"consider that it is a raid on the path of god": The spiritual manual of the attackers of 9/11

Numen

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 29-58

  Kippenberg, Hans G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERFURT   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85052704862     PISSN: 00295973     EISSN: 15685276     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1568527053083485     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (88)

1. Hans G. Kippenberg and Tilman Seidensticker (eds.), Terror im Dienste Gottes: Die "Geistliche Anleitung" der Attentäter des 11. September 2001, Frankfurt: Campus 2004.
2. www.observer.co.uk/international/story/0, 6903, 560773, 00.html.
3. Hassan Mneimneh, "Appendix," in Robert B. Silvers and Barbara Epstein (eds.), Striking Terror: America's New War, New York: New York Review of Books 2002, 319-27.
4. Yosri Fouda and Nick Fielding, Masterminds of Terror: The Truth behind the most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World has ever Seen, Edinburgh: Main Stream 2003.
5. Fouda called the document a "Manual for a Raid." 8 See Fouda and Fielding, Masterminds of Terror, 115, 158.
6. Robert Fisk, "What Muslim would write: 'The time of fun and waste is gone'?" The Independent September 29, 2001.
7. Michael Barkun, A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America, Berkeley: University of California 2003, ch. 10, "September 11: The Aftermath," 158-69;
8. Malise Ruthven, A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America, London: Granada 2002, 294-98.
9. John L. Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam, Oxford: UP 2002, 74. The Anti-Defamation League rejected these rumours: "Unraveling Anti-Semitic 9/11 Conspiracy Theories," available on its website (http://www.adl.org).
10. See note 4. Hassan Mneimneh and Kanan Makiya, "Manual for a 'Raid, '" New York Review of Books January 17, 2002 (http://www.nybooks.com/articles/15106);
11. Robert B. Silvers and Barbara Epstein (eds.), Striking Terror: America's New War, New York: New York Review of Books 2002, 301-18.
12. See also Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terror: Thinking about Religion after September 11, Chicago: UP 2003, ch. 1.
13. Yvonne Y. Haddad, "Sayyid Qutb: Ideologue of Islamic Revival," in John L. Esposito (ed.), Voices of Resurgent Islam, New York and Oxford: UP 1983, 67-98;
14. Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics, New Haven and London: Yale UP 1990, 2nd ed., 21-28.
15. http://marty-center.uchicago.edu/webforum/122002/commentary.shtml.
16. Cf. Hans G. Kippenberg, "Religious Communities Providing Meaning in Social Interactions: The Section 'Sociology of Religion' in Max Weber's Economy and Society," in Charles Camic, Phil Gorski, and David Trubek (eds.), Economy and Society: Max Weber in 2000, Stanford: UP, forthcoming.
17. Members of al- Qaæida called it "the Manhattan ghazwa," "the two ghazwas from Washington and New York," or "the Operation Holy Tuesday" (Fouda and Fielding, Masterminds of Terror, 108, 121 n. 11).
18. Albrecht Noth, Heiliger Krieg und Heiliger Kampf im Islam und Christentum: Beiträge zur Vorgeschichte und Geschichte der Kreuzzüge, Bonn: Röhrscheid 1966, 52-53.
19. Roy P. Mottahedeh, Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society, Princeton: UP 1980, 50-54.
20. Franz Taeschner, Zünfte und Bruderschaften im Islam: Texte zur Geschichte der Futuwwa, Zürich: Artemis 1979, 97 and 159.
21. Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, Oxford: UP 1969, 196;
22. J. Cole: "Al-Qaeda's Doomsday Document and Psychological Manipulation," http://www.juancole.com/essays/qaeda).
23. Johannes J. Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat's Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East, New York: Macmillan 1986, 24, 204;
24. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, 196.
25. Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2004, 99-135;
26. Epstein, Striking Terror, 303-4 n. 2.
27. Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1964, 116.
