ECological Significance Of The Biological Activity In Soil

Soil Biochemistry: Volume 6: Volume 6

Volumn 6, Issue , 2017, Pages 293-355

  Nannipieri, Paolo ^a   Greco, Stefano ^a   Ceccanti, Brunello ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TUSCIA   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85052693771     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780203739389     Document Type: Chapter

References (269)

1. Stotzky, C, 1974. Activity, ecology, and population dynamics of microorganisms in soil. In A. I. Laskin and H. Lechevalier (eds.), Microbial ecology, pp. 57-135. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
2. Burns, R. G., 1986. Interaction of enzymes with soil mineral and organic colloids. In P. M. Huang and M. Schnitzer (eds.), Interactions of soil minerals with natural organics and microbes, pp. 429-451. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis.
3. Matheron, G., 1971. The theory of regionalized variables and its applications. Cahvres du Centre de Mor, France.
4. Trangmar, B. B., R. S. Yost, and A. H. Uehara, 1985. Application of geostatistics to spatial studies of soil properties. Adv. Agron. 38:45-94.
5. Webster, R., 1985. Quantitative spatial analysis of soil in the field. Adv. Soil Sci. 3:1-70.
6. Stevenson, F. J., 1982. Humus, chemistry genesis, composition, reactions. Wiley, New York.
7. Stevenson, F. J., 1986. Cycles of soils, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. Wiley, New York.
8. Nannipieri, P., 1984. Microbial biomass and activity in soil, ecological significance. In M. J. Klug and C. A. Reddy (eds.), Current perspectives in microbial ecology, pp. 515-521. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
9. Kjoller, A., and S. Struwe, 1982. Microfungi in ecosystems: fungal occurrence and activity in litter and soil. Oikos 39: 391-422.
10. Soderstrom, B. E., 1979. Some problems in assessing the fluorescein diacetate-active fungal biomass in the soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11:147-148.
11. Schnurer, J., and T. Rosswall, 1982. Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbiological activity in soil and litter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1256-1261.
12. Federle, T. W., D. C. Dobbins, J. R. Thornton-Manring, and D. D. Jones, 1986. Microbial biomass, activity and community structure in subsurface soils. Ground Water 24:365-374.
13. Skujins, J., 1978. History of abiotic soil enzyme research. In R. G. Burns (ed.), Soil enzymes, pp. 1-49. Academic Press, New York.
14. Howard, P. J. A., 1972. Problems in the estimation of biological activity in soil. Oikos 23:235-240.
15. Nannipieri, P., R. L. Johnson, and E. A. Paul, 1978. Criteria for measurement of microbial growth and activity in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10:223-229.
16. Maire, N., 1987. Évaluation de la vie microbienne dans les sols par un système d’analyses biochimiques standardisé. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:491-500.
17. Coxson, D. S., and D. Parkinson, 1987. Winter respiratory activity in Aspen woodland forest floor litter and soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:49-59.
18. Edwards, N. T., 1982. The use of soda-lime for measuring respiration rates in terrestrial systems. Pedobiologia 23:319-328.
19. Gupta, S. R., and J. S. Singh, 1981. Soil respiration in a tropical grassland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 13:261-268.
20. Parker, L. W., J. Wilier, Y. Steinberger, and W. G. Whitford, 1983. Soil respiration in a Chihuahuan desert rangeland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:303-309.
21. Steubing, L., 1977. Soil microbial activity under beech and spruce stands. Nat. Can. 104:143-150.
22. Redmann, R. E., 1978. Soil respiration in a mixed grassland ecosystem. Can. J. Soil Sci. 58:119-124.
23. Virzo de Santi, A., and A. Alfani, 1975. Soil metabolism and microflora of four plots under different light intensities. Pedobiologia 15:201-209.
24. Schwartzkopf, S. H., 1978. An open chamber technique for the measurement of carbon dioxide evolution from soils. Ecology 59:1062-1068.
25. Witkamp, M., 1966. Rates of carbon dioxide evolution from the forest floor. Ecology 47:492-494.
26. Witkamp, M., 1969. Cycles of temperature and carbon dioxide evolution from litter and soil. Ecology 50:922-924.
27. 2 evolved from organic soil at different depths in situ. Can. J. Soil Sci. 61:137-144.
28. 2 profiles. J. Appl. Ecol. 11:103-110.
29. 2 liberation from peat soil under various uses. Pochvovedenie 6:57-61.
30. Kowalenko, G. C, K. C. Ivarson, and D. R. Cameron, 1978. Effect of moisture content, temperature and nitrogen fertilization on carbon dioxide evolution from field soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10:417-423.
31. Anderson, J. P. E., 1982. Soil respiration. In A. L. Page, R. M. Miller, and D. R. Kenny (eds.). Methods of soil analysis, chemical and microbiological properties, Part 2, 2nd ed., Agronomy 9, pp. 831-871. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis.
32. Martin, J. K., and D. W. Puckridge, 1982. Carbon flow through the rhizosphere of wheat crops in South Australia. In J. E. Galbally and J. R. Freney (eds.), The cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, pp. 77-82. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
33. Barber, D. A., and J. K. Martin, 1976. The release of organic substances by cereal roots into the soil. New Phytol. 76:69-80.
34. 2 canopy technique for measuring carbon transfers through the plant soil system. Plant Soil 38:331-345.
35. Billings, W. D., K. M. Peterson, G. R. Shaver, and A. W. Trent, 1977. Root growth, respiration and carbon dioxide evolution in an arctic tundra soil. Arctic Alpine Res. 9:129-133.
