goldman SM, Fishman EK, and Hartman DS. Computed tomography of renal tuberculosis and its pathological corre-lates. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1985;9:771-6.
126. Yates VM and Ormerod LP. Cutaneous tuberculosis in Blackburn District UK: a 15 year prospective series 1981-95. Br J Dermatology 1997;137:483-9.
127. Fontana D, Pozzi E, Porpiglia F, et al. Rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex on urine samples by Gen-Probe amplification test. Urol Res 1997;25:391-4.
128. van-Vollenhoven P, Heyns CF, de Beer PM, et al. Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of urinary tract tuberculosis. Urol Res 1996;24:107-11.
129. Hemal AK, Gupta NP, Rajeev TP, et al. Polymerase chain reaction in clinically suspected genitourinary tuberculosis: comparison with intravenous urography, bladder biopsy, and urine acid fast bacilli culture. Urology 2000;56:570-4.
130. Gow JG and Barbosa S. Genitourinary tuberculosis. A study of 1117 cases over a period of 34 years. Br J Urol 1984;56:449-55.
131. Ravery V, de-la-Taille A, Hoffman P, et al. Balloon catheter dilatation in the treatment of ureteral and ureteroenteric stric-ture. J Endourol 1998;12:335-40.
132. Ramanathan R, Kumar A, Kapoor R, and Bhandari M. Relief of urinary tract obstruction in tuberculosis to improve renal function. An analysis of predictive factors. Br J Urol 1998;81:199-205.
133. Psihramis KE and Donahoe PK. Primary genitourinary tuber-culosis: rapid progression and tissue destruction during treat-ment. J Urol 1986;135:1033-6.
134. Osborn DE, Rao NJ, and Blacklock NJ. Tuberculous stricture of the ureter. A new method of intubated ureterostomy. Br J Urol 1986;58:103-4.
135. Hemal AK and Aron M. Orthoptic neobladder in management of tubercular thimble bladders: initial experience and long term results. Urology 1999;53:298-301.
136. Sutherland AM. Gynaecological tuberculosis; analysis of a personal series of 710 cases. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;25:203-7.
137. Adewole IF, Babarinsa IA, Akang EE, and Thompson MO. The value of routine endometrial biopsy in gynaecological practice in Nigeria. West Afr Med J 1997;16:242-5.
138. Parikh FR, Nadkarni SG, Kamat SA, et al. Genital tuberculo-sis - a major pelvic factor causing infertility in Indian women. Fertil Steril 1997;67:497-500.
139. Aka N and Vural EZ. Evaluation of patients with active pulmo-nary tuberculosis for genital involvement. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1997;23:337-40.
140. Lee LH, LeVea CM, and Graman PS. Congenital tuberculosis in a neonatal intensive care unit: case report, epidemiological investigation, and management of exposures. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:474-7.
141. Sardana K, Koranne RV, Sharma RC, and Mahajan S. Tuberculosis of the vulva masquerading as a sexually trans-mitted disease. J Dermatol 2001;28:505-7.
142. Geisler JP, Crook DE, Geisler HE, et al. The great imitator: miliary peritoneal tuberculosis mimicking stage III ovarian carcinoma. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2000;21:115-16.
143. Sheth SS. Elevated CA 125 in advanced abdominal or pelvic tuberculosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1996;52:167-71.
144. Tripathy SN and Tripathy SN. Infertility and pregnancy out-come in female genital tuberculosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002;76:159-63.
145. Bobrowitz ID. Active tuberculosis undiagnosed until autopsy. Am J Med 1982;72:650-8.
146. Monie RDH, Hunter AM, Rocchiccioli KMS, et al. Retrospective survey of the management of miliary tuberculo-sis in South and West Wales 1976-78. Thorax 1983;38:369-73.
147. Sahn SA and Neff TA. Miliary tuberculosis. Am J Med 1968;56:495-505.
148. Price M. Lymphangitis reticularis tuberculosa. Tubercle 1968;49:377-84.
149. Proudfoot AT, Akhtar AJ, Douglas AC, and Horne NW. Miliary tuberculosis in adults. Br Med J 1969;ii:273-7.
150. Proudfoot AT. Cryptic disseminated tuberculosis. Br J Hosp Med 1971;5:773-80.
151. Grieco MH and Chmel H. Acute disseminated tuberculosis as a diagnostic problem. Am Rev Resp Dis 1974;109:554-60.
152. Medd WE and Hayhoe FGJ. Tuberculous miliary necrosis with pancytopenia. Q J Med 1955;24:351-64.
153. Cooper W. Pancytopenia associated with disseminated tuber-culosis. Ann Intern Med 1959;50:1497-501.
154. Hughes JT, Johnstone RM, Scott AC, and Stewart PD. Leukaemoid reactions in disseminated tuberculosis. J Clin Pathol 1959;12:307-11.
