Neonatal sepsis and inflammatory mediators

Mediators of Inflammation

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Reis Machado, Juliana ^a,b   Soave, Danilo Figueiredo ^c   Da Silva, Marcos Vinícius ^b   De Menezes, Liliana Borges ^a   Etchebehere, Renata Margarida ^b   Monteiro, Maria Luiza Gonçalves Dos Reis ^b   Antônia Dos Reis, Marlene ^b   Corrêa, Rosana Rosa Miranda ^b   Celes, Mara Rúbia Nunes ^a,c  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF GOIÁS   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TRIÂNGULO MINEIRO   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 22; INTERLEUKIN 33; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 7; INTERLEUKIN 8; MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITION FACTOR; PROCALCITONIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; IL10 PROTEIN, HUMAN; IL6 PROTEIN, HUMAN; IL8 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; NEWBORN SEPSIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; BLOOD; NEWBORN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SEPSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BIOMARKERS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFLAMMATION; INTERLEUKIN-10; INTERLEUKIN-1BETA; INTERLEUKIN-6; INTERLEUKIN-8; SEPSIS; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 85052410000     PISSN: 09629351     EISSN: 14661861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/269681     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. B. J. Stoll, "The global impact of neonatal infection," Clinics in Perinatology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1-21, 1997.
2. R. C. Bone, R. A. Balk, F. B. Cerra et al., "Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical CareMedicine. 1992," Chest, vol. 136, no. 5, supplement, p. e28, 2009.
3. B. Goldstein, B. Giroir, and A. Randolph, "International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics," Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2-8, 2005.
4. M. E. J. R. Ceccon, "Novas perspectivas na sepse neonatal," Pediatria, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 198-202, 2008.
5. D. P. Campos, M. V. Silva, J. R. Machado, L. R. Castellano, V. Rodrigues, and C. H. C. Barata, "Early-onset neonatal sepsis: cord blood cytokine levels at diagnosis and during treatment," Jornal de Pediatria, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 509-514, 2010.
6. M. S. Edwards and C. J. Baker, "Sepsis in the newborn," in Krugman's Infectious Diseases of Children, A. A. Gershon, P. J. Hotez, and S. L. Katz, Eds., pp. 545-561, Mosby, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 11th edition, 2004.
7. WHO, World Health Statistics: 2010, World Health Organization, 2010.
8. M. E. Astiz and E. C. Rackow, "Septic shock," The Lancet, vol. 351, no. 9114, pp. 1501-1505, 1998.
9. M. S. Rangel-Frausto, D. Pittet, M. Costigan, T. Hwang, C. S. Davis, and R. P. Wenzel, "The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): a prospective study," Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 273, no. 2, pp. 117-123, 1995.
10. R. P. Wenzel, "Treating sepsis," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 347, no. 13, pp. 966-967, 2002.
11. M. R. N. Celes, C. M. Prado, and M. A. Rossi, "Sepsis: going to the heart of the matter," Pathobiology, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 70-86, 2012.
12. R. K. Aneja and J. A. Carcillo, "Differences between adult and pediatric septic shock," Minerva Anestesiologica, vol. 77, no. 10, pp. 986-992, 2011.
13. L. F. Gentile, D. C. Nacionales, M. C. Lopez et al., "Protective immunity and defects in the neonatal and elderly immune response to sepsis," The Journal of Immunology, vol. 192, no. 7, pp. 3156-3165, 2014.
14. D. S. Wheeler, H. R. Wong, and B. Zingarelli, "Pediatric sepsis- part I: "Children are not small adults!"," The Open Inflammation Journal, vol. 4, pp. 4-15, 2011.
15. K. F. Bayston and J. Cohen, "Bacterial endotoxin and current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of endotoxaemia," Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 73-83, 1990.
16. R. C. Bone, C. J. Grodzin, and R. A. Balk, "Sepsis: a new hypothesis for pathogenesis of the disease process," Chest, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 235-243, 1997.
17. A. Kumar, A. Krieger, S. Symeoneides, and J. E. Parrillo, "Myocardial dysfunction in septic shock: part II. Role of cytokines and nitric oxide," Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 485-511, 2001.