36. Lee, K. E., 1985. Earthworms. Their ecology and relationships with soils and land use. Academic Press, London.
37. Richardson, A. M. M., 1983. The effect of the burrows of a cray fish on the respiration of the surrounding soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 3:239-242.
38. Stott, D. E., L. F. Elliott, R. I. Papendick, and G. S. Campbell, 1986. Low temperature or low water potential effects on the microbial decomposition of wheat residue. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:577-582.
39. Edwards, N. T., 1974. A moving chamber design for measuring soil respiration rates. Oikos 25:97-101.
40. 2 from litter, humus and subsoil of a pine stand. Pedobiologia 9:358-366.
41. Stotzky, G., 1965. Microbial respiration. In C. A. Black (ed.), Methods of soil analysis, chemical and microbiological properties, Part 2, 1st ed., pp. 1550-1572. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis.
42. 2. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:77-81.
43. Shen-Min, S., P. C. Brookes, and D. S. Jenkinson, 1987. Soil respiration and the measurement of microbial biomass C by the fumigation technique in fresh and in air-dried soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:153-158.
44. Dommergues, Y., 1960. La notion de coefficient de la minéralisation du carbon dans les sols. Agron. Trop. 15:54-60.
45. 14C-labeled lignins, phenols and phenolic polymers in relation to soil humus formation. In T. K. Kirk, T. Higuchi, and H. M. Chang (eds.), Lignin biodégradation: microbiology, chemistry and potential applications, Vol. I, pp. 77-109. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
46. Hamaker, J. W., 1972. Decomposition: quantitative aspects. In C. A. I. Goring and J. W. Hamaker (eds.), Organic chemicals in the soil environment, pp. 253-340. Marcel Dekker, New York.
47. Hance, R. J., and C. E. McKone, 1971. Effect of concentration on the decomposition rates in soil of atrazine, linuron and pic-loram. Pestic. Sci. 2:31-34.
48. Scow, K. M., S. Simkins, and M. Alexander, 1986. Kinetics of mineralization of organic compounds at low concentrations in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51:1028-1035.
49. Anderson, J. P. E., and K. H. Domsch, 1975. Measurement of bacterial and fungal contributions to respiration of selected agricultural and forest soils. Can. J. Microbiol. 21:314-322.
50. 14C-Biol. Fert. Soils 1:117-122.
51. Song, H. G., T. A. Pedersen, and R. Bartha, 1986. Hydrocarbon mineralization in soil: relative bacterial and fungal contribution. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:109-111.
52. Tate, R. L., III, 1980. Effect of several environmental parameters on carbon metabolism in histosols. Microbiol. Ecol. 5:329-336.
53. Powlson, D. S., P. C. Brookes, and B. T. Christensen, 1987. Measurement of microbial biomass provides an early indication of changes in total organic matter due to straw incorporation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:159-164.
54. Trevors, J. T., 1986. Electron transport system: activity in soil, sediment and pure culture. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 11:83-99.
55. Baldwin, E., 1952. Dynamics aspects of biochemistry. Cambridge University Press, London.
56. James, W. O., 1971. Cell respiration. English University Press.
57. Skujins, J., 1976. Extracellular enzymes in soil. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 4:383-421.
58. Kiss, S., M. Boaru, and M. Stoita, 1969. Enzyme activity in vineyard soils. Rev. Roum. Biol. Ser. Bot. 14:127-130.
59. Kiss, S., and M. Boaru, 1965. Methods for the determination of dehydrogenase activity in soil. Symposium on methods in soil biology, pp. 137-143. Romanian National Society of Soil Science, Bucharest.
60. Casida, L. E., Jr., 1977. Microbial metabolic activity in soil as measured by dehydrogenase determinations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:630-636.
61. Dragan-Bularda, M., S. Kiss, D. Radulescu, R. Crisan, E. Kolozsi, H. Pintea, and V. Olar-Gherghel, 1984. Influence of the nature of hydrogen donors on the soil dehydrogenase activity. Fifth Symposium on Soil Biology, pp. 51-56. Romanian National Society of Soil Science, Bucharest.
62. Cerna, S., 1973. Inhibition of the dehydrogenase activity in soil. Rostl. Vyroba 13:51-58.
63. Ladd, J. N., and E. A. Paul, 1973. Changes in enzymic activity and distribution of acid-soluble, amino acid nitrogen in soil during nitrogen immobilization and mineralization. Soil Biol. Biochem. 5:825-840.
64. Chendrayan, K., T. K. Adhya, and N. Sethunathan, 1980. Dehydrogenase and invertase activities of flooded soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 12:271-273.
65. Hirte, W., 1963. Notes on the determination of dehydrogenase activity in soil. Zentrabl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Abt. II 116: 478-484.
66. Lenhard, G., 1956. The dehydrogenase activity in soil as a measure of the activity of soil microorganisms. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Dung. Bodenkd. 73:1-11.
67. Peterson, N. V., 1967. Dehydrogenase activity in soil as an index of its microbial activity. Mikrobiologiya 36:518-525.
68. Stevenson, I. L., 1963. Dehydrogenase activity in soils. Can. J. Microbiol. 5:229-235.
69. Thalman, A., 1966. The determination of dehydrogenase activity in soil by means of TTC (triphenyltetrazolium chloride). Soil Biol. 6:46-49.
70. Ross, D. J., 1970. Effects of storage on dehydrogenase activities of soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2:55-61.
71. Cerna, J., 1969. The influence of desiccation of structural soil upon the intensity of biochemical reactions. Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. 1968:285-288.