155. Twomey JJ and Leavell BS. Leukaemoid reactions to tubercu-losis. Arch Intern Med 1965;116:21-8.
156. Oswald NC. Acute tuberculosis and granulocytic disorders. Br Med J 1963;ii:1489-96.
157. So SY and Yu D. The adult respiratory distress syndrome asso-ciated with miliary tuberculosis. Tubercle 1981;62:49-53.
158. Heap MJ, Bion JF, and Hunter KR. Miliary tuberculosis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Med 1989;83:153-6.
159. Dyer RA, Chappell WA, and Potgeiter PD. Adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with miliary tuberculosis. Crit Care Med 1985;13:12-15.
160. Kumar B, Rai R, Kaur I, et al. Childhood cutaneous tuberculo-sis: a study over 25 years from northern India. Int J Dermatol 2001;40:26-32.
161. Kramer F, Sasse SA, Simms JC, and Leedom JM. Primary cutaneous tuberculosis after a needle stick injury from a patient with AIDS and undiagnosed tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:594-5.
162. Stack RJ, Bickley LK, and Coppel IG. Miliary tuberculosis presenting as skin lesions in a patient with the acquired immu-nodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:1031-5.
163. Lombardo PC and Weitzman I. Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium complex from the same skin lesions in AIDS. N Engl J Med 1990;323:916-17.
164. Kumar B and Muralidhar S. Cutaneous tuberculosis: a twenty year prospective study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3:494-500.
165. Ramesh V, Misra RS, Beena KR, and Mukherjee A. A study of cutaneous tuberculosis in children. Pediatr Dermatol 1999;16:264-9.
166. Jordan HF, Schneider JW, Schaaf HS, et al. Papulonecrotic tuberculid in children. A report of eight patients. Am J Dermatopathol 1996;18:172-85.
167. Tan SH, Tan HH, Sun YJ, and Goh CL. Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in different types of cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2001;30:3-10.
168. Margall N, Balsega E, Coll P, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA by the polymerase chain reaction for rapid diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:231-6.
169. Larrieu AJ, Tyers GF, Williams EH, and Derrick JR. Recent experience with tuberculous pericarditis. Ann Thorac Surg 1980;29:464-8.
170. Lorell BH and Braunwald E. Pericardial disease: tubercu-lous pericarditis. In: Braunwald E. (ed.) Heart disease - a textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders, 1988, 1509-11.
171. Fowler NO. Tuberculous pericarditis. JAMA 1991;266:99-103.
172. Strang JIG. Tuberculous pericarditis in Transkei. Clin Cardiol 1984;7:667-70.
173. Dave T, Narula JP, and Chopra P. Myocardial and endocar-dial involvement in tuberculous constrictive pericarditis. Int J Cardiol 1990;28:245-51.
174. Rooney JJ, Crocco JA, and Lyons HA. Tuberculous pericardi-tis. Ann Intern Med 1970;72:73-8.
175. Bashi VV, John S, Ravindakumar H, et al. Early and late results of pericardectomy in 118 cases of constrictive pericar-ditis. Thorax 1988;43:637-41.
176. Sagrosta-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, and Soler-Soler J. Tuberculous pericarditis: ten year experience with a prospec-tive protocol for diagnosis and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:724-8.
177. Strang JIG, Kakaza HHS, Gibson DG, Girling DJ, Nunn AJ, and Fox W. Controlled trial of complete open drainage and prednisolone in the treatment of tuberculous pericardial effu-sion in Transkei. Lancet 1988;ii:759-63.
178. Pohost GM and O’Rourke RA. (eds.). Principles and practice of cardiovascular imaging. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1991, 457.
179. Endrys J, Simo M, Shafie MZ, et al. New non-surgical tech-nique for multiple pericardial biopsies. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1988;15:92-4.
180. Cegielski JP, Devlin BH, Morris AJ, et al. Comparison of PCR, culture, and histopathology for diagnosis of tuberculous pericarditis. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:3254-7.
181. Strang JIG, Kakaza HHS, Gibson DG, Girling DJ, Nunn AJ, and Fox W. Controlled trial of prednisolone as adjuvant in treatment of tuberculous constrictive pericarditis in Transkei. Lancet 1987;ii:1418-22.
182. Strang JIG. Management of tuberculous constrictive pericar-ditis and tuberculous pericardial effusion in Transkei: results at 10 years follow-up. Q J Med 2004;97:52535.