18. J. Cohen, "The immunopathogenesis of sepsis," Nature, vol. 420, no. 6917, pp. 885-891, 2002.
19. R. Balk, "Roger C. Bone, MD and the evolving paradigms of sepsis," Contributions to Microbiology, vol. 17, pp. 1-11, 2011.
20. L. Srinivasan and M. C. Harris, "New technologies for the rapid diagnosis of neonatal sepsis," Current Opinion in Pediatrics, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 165-280, 2012.
21. I. A. Buhimschi, G. Zhao, C. M. Pettker et al., "The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) systemin women with intraamniotic infection and inflammation," American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 196, no. 2, pp. 181. e1-181. e13, 2007.
22. C. S. Buhimschi, M. A. Baumbusch, A. T. Dulay et al., "Characterization of RAGE, HMGB1, and S100 in inflammationinduced preterm birth and fetal tissue injury," The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 175, no. 3, pp. 958-975, 2009.
23. C. Buck, J. Bundschu, H. Gallati, P. Bartmann, and F. Pohlandt, "Interleukin-6: a sensitive parameter for the early diagnosis of neonatal bacterial infection," Pediatrics, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 54-58, 1994.
24. W. Meadow and B. Rudinsky, "Inflammatory mediators and neonatal sepsis: rarely has so little been known by somany about so much," Clinics in Perinatology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 519-536, 1995.
25. A. Panero, L. Pacifico, N. Rossi, G. Mancuso, M. Stegagno, and C. Chiesa, "Interleukin 6 in neonates with early and late onset infection," Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 370-375, 1997.
26. P. C. Ng and H. S. Lam, "Biomarkers for late-onset neonatal sepsis: cytokines and beyond," Clinics in Perinatology, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 599-610, 2010.
27. H. K. de Jong, T. van der Poll, and W. J. Wiersinga, "The systemic pro-inflammatory response in sepsis," Journal of Innate Immunity, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 422-430, 2010.
28. N. Aikawa, "Cytokine storm in the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome associated with surgical insults," Nippon Geka Gakkai zasshi, vol. 97, no. 9, pp. 771-777, 1996.
29. W. G. Junger, D. B. Hoyt, F. C. Liu, W. H. Loomis, and R. Coimbra, "Immunosuppression after endotoxin shock: the result ofmultiple anti-inflammatory factors," Journal of Trauma: Injury Infection&Critical Care, vol. 40,no. 5, pp. 702-708, 1996.
30. W. Schulte, J. Bernhagen, and R. Bucala, "Cytokines in sepsis: potent immunoregulators and potential therapeutic targets-an updated view," Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2013, Article ID 165974, 16 pages, 2013.
31. Y. Tasci, B. Dilbaz, B. Uzmez Onal et al., "The value of cord blood interleukin-6 levels for predicting chorioamnionitis, funisitis and neonatal infection in term premature rupture of membranes," European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 128, no. 1-2, pp. 34-39, 2006.
32. Y. Fan and J.-L. Yu, "Umbilical blood biomarkers for predicting early-onset neonatal sepsis," World Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 101-108, 2012.
33. T. Kishimoto, "The biology of interleukin-6," Blood, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 1989.
34. F. Bloos and K. Reinhart, "Rapid diagnosis of sepsis," Virulence, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 154-160, 2014.
35. A. Waage, P. Brandtzaeg, A. Halstensen, P. Kierulf, and T. Espevik, "The complex pattern of cytokines in serum from patients with meningococcal septic shock. Association between interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and fatal outcome," The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 169, no. 1, pp. 333-338, 1989.
36. P. C. Ng, S. H. Cheng, K. M. Chui et al., "Diagnosis of late onset neonatal sepsis with cytokines, adhesion molecule, and C-reactive protein in preterm very low birthweight infants," Archives ofDisease inChildhood: FetalandNeonatal Edition, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. F221-F227, 1997.
37. E. S. J. M. De Bont, A. Martens, J. Van Raan et al., "Diagnostic value of plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in newborns with sepsis," Acta Paediatrica, vol. 83, no. 7, pp. 696-699, 1994.