72. Pancholy, S. K., and E. L. Rice, 1972. Effect of storage conditions on activities of urease, invertase, amylase and dehydrogenase in soil. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. Proc. 35:536-537.
73. Ahrens, E., 1975. The comparability of dehydrogenase activity in air-dry and moist soil samples. Landwirtsch. Forsch. 28: 310-316.
74. Casida, L. E., D. A. Klein, and T. Santoro, 1964. Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Sei. 98:371-376.
75. Schaefer, R., 1963. Dehydrogenase activity as an index for the biological activity in soils. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Paris 105: 326-331.
76. Bauzon, D., R. Van den Driessche, and Y. Dommergues, 1969. Effect of litter. I. The in situ influence of forest litter on several biological characteristics of soil. Oecol. Plant. 4:99-102.
77. Galstyan, A. Sh., and Z. S. Avundzhyan, 1970. Dehydrogenases of silt fraction in soil. Dokl. Akad. Nauk Arm SSSR 195: 707-710.
78. Gilot, J. C, and Y. Dommergues, 1967. Note sur le lithosol calcaire a mor de la station subalpine de la. CP. 40. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Soil 4:357-383.
79. Laugesen, K., and J. P. Mikkelsen, 1973. Dehydrogenase activity in Danish soils. Tidsskr. Planteavl 77:516-520.
80. Rawald, W., K. Domke, and G. Stohr, 1968. Studies on the relations between humus quality and microflora of the soil. Pedobiologia 7:375- 380.
81. Ross, D. J., 1973. Some enzymes and respiratory activity of tropical soils from New Hebrides. Soil Biol. Biochem. 5:559-567.
82. Roth, G., 1965. The biochemical activity of soil. A new method of assessment. In Proceedings of the 39th Congress S. Agr. Sugar Technol. Ass., pp. 276-285.
83. Raguotis, A. D., 1967. Biological activity of solid-podzolic forest soils of the Lithuanian SSR. Pochvovedenie 6:51-60.
84. Russel, S., and J. Kobus, 1974. Dehydrogenase activity of different soils. Agrartud. Kozl. 33:161-163.
85. Skujins, J., 1973. Dehydrogenase: as an indicator of biological activities in arid soils. Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm. 17:235-241.
86. 2 evolution of soil. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. 12:246-252.
87. Curl, H. C., Jr., and J. Sandberg, 1961. The measurement of dehydrogenase activity in marine organisms. J. Mar. Res. 19:123-138.
88. Packard, T. T., 1971. The measurement of respiratory electron- transport activity in marine phytoplankton. J. Mar. Res. 29:235-246.
89. Benefield, C. B., P. J. A. Howard, and D. M. Howard, 1977. The estimation of dehydrogenase activity in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 6:67-70.
90. Trevors, J. T., 1984. Dehydrogenase activity in soil. A comparison between the INT and TTC assay. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16:673-674.
91. Trevors, J. T., 1984. Effect of substrate concentration, temperature and pH on dehydrogenase activity in soil. Plant Soil 77:285-293.
92. Wieser, W., and M. Zech, 1976. Dehydrogenase as tools in the study of marine sediments. Mar. Biol. 36:113-122.
93. Jenkinson, D. S., and J. N. Ladd, 1981. Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover. In E. A. Paul and J. N. Ladd (eds.), Soil biochemistry, Vol. 5, pp. 414-471. Marcel Dekker, New York.
94. Eiland, F., 1985. Determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenylate energy charge (AEC) in soil and use of adenine nucleotides as measures of soil microbial biomass and activity. Danish J. Plant Soil Sci. S: 1777:1-193.
95. White, E. H., E. Rapaport, T. A. Hopkins, and H. H. Seliger, 1969. Chemi- and bioluminescence of firefly luciferin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 9:2178-2180.
96. White, E. H., E. Rapaport, H. H. Seliger, and T. A. Hopkins, 1971. The chemi- and bioluminescence of firefly luciferin: an efficient chemical production of electronically excited states. Bioorg. Chem. 1:92-122.
97. Seliger, H. H., and W. D. McElroy, 1964. The colors of fire-bly bioluminescence: enzyme configuration and species specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 52:75-81.
98. Travis, J., and W. D. McElroy, 1966. Isolation and sequence of an essential sulphydryl peptide at the active site of firefly luciferase. Biochemistry 5:2170-2176.
99. Rasmussen, H. N., and R. Nielsen, 1968. An improved analysis of adenosine triphosphate by the luciferase method. Acta Chem. Scand. 22:1745-1756.
100. Rasmussen, H. N., 1978. Preparation of partially purified firefly luciferase suitable for coupled assays, in J. P. Colowick and N. O. Kaplan (eds.), Methods in enzymology, Vol. 57, pp. 28-36. Bioluminescence and chemiluminescence. Academic Press, New York.
101. Holm-Hansen, O., and C. R. Booth, 1966. The measurement of adenosine triphosphate in the ocean and its ecological significance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 11:510-519.
102. Tate, K. R., and D. S. Jenkinson, 1982. Adenosine triphosphate measurement in soil: an improved method. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14:331-335.
103. Webster, J. J., J. C. Chang, E. R. Manley, H. O. Spivey, and F. R. Leach, 1980. Buffer effects on ATP analyses by firefly luciferase. Anal. Biochem. 106:7-11.
104. West, A. W., G. P. Sparling, J. C. Cowling, K. R. Tate, and J. Reynolds, 1986. Luciferase preparations, assay conditions and calculated extraction efficiency as factors in the estimation of soil ATP content. Biol. Fert. Soils 2:205-211.
