The new security threats in Europe: Theory and evidence

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 423-452

  Kirchner, Emil ^a   Sperling, James ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AKRON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85052761425     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2002004     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. For an overview, see James Sperling and Emil Kirchner, 'Economic Security and the Problem of Cooperation in Post-Cold War Europe' (1998) 2 Review of International Studies, pp. 221-38.
2. A notable example is Thomas Homer-Dixon's Environment, Scarcity, and Violence (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1999).
3. Michael Mastanduno, 'Economics and Security in Statecraft and Scholarship' (1998) 4 International Organization, pp. 82-854.
4. Key texts include Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era (2nd edn, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1991);
5. Adrian Hyde-Price, European Security Beyond the Cold War: Four Scenarios for the Year 2000 (Sage, London, 1991);
6. Ole Wæver, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and the New Security Order in Europe (Pinter, London, 1993); a
7. nd Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1998).
8. See Glenn H. Snyder, 'Alliances, balance, and stability' (1991) 1 International Organization, pp. 126-27.
9. John H. Herz, 'The Rise and Demise of the Territorial State' (1957) 4 World Politics, pp. 73-93.
10. This argument is extended in William Zimmerman, 'Issue Area and Foreign Policy Process: A Research Note in Search of a General Theory' (1973) 4 American Political Science Review, pp. 1204-12;
11. and Wolfram F. Hanrieder, 'Dissolving International Politics' (1978) 4 American Political Science Review, pp. 1280-81.
12. A representative studies is Benjamin Most and Harvey Starr, 'Diffusion, Reinforcement, Geopolitics, and the Spread of War' (1980) 4 American Political Science Review, pp. 932-46.
13. For a summary and critique of this body of literature, see Gary Goertz, Contexts of International Politics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994), pp. 75-81.
14. Most and Starr, 'Diffusion, Reinforcement, Geopolitics, and the Spread of War', p. 933.
15. This line of reasoning is suggested by Jeffery Checkel in his 'Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe' (1999) 1 International Studies Quarterly, pp. 84-5.
16. The security consequences of these types of interdependencies are found in Karl Deutsch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1957); a
17. nd Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in theoretical perspective' in Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds), Security Communities (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998), pp. 3-28.
18. Most and Starr, Diffusion, 'Reinforcement, Geopolitics, and the Spread of War', p. 935.
19. Arguments asserting that penetration is facilitated by political and/or economic openness include James N. Rosenau, 'Pre-Theories and Theories of Foreign Policy' in R. Barry Farrell (ed.), Approaches to Comparative and International Politics (Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1966), pp. 27-92;
20. Wolfram F. Hanrieder, 'Compatibility and Consensus: A Proposal for the Conceptual Linkage of External and Internal Dimensions of Foreign Policy' (1967) 4 American Political Science Review, pp. 971-82; a
21. nd David R. Cameron, 'The Expansion of the Public Economy' (1978) 4 American Political Science Review, pp. 1243-61.
22. On the Kantian system of perpetual peace, see the commentary by Michael Doyle, 'Liberalism and World Politics' (1986) 4 American Political Science Review, pp. 1151-70.
23. John R. Oneal and Bruce Russett, 'The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations' (1999) 1 World Politics, pp. 1-38.
24. of Oneal and Russet (and Kant). See Alexander Wendt, 'Collective Identity Formation and the International State' (1994) 2 American Political Science Review, pp. 384-96.
25. Goertz, Contexts in International Politics, p. 78.
26. Notably, Buzan, Wæver and de Wilde's definition of a referent object excludes milieu goals and collapses state and societal security into an undifferentiated category. See Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, p. 21.
27. This set of criteria are drawn from Buzan, People, States and Fear, pp. 134-40.
28. John Gerard Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neo-Realist Synthesis' in Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and its Critics (Columbia University Press, New York, 1986), p. 148.
29. See Ashton B. Carter and William J. Perry, Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America (Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1999); a
30. nd Ashton B. Carter, 'Adapting US Defence to Future Needs' (1999-2000) 4 Survival, pp. 101-23.
31. order. See Kenneth Boulding, Conflict and Defense (Harper and Row, New York, 1962).
32. For the period 1648-1945, see William L. Langer, European Alliances and Alignments (2nd edn, Random House, New York, 1950);
33. A.J.P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery of Europe, 1848-1918 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1954);
34. Kalevi J. Holsti, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648-1989 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991);
35. and Randall Schweller Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest (Columbia University Press, New York, 1998)
36. . For the post-war period, see Arnold Wolf-ers (ed.), Alliance Policy in the Cold War (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1959), Robert Endicott Osgood, NATO: The Entangling Alliance (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1962), George Liska, Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1962);
37. and Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1987).
38. These three approaches are represented by, respectively, Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1978);
39. Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances, and Randall Schweller, Deadly Imbalances.
40. Thomas J. Christensen and Jack Snyder, 'Chain gangs and passed bucks: predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity' (1990) 2 International Organization, pp. 137-69.
41. Christensen and Snyder, 'Chain gangs and passed bucks: predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity', p. 141.