38. R. C. Silveira and R. S. Procianoy, "Evaluation of interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor- and interleukin-1 for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis," Acta Paediatrica, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 647-650, 1999.
39. B. H. Yoon, R. Romero, J. S. Park et al., "The relationship among inflammatory lesions of the umbilical cord (funisitis), umbilical cord plasma interleukin 6 concentration, amniotic fluid infection, and neonatal sepsis," American Journal of Obstetrics &Gynecology, vol. 183, no. 5, pp. 1124-1129, 2000.
40. L. H. M. Pereira, J. R. Machado, J. G. P. Olegário et al., "Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are overexpressed in the liver of perinatal deaths diagnosed with fetal inflammatory response syndrome," Disease Markers, vol. 2014, Article ID 252780, 7 pages, 2014.
41. H. Døllner, L. Vatten, I. Linnebo, G. F. Zanussi, A. Lærdal, and R. Austgulen, "Inflammatory mediators in umbilical plasma from neonates who develop early-onset sepsis," Biology of the Neonate, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 41-47, 2001.
42. R. S. Procianoy and R. C. Silveira, "Therole of sample collection timing on interleukin-6 levels in early-onset neonatal sepsis," Jornal de Pediatria, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 407-410, 2004.
43. E. Shannon,R. Noveck, F. Sandoval,B. Kamath, andM. Kearney, "Thalidomide suppressed interleukin-6 but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha in volunteers with experimental endotoxemia," Translational Research, vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 275-280, 2007.
44. A. Waage, A. Halstensen, and T. Espevik, "Association between tumour necrosis factor in serum and fatal outcome in patients with meningococcal disease," The Lancet, vol. 1, no. 8529, pp. 355-357, 1987.
45. M. R. Pinsky, J.-L. Vincent, J. Deviere, M. Alegre, R. J. Kahn, and E. Dupont, "Serum cytokine levels in human septic shock. Relation to multiple-system organ failure and mortality," Chest, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 565-575, 1993.
46. C. Simon, H. Schröder, C. Beyer, andT. Zerbst, "Neonatal sepsis in an intensive care unit and results of treatment," Infection, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 146-149, 1991.
47. K. A. Simonsen, A. L. Anderson-Berry, S. F. Delair, and H. Dele Davies, "Early-onset neonatal sepsis," Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 21-47, 2014.
48. A. Prashant, P. Vishwanath, P. Kulkarni et al., "Comparative assessment of cytokines and other inflammatory markers for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis-a case control study," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 7,Article ID e68426, 2013.
49. C. A. Dinarello, "Infection,fever, and exogenous and endogenous pyrogens: some concepts have changed," Journal of Endotoxin Research, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 201-222, 2004.
50. M. Schouten, W. J. Wiersinga, M. Levi, and T. Van Der Poll, "Inflammation, endothelium, and coagulation in sepsis," Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 536-545, 2008.
51. C. Santana, M. C. Guindeo, G. González, F. G.-M. Oz, P. Saavedra, and E. Doménech, "Cord blood levels of cytokines as predictors of early neonatal sepsis," Acta Paediatrica, vol. 90,no. 10, pp. 1176-1181, 2001.
52. G. Duncombe, R. A. W. Veldhuizen, R. J. Gratton, V. K. M. Han, and B. S. Richardson, "IL-6 and TNF across the umbilical circulation in term pregnancies: relationship with labour events," Early Human Development, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 113-117, 2010.
53. R. Pickler, L. Brown, J. McGrath et al., "Integrated review of cytokines in maternal, cord, and newborn blood: part II-associations with early infection and increased risk of neurologic damage in preterm infants," Biological Research for Nursing, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 377-386, 2010.
54. M. Bhatia and S. Moochhala, "Role of inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome," The Journal of Pathology, vol. 202, no. 2, pp. 145-156, 2004.
55. P. Selby, S. Hobbs, C. Viner et al., "Tumour necrosis factor in man: clinical and biological observations," British Journal of Cancer, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 803-808, 1987.