105. Lee, C. C, R. F. Harris, J. D. H. Williams, D. E. Armstrong, and J. K. Syers, 1971. Adenosine triphosphate in lake sediments: I. Determinations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35:82-86.
106. Ausmus, B. F., 1973. The use of ATP assay in terrestrial decomposition studies. Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm. 17:223-234.
107. Webster, J. J., G. J. Hampton, and F. R. Leach, 1984. ATP in soil: a new extractant and extraction procedure. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16:335-342.
108. Eiland, F., 1983. A simple method for quantitative determination of ATP in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:665-670.
109. Jenkinson, D. S., and J. M. Oades, 1979. A method for measuring adenosine triphosphate in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11: 193-199.
110. Zelles, L., I. Scheuner, and F. Korte, 1985. Side-effects of some pesticides on non-target soil microorganisms. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 20:457-460.
111. Paul, E. A., and R. L. Johnson, 1977. Microscopic counting and adenosine 5'-triphosphate measurement in determining microbial growth in soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:263-269.
112. Conklin, A. R., and A. N. MacGregor, 1972. Soil adenosine triphosphate: extraction recovery and half-life. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7:296-300.
113. Van de Werf, R., and W. Verstraete, 1979. Direct measurement of microbial ATP in soils. In E. Schram and P. Stanley (eds.), Proceedings 1978 International Symposium on Analytical Applications of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence, pp. 333-338. State Printing and Publishing, Westlake Village, Calif.
114. MacLeod, N. K., E. W. Chappelle, and A. M. Crawford, 1969. ATP assay of terrestrial soils: a test for an exobiological experiment. Nature (London) 223:267-268.
115. Christian, R. R., K. Bancroft, and W. J. Wiebe, 1975. Distribution of microbial adenosine triphosphate in salt marsh sediments at Sapelo Island, Georgia. Soil Sci. 119:89-97.
116. Kaczmarek, W., H. Kaszubiak, and Z. Pedziwilk, 1976. The ATP content in soil microorganisms. Ekol. Pol. 24:399-406.
117. Lundin, A., and A. Thore, 1975. A comparison of methods for extraction of bacterial adenine nucleotides determined by firefly assay. Appl. Microbiol. 30:713-721.
118. Jenkinson, D. S., S. A. Davidson, and D. S. Powlson, 1979. Adenosine triphosphate and microbial biomass in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11:521-527.
119. Sparling, G., and F. Eiland, 1983. A comparison of methods for measuring ATP and microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:227-229.
120. Verstrate, W., H. Van de Werf, F. Kucnerowicz, M. Ilaiwi, L. M. J. Verstraeten, and K. Vlassak, 1983. Specific measurement of soil microbial ATP. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:391-396.
121. Verstraeten, L. M. J., K. De Coninck, K. Vlassak, M. Ver-straete, H. Van de Werf, and M. Ilaiwi, 1983. ATP content of soils estimated by two contrasting extraction methods. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:397-402.
122. Knight, W. G., and J. Skujins, 1981. ATP concentration and soil respiration at reduced water potentials in arid soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45:657-660.
123. Oades, J. M., and D. S. Jenkinson, 1979. Adenosine triphosphate content of the soil microbial biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11:201-204.
124. Ross, D. J., K. R. Tate, A. Cairns, and E. A. Pansier, 1980. Microbial biomass estimations in soils from tussock grasslands by three biochemical procedures. Soil Biol. Biochem. 12:375-383.
125. Sparling, G. P., 1981. Microcalorimetry and other methods to assess biomass and activity in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 13:93-98.
126. Jenkinson, D. S., 1988. Determination of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil. In J. K. Wilson (ed.), Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems, pp. 368-386. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.
127. Anderson, J. R., and P. I. Davies, 1973. Investigations on the extraction of adenosine triphosphate from soils. Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm. 17:271-273.
128. Graf, G., and G. Legaly, 1980. Interaction of clay minerals with adenosine-5-triphosphate. Clays Clay Miner. 29:12-18.
129. Burns, R. G., 1982. Enzymes activity in soil: location and a possible role in microbial ecology. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14: 423-427.
130. Burns, R. G., P. Nannipieri, and P. Sequi. Enzymes in soil: origins, locations and relationships to microorganisms and organic matter degradation. in P. MacCarthy, E. T. Gjessing, R. F. C. Mantoura, and P. Sequi (eds.), Humic substances, Vol. 4. Wiley, in press.
131. Stotzky, G., 1986. Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes, growth, adhesion and ecology of microbes and viruses. In P. A. Huang and M. Schnitzer (eds.), Interactions of soil minerals with natural organics and microbes, pp. 305-428. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis.
132. Gray, T. R. G., and S. I. Williams, 1971. Microbial productivity in soil. In D. E. Hughes and A. M. Rose (eds.), Microbes and biological productivity. University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
133. Barber, D. A., and J. M. Lynch, 1977. Microbial growth in the rhizosphere. Soil Biol. Biochem. 9:305-308.
134. Ahmed, M., J. M. Oades, and J. N. Ladd, 1982. Determination of ATP in soils: effect of soil treatments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14:273-279.
135. Fairbanks, B. C, L. E. Woods, R. J. Bryant, E. T. Elliott, C. V. Cole, and D. C. Coleman, 1984. Limitations of ATP estimates of microbial biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16:549-558.
136. West, A. V., D. J. Ross, and J. C. Cowling, 1986. Changes in microbial C, N, P and ATP contents, numbers and respiration on storage of soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:141-146.