28. Jansen, The Neglected Duty, 22, 200.
29. W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, Oxford: UP 1961, 102-26.
30. Wael B. Hallaq, A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni 'usul alfiqh,' Cambridge: UP 1997
31. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Naæim, Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law, Syracuse, NY: UP 1990, 52-60).
32. Bruce Lincoln, "War and Warriors," in Enc. Religion, 15:339-44;
33. Hans-Peter Hasenfratz, "Krieg und Frieden in archaischen Gemeinschaften," in Fritz Stolz (ed.), Religion zu Krieg und Frieden, Zürich: Theologischer Verlag 1986, 13-29, at 20;
34. Jörg Rüpke, "You Shall not Kill: Hierarchies of Norms in Ancient Rome," Numen 39 (1992) 58-79;
35. Heinrich von Stietencron and Jörg Rüpke (ed.), Töten im Krieg, Freiburg and Munich: Alber 1995, indices s.v. Rite, Ritual, Ritualisierung.
36. Hans G. Kippenberg, "Die Verheimlichung der wahren Identität vor der Außenwelt in der antiken und islamischen Religionsgeschichte," in Jan Assmann (ed.), Die Erfindung des inneren Menschen: Studien zur religiösen Anthropologie, Gütersloh: Mohn 1993, 183-98.
37. Ignaz Goldziher, "Das Prinzip der takijja im Islam" (1906), in his Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 5, Hildesheim: Olms 1970, 59-72;
38. Heinz Halm, Die islamische Gnosis: Die extreme Schia und die Alawiten, Zürich: Artemis 1982;
39. Etan Kohlberg, "Taqiyya in Shiæi Theology and Religion," in: Hans G. Kippenberg and Guy G. Stroumsa (eds.), Secrecy and Concealment: Studies in the History of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Religions, Leiden: Brill 1995, 345-80;
40. Strothmann/Djebli, "Takiyya," Enc. Islam, 2nd ed., 10:134-36.
41. Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon, London: Tauris 1986, 215;
42. Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, The Just Ruler in Shiæite Islam. Oxford: UP 1988, 112-14.
43. See, for example, M. Ruthven, A Fury for God, 300.
44. Ivan Strenski, "Sacrifice, Gift and the Social Logic of Muslim 'Human Bombers, '" in Terrorism and Political Violence 15 (2003) 1-34, at 12-13;
45. Mneimneh and Makiya in Silvers and Epstein, Striking Terror, 317.
46. Martin Kramer, "The Moral Logic of Hizballah," in Walter Reich (ed.), Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, Cambridge: UP 1990, 131-57.
47. Martin Kramer, "Hizbullah: The Calculus of Jihad," in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (eds.), Fundamentalism and the State: Remaking Politics, Economies, and Militancy (The Fundamentalism Project, vol. 3), Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1993, 539-56, at 549.
48. Martin Kramer, "The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah," in: R. Scott Appleby (ed.), Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East, Chicago: UP 1997, 83-181.
49. Kramer, "The Moral Logic of Hizballah," 142-49;
50. Magnus Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York: St. Martin's Press 1997, 42.
51. Kramer, "The Moral Logic of Hizballah," 147.
52. See Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, London: Victor Golancz 1998: chapter on "Religion and Terrorism." 46 Der Spiegel 42/2001.
53. Martin Kramer, Hezbollah's Vision of the West, Washington: Institute for Near East Policy 1989 (Policy Papers, 16), 37-39
54. "11 September, Terrorism, Islam, and the Intifada" (interview with Shaikh Muhammad Husain Fadlallah), in Journal of Palestine Studies 31 (2002) 78-84, at 83.
55. Thomas Scheffler, "'Allahu Akbar': Zur Theologie des Widerstandsgeistes im Islam," in André Stanisavljević and Ralf Zwengel (eds.), Religion und Gewalt: Der Islam nach dem 11. September, Potsdam: Mostar Friedensprojekt e.V. 2002, 21-46.