56. M. L. Sherman, D. R. Spriggs, K. A. Arthur, K. Imamura, E. Frei III, and D. W. Kufe, "Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor administered as a five-day continuous infusion in cancer patients: phase I toxicity and effects on lipid metabolism," Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 344-350, 1988.
57. T. van der Poll, H. R. Buller, H. Ten Cate et al., "Activation of coagulation after administration of tumor necrosis factor to normal subjects,"TheNew England Journal ofMedicine, vol. 322, no. 23, pp. 1622-1627, 1990.
58. E. P. Girardin, M. E. Berner,G. E. Grau, S. Suter, G. Lacourt, and L. Paunier, "Serum tumour necrosis factor in newborns at risk for infections," European Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 149, no. 9, pp. 645-647, 1990.
59. L. A. J. O'Neill, "The interleukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor superfamily: 10 years of progress," Immunological Reviews, vol. 226, no. 1, pp. 10-18, 2008.
60. W. Wannamaker, R. Davies, M. Namchuk, J. Pollard, P. Ford, and G. Ku, "(S)-1-((S)-2-[1-(4-amino-3-chloro-phenyl)-methanoyl]-amino-3,3-dimethyl-butanoyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid ((2R,3S)-2-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl)-amide (VX-765), an orally available selective interleukin (IL)-converting enzyme/caspase-1 inhibitor, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the release of IL-1beta and IL-18," Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 321, no. 2, pp. 509-516, 2007.
61. P. Hagan, S. Poole, and A. F. Bristow, "Endotoxin-stimulated production of rat hypothalamic interleukin-1 in vivo and in vitro, measured by specific immunoradiometric assay," Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 31-36, 1993.
62. A. Matsukawa, T. Yoshimura, K. Miyamoto, S. Ohkawara, and M. Yoshinaga, "Analysis of the inflammatory cytokine network among TNF, IL-1, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-8 in LPSinduced rabbit arthritis," Laboratory Investigation, vol. 76, no. 5, pp. 629-638, 1997.
63. C. E. Hack, E. R. De Groot, R. J. F. Felt-Bersma et al., "Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsis," Blood, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 1704-1710, 1989.
64. P. Loisa, T. Rinne, S. Laine, M. Hurme, and S. Kaukinen, "Anti-inflammatory cytokine response and the development of multiple organ failure in severe sepsis," Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 319-325, 2003.
65. M. R. Anderson and J. L. Blumer, "Advances in the therapy for sepsis in children," Pediatric Clinics of North America, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 179-205, 1997.
66. T. W. Orlikowsky, F. Neunhoeffer, R. Goelz et al., "Evaluation of IL-8-concentrations in plasma and lysed EDTA-blood in healthy neonates and those with suspected early onset bacterial infection," Pediatric Research, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 804-809, 2004.
67. R. C. Silveira, J. B. F. Filho, and R. S. Procianoy, "Assessment of the contribution of cytokine plasma levels to detect retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1297-1301, 2011.
68. S. J. H. van Deventer, M. Hart, T. van der Poll, C. E. Hack, and L. A. Aarden, "Endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-induced interleukin-8 release in humans," Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 167, no. 2, pp. 461-464, 1993.
69. R. Berner, C. M. Niemeyer, J. U. Leititis et al., "Plasma levels and gene expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, and soluble intercellular adhesionmolecule-1 in neonatal early onset sepsis," Pediatric Research, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 469-477, 1998.
70. N. Matoba, N. Yu, K. Mestan et al., "Differential patterns of 27 cord blood immune biomarkers across gestational age," Pediatrics, vol. 123, no. 5, pp. 1320-1328, 2009.
71. J. Dembinski,D. Behrendt, A. Heep,C. Dorn, J. Reinsberg, and P. Bartmann, "Cell-associated interleukin-8 in cord blood of term and preterm infants," Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 320-323, 2002.
72. C. Schultz, T. Strunk, P. Temming, N. Matzke, and C. Härtel, "Reduced IL-10 production and-receptor expression in neonatalTlymphocytes," Acta Paediatrica, vol. 96,no. 8, pp. 1122-1125, 2007.
73. S. Q. Latifi, M. A. O'Riordan, and A. D. Levine, "Interleukin-10 controls the onset of irreversible septic shock," Infection and Immunity, vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 4441-4446, 2002.