137. Chapman, A. G., and D. E. Atkinson, 1977. Adenine nucleotide concentrations and turnover rates. Their correlation with biological activity in bacteria and yeast, in A. H. Rose and D. W. Tempest (eds.), Advances in microbial physiology, pp. 253-306. Academic Press, New York.
138. Atkinson, D. E., 1968. The energy charge of the adenylate pool as a regulatory parameter. Interaction with feedback modifiers. Biochemistry 7:4030-4034.
139. Atkinson, D. E., 1969. Regulation of enzyme function. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 23:47-68.
140. Atkinson, D. E., and G. M. Walton, 1967. Adenosine triphosphate conservation in metabolic regulation: rat liver citrate cleavage enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 242-3239-3241.
141. Chapman, A. G., L. Fall, and D. E. Atkinson, 1971. Adenylate energy charge in Escherichia coli during growth and starvation. J. Bacteriol. 108:1072-1086.
142. Atkinson, D. E., 1977. Cellular energy metabolism and its regulation. Academic Press, New York.
143. Karl, D. M., 1980. Cellular nucleotide measurements and applications in microbial ecology. Microbiol. Rev. 44:739-798.
144. Wiebe, W. J., and K. Bancroft, 1975. Use of the adenylate energy charge ratio to measure growth state of natural microbial communities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:2112-2115.
145. Karl, D. M., and O. Holm-Hansen, 1977. Adenylate energy charge measurements in natural seawater and sediment samples. In G. A. Boruh (ed.), ATP methodology seminar, pp. 141-169. SAI Technical College, San Diego.
146. Setlow, P., and A. Kornberg, 1970. Biochemical studies bacterial sporulation and germination. XXII. Energy metabolism in early stages of germination of Baciiius megaterium spores. J. Biol. Chem. 245:3637-3644.
147. Brookes, P. C, K. R. Tate, and D. J. Jenkinson, 1983. The adenylate energy charge of the soil microbial biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:9-16.
148. Martens, R., 1985. Estimation of adenylate energy charge in unamended and amended agricultural soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:765-772.
149. Stanier, R. Y., M. Doudoroff, and E. A. Adelberg, 1972. General microbiology, 3rd ed. Macmillan, London.
150. Tateno, M., 1985. Adenylate energy charge in glucose-amended soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:387-388.
151. Brookes, P. C, A. D. Newcombe, and D. S. Jenkinson, 1987. Adenylate energy charge measurement in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:211-217.
152. Pradet, A., and P. Raymond, 1983. Adenine nucleotide ratios and adenylate energy charge in energy metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 34:199-224.
153. Sorensen, L. H., 1972. Role of amino acid metabolites in the formation of soil organic matter. Soil Biol. Biochem. 4:245-255.
154. Nannipieri, P., L. Muccini, and C. Ciardi, 1983. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities: production and persistence. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:679-685.
155. Brookes, P. C, and S. P. McGrath, 1987. Adenylate energy charge in metal-contaminated soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:219-220.
156. Karl, D. M., 1981. Simultaneous rates of ribonucleic acid syntheses for estimating growth and cell division of aquatic microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:802-810.
157. Starrier, R. Y., M. Doudoroff, and E. A. Adelberg, 1970. The microbial world. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
158. 3H adenine: field comparison. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:706-709.
159. Yamazaki, H., and K. L. Yeung, 1981. Determination of the total rate of synthesis and degradation of RNA in a bacterial culture. Can. J. Microbiol. 27:168-174.
160. 15N labeled plant material comparison with fumigation method. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:773-778.
161. 15N atom % excess in the soil microbial biomass as measured by the fumigation method and by the nucleic acid base method. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:19-24.
162. Torsvik, V. D., and J. Goksoyr, 1978. Determination of bacterial DNA in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10:7-12.
163. Nannipieri, P., C. Ciardi, L. Badalucco, and S. Casella, 1986. A method to determine DNA and RNA. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:275-281.
164. Cortez, J., and M. Schnitzer, 1981. Reactions of nucleic acid bases with inorganic soil constituents. Soil Biol. Biochem. 13:173-178.
165. Goring, C. A. I., and W. V. Bartholomew, 1952. Adsorption of mononucleotides, nucleic acids and nucleoproteins by clays. Soil Sci. 74:149-164.
166. Bower, C. A., 1949. Studies on the forms and availability of soil organic phosphorus. Iowa Agricultural Experimental Station Research Bull. No. 362.
167. Greaves, M. P., and M. J. Wilson, 1970. The degradation of nucleic acids and montmorillonite-nucleic acid complex by soil microorganisms. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2:257-268.
168. Anderson, G., 1961. Estimation of purines and pyrimidines in soil humic acid. Soil Sci. 91:156-161.
169. Anderson, G., 1979. Bacterial DNA in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11:213-215.
170. Lorenz, M. G., B. W. Ardema, and W. E. Krumbein, 1983. Interactions of marine sediment with DNA and DNA availability to nuclease. Mar. Biol. 64:225-230.
171. Ardema, B. W., M. G. Lorenz, and W. E. Krumbein, 1983. Protection of sediment-adsorbed transforming DNA against enzyme inactivation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:417-420.
172. Stotzky, G., and H. Babich, 1986. Survival of, and genetic transfer by, genetically engineered bacteria in natural environments. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 31:93-138.
173. Belaich, J. P., 1980. Growth and metabolism in bacteria. In A. E. Breezer (ed.), Biological microcalorimetry, pp. 1-42. Academic Press, London.