56. Scheffler, "Allahu akbar," 31-32;
57. Yonah Alexander and Michael S. Setnam, Usama bin Ladin's al-Qaida: Profile of a Terrorist Network, New Delhi: Aditya Books 2001, Appendix 1 A.
58. Peter L. Bergen, Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden, New York: Free Press 2001, ch. 5.
59. Fouda and Fielding, Masterminds of Terror, 127, 157-58.
60. Stephan Rosiny, Islamismus bei den Schiiten im Libanon: Religion im Übergang von Tradition zur Moderne, Berlin: Das arabische Buch 1996, 123-36.
61. Peter Waldmann, Terrorismus: Provokation der Macht, München: Gerling Akademie 1998, 61-68.
62. Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, 62-65.
63. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, 32.
64. Denis Engelleder, Die islamistische Bewegung in Jordanien und Palästina 1945-1989, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2002, 108-11;
65. Johannes Reissner, Ideologie und Politik der Muslimbrüder Syriens: Von den Wahlen 1947 bis zum Verbot unter Adib Ash-Shishakli 1952, Freiburg: Schwarz 1980, 103;
66. Hans Günter Lobmeyer, Opposition und Widerstand in Syrien, Hamburg 1995 (not seen).
67. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, 195-200;
68. Engelleder, Die islamistische Bewegung, 108-11.
69. Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh (French original 1984), Berkeley/Los Angeles 2003, 52-56.
70. Max Weber, "Über einige Kategorien der verstehenden Soziologie" (1913), in Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre, ed. Johannes Winckelmann, Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck) 1968, 3rd ed., 427-74.
71. Eng. transl.: "Some Categories of Interpretive Sociology," translated by E.E. Graber, The Sociological Quarterly 22 (1981) 151-80.
72. Bob Woodward, Bush at War, London: Simon & Schuster 2003, 15, 17.
73. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01;
74. John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett, The Myth of the American Superhero, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 2002.
75. George W. Bush, in Captain America and the Crusade against Evil: The Dilemma of Zealous Nationalism, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 2003.
76. Ulrike Brunotte, Puritanismus und Pioniergeist: Die Faszination der Wildnis im frühen Neu-England, Berlin and New York: de Gruyter 2000.
77. P. 6. We owe to Bruce Lincoln an analysis of the religious rhetoric of President Bush's speeches: Holy Terrors, 19-32;
78. Akira Iriye, "Culture and International History," in Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (eds.), Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, Cambridge: UP 1991, 214-25;
79. Ursula Lehmkuhl, "Diplomatiegeschichte als internationale Kulturgeschichte: Theoretische Ansätze und empirische Forschung zwischen Historischer Kulturwissenschaft und Soziologischem Institutionalismus," Geschichte und Gegenwart 27 (2001) 394-423.
80. Cf. William Martin, "With God on Their Side: Religion and U.S. Foreign Policy," in Hugh Heclo and Wilfred M. McClay (eds.), Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America, Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press 2003, 327-59.
81. Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP 1992.
82. Quoted from James Sterba, "Terrorism and International Justice," in idem (ed.), Terrorism and International Justice, New York and Oxford: UP 2003, 206-28, at 206.
83. Robert Kennedy, "Is One Person's Terrorist Another's Freedom Fighter? Western and Islamic Approaches to 'Just War' Compared," Terrorism and Political Violence 11 (1999) 1-21.
84. Diego Gambetta, "Reason and Terror: Has 9/11 Made it Hard to Think Straight?" Boston Review April/May 2004 (internet version). Gambetta supplies the quotation from D. Rumsfeld.
85. Robert Fuller, Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession, New York and Oxford: UP 1995.
86. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, New York: W.W. Norton 2004, p. xvi.
87. Daniele Archibugi and Iris Maron Young, "Envisioning a Global Rule of Law," in Sterba, Terrorism and International Justice, 158-70.
88. One attempt has been made by Ted Honderich: After the Terror, Edinburgh: UP 2003.