183. Quale JM, Lipshick GY, and Heurich AE. Management of tuberculous pericarditis. Ann Thorac Surg 1987;43:653-55.
184. Long R, Younes M, Patton N, and Hershfield E. Tuberculous pericarditis: long term outcome in patients who received med-ical treatment alone. Am Heart J 1989;117:1133-9.
185. Willis AC and Vince FP. The prevalence of Addison’s disease in Coventry, UK. Postgrad Med J 1997;73:286-8.
186. Llewelyn M, Adler M, Steer K, and Pasvol G. Acute adrenal insufficiency precipitated by isolated involvement of the adre-nal gland by tuberculosis. J Infect 1999;39:244-5.
187. Lam KY and Lo CY. A critical examination of adrenal tuber-culosis and a 28-year autopsy experience of active tuberculo-sis. Clin Endocrinol 2001;54:633-9.
188. Wilkins EGL, Hnizdo E, and Cope A. Addisonian crisis induced by treatment with rifampicin. Tubercle 1989;70:69-73.
189. McAllister WAC, Thompson FJ, Al-Habet S, et al. Adverse effects of rifampicin on prednisolone deposition. Thorax 1982;37:792.
190. Ellis ME and Webb AK. Cause of death in patients admitted to hospital with pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet 1983;I:665-7.
191. Essop AR, Posen JA, Hodgkinson JH, and Segal I. Tuberculous hepatitis: a clinical review of 96 cases. Q J Med 1984;212:465-77.
192. Andrew WK, Thomas RG, and Gollach BL. Miliary tubercu-losis of the liver - another cause of ‘bright liver’ on ultrasound examination. S Afr Med J 1982;62:808-9.
193. Nagai H, Shimizu S, Kawamoto H, et al. A case of solitary tuberculosis of the liver. Jpn J Med 1989;28:251-5.
194. Gibson JA. Granulomatous liver disease and portal hyperten-sion. Proc Roy Soc Med 1973;66:502-3.
195. Sheen-Chen SM, Chou FF, Tai DI, and Eng HL. Hepatic tuberculosis: a rare cause of bleeding gastric varices. Tubercle 1990;71:225-7.
196. Rahmatulla RH, al-Mofleh IA, al-Rashed RS, et al. Tuberculous liver abscess: a case report and a review of the literature. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;13:437-40.
197. Spiegel CT and Tuazon CU. Tuberculous liver abscess. Tubercle 1984;65:127-31.
198. Epstein BM and Liebowitz CB. Ultrasonographic and com-puted tomographic appearance of focal tuberculosis of the liver. A case report. S Afr Med J 1987;71:461-2.
199. Demir K, Kaymakoglu S, Besisik F, et al. Solitary pan-creatic tuberculosis in immunocompetent patients mim-icking pancreatic carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;16:1071-4.
200. Ergin F, Arslan H, Bilezikci B, Agildere AM, and Ozdemir N. Primary tuberculosis of the gluteal muscle of a patient with chronic renal failure. A rare presentation. Nephron 2001;89:463-6.
201. Trikha V and Gupta V. Isolated tuberculous abscess in biceps brachii muscle of a young male. J Infection 2002;44:265-6.
202. Mehta G, Ankur M, and Verma S. Breast tuberculosis- clini-cal spectrum and management. Indian J Surg 2010;72:433-7.
203. Green RM and Ormerod LP. Mammary tuberculosis: rare but still present in the UK. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000;4:788-90.
204. Babu K, Satish V, SubbaKrishna DK, Abraham MP, and Murthy KR. Utility of QuantiFERON TB gold test in a south Indian patient population of ocular inflammation. Indian J Opthalmol 2009;57:42730.
205. Ang M, Wong W, Ngan CCL, and Chee SP. Interferon-gamma release assay as a diagnostic test for tuberculosis associated uveitis. Eye Lond 2012;26:658-65.
206. Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Zierhut M, and Rao NA. Strengths and weaknesses of diagnostic tools in tuberculous uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2009;17:351-5.
207. Sanghvi C, Bell C, Woodhead M, Hardy C, and Jones N. Presumed tuberculous uveitis: diagnosis, management and outcome. Eye Lond 2011;25:475-80.
208. Gupta V, Bansal R, and Gupta A. Continuous progression of tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis after initiating antitu-berculosis treatment. Am J Ophthal 2011;152:857-63.
209. Pietz MW, De Roux A, Roth A, et al. Early bactericidal activ-ity of Moxifloxacin in treatment of pulmonary tuberculo-sis. A prospective randomized study. Antimicrobiol Agents Chemother 2004;48:780-2.
210. Rustomjee R, Lienhardt C, Kanyok T, et al. A phase II study of the sterilizing activities of Ofloxacin, Gatifloxacin and Moxifloxacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008;12:128-38.