174. Lamprecht, I., 1980. Growth and metabolism in yeast. A. E. Breezer (ed.), Biological microcalorimetry, pp. 43-112. Academic Press, London.
175. Payne, W. J., 1970. Energy yields and growth of hetero-trophs. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 24:17-52.
176. Forrest, W. W., 1972. Microcalorimetry. In J. R. Norris and D. W. Ribbons (eds.), Methods in microbiology, pp. 285-318. Academic Press, London.
177. Breezer, A. E., 1980. Biological microcalorimetry. Academic Press, London.
178. Hesselink Van Suchtelen, F. A., 1931. Energetics and microbiology of the soil, V. Arch. Pflanzenbau. 7:519-541.
179. Mortensen, TJ., B. Noren, and I. Wadso, 1973. Microcalorimetry in the study of the activity of microorganisms. Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm. 17:189-197.
180. Ljungholm, K., B. Noren, R. Skold, and I. Wadso, 1979. Use of microcalorimetry for the characterization of microbial activity in soil. Oikos 33:15-23.
181. Ljungholm, K., B. Noren, and I. Wadso, 1979. Microcalori-metric observations of microbial activity in normal and acidified soils. Oikos 33:24-30.
182. Ljungholm, K., B. Noren, and G. Odham, 1980. Microcalorimet-ric and gas chromatographic studies of microbial activity in water leached, acid leached and restored soils. Oikos 34:98-102.
183. Sparling, G. P., 1981. Heat output of the soil biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 13:373-376.
184. Anderson, J. P. E., and K. M. Domsch, 1978. A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10:215-221.
185. Sparling, G. P., 1983. Estimation of microbial biomass and activity in soil using microcalorimetry. J. Soil Sci. 34:381-390.
186. Yamano, H., and K. Takahashi, 1983. Temperature effect on the activity of soil microbes measured from heat evolution during the degradation of several carbon sources. Agric. Biol. Chem. 47:1493-1499.
187. Lundberg, G., 1970. Utilization of various nitrogen sources, in particular bound soil nitrogen by mycorrhizal fungi. Stud. For. Suec. 7984.
188. Stribley, D. P., and D. J. Read, 1980. The biology of my-corrhiza in the Ericaceae. VII. The relationship between mycorrhizal infection and the capacity to utilize simple and complex nitrogen sources. New Phytol. 86:365-371.
189. Read, D. J., 1983. The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericales. Can. J. Bot. 61:985-1004.
190. Stevenson, F. J., 1982. Organic forms of soil nitrogen. F. J. Stevenson (ed.), Nitrogen in agricultural soils, pp. 67-122. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis.
191. Ladd, J. N., and R. B. Jackson, 1982. Biochemistry of am-monification. In F. J. Stevenson (ed.), Nitrogen in agricultural soils, Agronomy 22, pp. 173-228. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis.
192. Tiedje, J. M., J. Sorensen, and Y. Y. L. Chang, 1981. Assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction: perspective and methodology for simultaneous measurement of several nitrogen cycle processes. In F. R. Clark and T. Rosswall (eds.), Terrestrial nitrogen cycles, pp. 331-342. Ecol. Bull., Stockholm.
193. Watanabe, I., B. C. Padre, Jr., and S. T. Santiago, 1981. Quantitative study on nitrification in flooded rice soil. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 27:373-382.
194. 15N dilution technique. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:853-857.
195. Nishio, T., I. Koike, and A. Hattori, 1983. Estimates of de-nitrification and nitrification in coastal and estuarine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:444-450.
196. + dilution technique. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:760-765.
197. Glibert, P. M., F. Lipshultz, J. J. McCarthy, and M. A. Altabet, 1982. Isotope dilution models of uptake and remin-eralization of ammonium by marine plankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 27:639-650.
198. 15N: theory and application. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:559-568.
199. Barraclough, D., 1988. Studying mineralization/immobilization turnover in fields experiments: the use of nitrogen-15 and simple mathematical analysis. In D. S. Jenkinson and K. A. Smith (eds.), Nitrogen efficiency in agricultural soils, pp. 409-917. Elsevier, Amsterdam, in press.
200. Hattori, T., and R. Hattori, 1970. The physical environment in soil microbiology: an attempt to extend principles of microbiology to soil microorganisms. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 4:423-461.
201. Lynch, J. M., and E. Bragg, 1985. Microorganisms and soil aggregate stability. Adv. Soil Sci. 2:133-163.
202. Belser, L. W., 1979. Population ecology of nitrifying bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 33:309-333.
203. Schmidt, E. L., and L. W. Belser, 1982. Nitrifying bacteria. In A. L. Page, R. H. Miller, and D. R. Keeney (eds.), Methods of soil analysis, chemical and physical properties, Part 2, 2nd ed., Agronomy 9, pp. 1027-1042. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis.
204. Schmidt, E. L., 1974. Quantitative autoecological study of microorganisms in soil by immunofluorescence. Soil Sci. 118: 141-149.
205. Molina, J. A. E., G. Gerard, and R. Mignolet, 1979. Asynchronous activity of ammonium oxidizer clusters in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43:728-731.
206. Belser, L. M., and E. L. Mays, 1982. Use of nitrifier activity measurements to estimate the efficiency of viable nutrifier counts in soils and sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43: 945-948.
207. Berg, P., and T. Rosswall, 1985. Ammonia oxidizer numbers, potential and actual oxidation rates in two Swedish arable soils. Biol. Fert. Soils 1:131-140.
208. Focht, D. D., and W. Verstraete, 1977. Biochemical ecology of nitrification and denitrification. Adv. Microb. Ecol. 1:135-214.
209. Castignetti, D., and T. C. Hollocher, 1984. Heterotrophic nitrification among denitrifiers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:620-623.
210. Adams, J. A., 1986. Identification of heterotrophic nitrification in strongly acid beech humus. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18: 339-341.
211. Belser, L. W., and E. L. Mays, 1980. Specific inhibition of nitrite oxidation by chlorate and its use in assessing nitrification in soils and sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:505-510.
212. Powell, S. J., and J. J. Presser, 1986. Inhibition of ammonium oxidation by nitrapyrin in soil and liquid culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:782-787.
213. Schimel, J. P., M. K. Firestone, and K. S. Kilham, 1984. Identification of heterotrophic nitrification in a Serran forest soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:802-806.
214. Van de Dijk, S. J., and S. R. Troelstra, 1980. Heterotrophic nitrification in health soil demonstrated by an in situ method. Plant Soil 57:11-21.
215. Hynes, R. K., and R. Knowles, 1982. Effect of acetylene on autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification. Can. J. Microbiol. 28:334-340.
216. Lee, H., and J. R. Simpson, 1957. The biochemistry of nitrifying microorganisms. 5. Nitrite oxidation by Nitrobacter. Biochem. J. 65:297-305.
217. Hynes, R. K., and R. Knowles, 1983. Inhibition of chemo-autotrophic nitrification by sodium chlorate and sodium chlorite:a reexamination. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1178-1182.
218. Keeney, D. R., 1980. Factors affecting the persistence and bioactivity of nitrification inhibitors, in J. J. Meisinger, G. W. Randall, and M. L. Vitosh (eds.), Nitrification inhibitors- potentials and limitations, pp. 33-46. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis.
219. Sequi, P., and P. Nannipieri, 1984. Nitrification inhibitors and nutrients uptake by plants. In Nutrient balances and fertilizer needs in temperate agriculture, pp. 209-216. 18th Coll. Int. Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
220. Bazin, M. J., D. J. Cox, and R. I. Scott, 1982. Nitrification in a column reactor: limitations, transient behaviour and effect of growth on solid substrate. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14:477-487.
221. Singh, Y., and E. G. Beauchamp, 1985. Alternate method for characterizing nitrifier activity in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:1432-1436.
222. Sjoblad, R. D., and J.-M. Bollag, 1981. Oxidative coupling of aromatic compounds by enzymes from soil microorganisms. In E. A. Paul and J. N. Ladd (eds.), Soil biochemistry, Vol. 5, pp. 113-152. Marcel Dekker, New York.
223. Burns, R. G., 1977. Soil enzymology. Sci. Prog. (London) 64:275-285.
224. Durand, G., 1965. Enzymes in soil. Rev. Ecol. Biol. 2:141-205.
225. Kiss, S., M. Dragan-Bularda, and D. Radulescu, 1975. Biological significance of enzymes accumulated in soil. Adv. Agron. 27:25-87.
226. Kuprevich, V. F., and T. A. Shcherbakova, 1971. Comparative enzymatic activity in diverse types of soil. In A. D. McLaren and J. J. Skujins (eds.), Soil biochemistry, Vol. 2, pp. 167-201. Marcel Dekker, New York.
227. Ladd, J. N., 1985. Soil enzymes. In D. Vaughan and R. E. Malcom (eds.), Soil organic matter and biological activity, pp. 175-221. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
228. Mulvaney, R. L., and J. M. Brenner, 1981. Control of urea transformations in soils. In E. A. Paul and J. N. Ladd (eds.), Soil biochemistry, Vol. 5, pp. 153-196. Marcel Dekker, New York.
229. Sequi, P., 1974. Enzymes in soil. Ital. Agric. 111:91-109.
230. Skujins, J. J., 1967. Enzymes in soil. In A. D. McLaren and G. H. Peterson (eds.), Soil biochemistry, Vol. 1, pp. 371-414. Marcel Dekker, New York.
231. Tabatabai, M. A., 1981. Soil enzymes. In A. L. Page, R. M. Miller, and D. R. Keeney (eds.), Methods of soil analysis, chemical and microbiological properties, Part 2, 2nd ed., Agronomy 9, pp. 903-947. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis.
232. Burns, R. G., 1978. Soil enzymes. Academic Press, New York.
233. Lajudie, J., and J. Pochon, 1956. Studies on proteolytic activity. In Transactions of the VI International Soil Science Congress, C, pp. 271-272.
234. Moureaux, C, 1957. Biochemical tests on some Madagascaran soils. Mem. Int. Sci. Madagascar 8:225-241.
235. Ross, D. J., K. R. Tate, A. Cairns, K. F. Meyrick, and E. A. Pansier, 1982. Restoration of pasture after topsoil removal: effects on soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization, microbial bio-mass and enzyme activities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14:575-581.
236. Balicka, N., and Z. Sochaka, 1959. Biological activity in light soils. Zesz. Probl. Postepow Nauk Roin. 21:257-265.
237. Keilling, J., A. Camus, G. Savignac, P. Danchez, M. Boutel, and R. Planet, 1960. Contribution to the study of the biology of soil. C.R. Acad. Agric. Fr. 46:647-652.
238. Beck, T., 1984. Methods and application of soil microbiological analysis at the Landesanstalt fur Bodenkultur und Pflanzenbau (LBB) in Munich for the determination of some aspects of soil fertility. In M. P. Nemes, S. Kiss, P. Papacostea, G. Stefanic, and M. Rusan (eds.), pp. 13-20. Fifth Symposium on Soil Biology, Romanian National Society of Soil Sciences, Bucharest.
239. Tabatabai, M. A., and J. M. Bremner, 1969. Use of p-nitro-phenol phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1:301-307.
240. Stefanic, G., G. Eliade, and I. Chirnogeanu, 1984. Researches concerning a biological index of soil fertility. In M. P. Nemes, S. Kiss, P. Papacostea, G. Stefanic, and M. Rusan (eds.), pp. 35-45. Fifth Symposium on Soil Biology, Romanian National Society of Soil Sciences, Bucharest.
241. Frankenberger, W. T., and J. B. Johanson, 1986. Use of plasmolytic averts and antiseptic in soil enzyme assays. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:209-213.
242. Hayano, K., and K. Tubaki, 1985. Origin and properties of β-glucosidase activity of tomato field soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:553-557.
243. Hayano, K., 1986. Cellulase complex in a tomato field soil: induction, localization and some properties. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:215-219.
244. Nakas, J. P., W. D. Gould, and D. A. Klein, 1987. Origin and expression of phosphatase activity in a semiarid grassland soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:13-18.
245. Rhee, Y. M., Y. C. Haf, and S. W. Hang, 1987. Relative contribution of fungi and bacteria to soil carboxymethylcellu-lase activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:479-481.
246. Galstyan, A. Sh., 1978. Standardization of methods for determining the activity of soil enzymes. Pochvovedenie 2:107-114.
247. Wainwright, M., 1978. Distribution of S-oxidation products in soils and on Acer pseudoplatanus, growing close to sources of atmospheric pollution. Environ. Pollut. 17:153-160.
248. Wainwright, M., 1979. Microbial S-oxidation in soils exposed to heavy atmospheric pollution. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11:95-99.
249. 2 emissions. Lesnictni 31:187-190.
250. MacDonald, R. M., 1986. Sampling soil microflora: dispersion of soil by ion exchange and extraction of specific microorganisms from suspension by elutriation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:399-408.
251. MacDonald, R. M., 1986. Sampling soil microflora: optimization of density gradient centrifugation in Percoll to separate microorganisms from soil suspensions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:407-410.
252. White, D. C, W. M. Davis, J. S. Nickels, J. D. King, and R. J. Bobbie, 1979. Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractable lipid phosphate. Oecologia 40:51-62.
253. White, D. C, 1983. Analysis of microorganisms in terms of quantity and activity in natural environments, in J. H. Slater, R. Whittenbury, and J. W. T. Wimpenny (eds.), Microbes in their natural environments, pp. 37-46. Society for General Microbiology, Symposium Vol. 34, Cambridge, U.K.
254. Taylor, J., and R. J. Parkes, 1985. Identifying different populations of sulphate-reducing bacteria within marine sediment systems, using fatty biomarkers. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:631-642.
255. Grant, W. D., and A. W. West, 1984. Measurement of ergo-sterol, diaminopimelic acid and glucosamine in soil: evaluation as indicators of microbial biomass. J. Microbiol. Method. 6: 47-53.
256. West, A. W., G. P. Sparling, and W. D. Grant, 1987. Relationship between mycelial and bacterial populations in stored, air-dried and glucose-amended arable and grassland soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:599-605.
257. Nakas, J. P., and D. A. Klein, 1981. Use of amino acid mixture to estimate the mineralization capacity of grassland soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 13:427-428.
258. Haanstra, L., and P. Doelman, 1984. Glutamic acid decomposition as a sensitive measure of heavy metal pollution in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16:595-600.
259. Alef, K., and D. Kleimer, 1986. Arginine ammonification, a simple method to estimate microbial activity potential in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:233-235.
260. Kunc, F., and G. Stotzky, 1974. Effect of clay minerals on heterotrophic microbial activity in soil. Soil Sci. 118:186-195.
261. Kunc, F., and G. Stotzky, 1977. Acceleration of aldehyde decomposition in soil by montmorillonite. Soil Sci. 124:167-172.
262. Bewley, R. J. F., and G. Stotzky, 1984. Degradation of vanillin in soil-clay mixtures treated with simulated acid rain. Soil Sci. 137:415-417.
263. Mathur, S. P., J. I. MacDougall, and M. McGrath, 1980. Levels of activities of some carbohydrases, protease, lipase and phosphatase in organic soils of differing copper content. Soil Sci. 129:376-385.
264. Domsch, K. M., G. Jagnow, and T. H. Anderson, 1983. An ecological concept for the assessment of side-effects of agro-chemicals on soil microorganisms. Residue Rev. 86:65-105.
265. Babich, H., R. J. E. Bewley, and G. Stotzky, 1983. Application of “ecological dose” concept to the impact of heavy metals on some microbe-mediated ecological processes in soil. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12:421-426.
266. Babich, H., and G. Stotzky, 1983. Developing standards for environmental toxicants: the need to consider abiotic environmental factors and microbe-mediated ecologic processes. Environ. Health Perspect. 45:247-260.
267. Doelman, P., and L. Haanstra, 1986. Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on urease activity in soils. Biol. Fert. Soils 2:213-218.
268. Witkamp, M., 1973. Compatibility of microbial measurements. Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm. 17:179-188.
269. Nannipieri, P., F. Pedrazzini, P. G. Arcara, and C. Piovanelli, 1979. Changes in amino acids, enzyme activities and biomass during soil microbial growth. Soil Sci. 127:26-34.