74. R. DeWaal Malefyt, J. Abrams, B. Bennett, C. G. Figdor, and J. E. De Vries, "Interleukin 10(IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by humanmonocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes," The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 174, no. 5, pp. 1209-1220, 1991.
75. P. C. Ng, K. Li, R. P. O. Wong et al., "Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in preterm infants with systemic infections," Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. F209-F213, 2003.
76. B. Derkx, A. Marchant, M. Goldman, R. Bijlmer, and S. Van Deventer, "High levels of interleukin-10 during the initial phase of fulminant meningococcal septic shock," Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 171, no. 1, pp. 229-32, 1995.
77. C. A. Gogos, E. Drosou, H. P. Bassaris, and A. Skoutelis, "Pro-versus anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in patients with severe sepsis: a marker for prognosis and future therapeutic options," The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 176-180, 2000.
78. T. Taniguchi,Y. Koido, J. Aiboshi, T. Yamashita, S. Suzaki, andA. Kurokawa, "Change in the ratio of interleukin-6 to interleukin-10 predicts a poor outcome in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1262-1264, 1999.
79. M. Howard, T. Muchamuel, S. Andrade, and S. Menon, "Interleukin 10 protects mice from lethal endotoxemia," The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 177, no. 4, pp. 1205-1208, 1993.
80. M. Howard, A. O'Garra, H. Ishida, R. de Waal Malefyt, and J. de Vries, "Biological properties of interleukin 10," Journal of Clinical Immunology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 239-247, 1992.
81. G. Y. Song, C.-S. Chung, I. H. Chaudry, and A. Ayala, "What is the role of interleukin 10 in polymicrobial sepsis: antiinflammatory agent or immunosuppressant?" Surgery, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 378-383, 1999.
82. T. vanderPoll, A. Marchant,W. A. Buurmanet al., "Endogenous IL-10 protects mice from death during septic peritonitis," The Journal of Immunology, vol. 155, no. 11, pp. 5397-5401, 1995.
83. M. B. Sporn and A. B. Roberts, "Transforming growth factor-. Multiple actions and potential clinical applications," Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 262, no. 7, pp. 938-941, 1989.
84. G. C. Blobe, W. P. Schiemann, and H. F. Lodish, "Role of transforming growth factor in human disease," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, no. 18, pp. 1350-1358, 2000.
85. A. Pellacani, P. Wiesel, S. Razavi et al., "Down-regulation of high mobility group-I(Y) protein contributes to the inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase 2 by transforming growth factor-1," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 2, pp. 1653-1659, 2001.
86. K. M. Gilbert, M. Thoman, K. Bauche, T. Pham, and W. O. Weigle, "Transforming growth factor-1 induces antigenspecific unresponsiveness in naive T cells," Immunological Investigations, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 459-472, 1997.
87. Y. Y. Wan and R. A. Flavell, "TGF- and regulatory T cell in immunity and autoimmunity," Journal of Clinical Immunology, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 647-659, 2008.
88. M. A. Perrella, C.-M. Hsieh, W.-S. Lee et al., "Arrest of endotoxin-induced hypotension by transforming growth factor 1," Proceedings of theNationalAcademy of Sciences of theUnited States of America, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 2054-2059, 1996.
89. S. Knapp, F. Thalhammer, G. J. Locker et al., "Prognostic value of MIP-1, TGF-2, sELAM-1, and sVCAM-1 in patients with gram-positive sepsis," Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 139-144, 1998.
90. A. Kumar, B. Paladugu, J. Mensing, and J. E. Parrillo, "Transforming growth factor-1 blocks in vitro cardiac myocyte depression induced by tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-1, and human septic shock serum," Critical CareMedicine, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 358-364, 2007.
91. R. S. Hotchkiss and I. E. Karl, "The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis,"The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 348, no. 2, pp. 138-150, 2003.
92. R. S. Hotchkiss, S. B. Osmon, K. C. Chang, T. H. Wagner, C. M. Coopersmith, and I. E. Karl, "Accelerated lymphocyte death in sepsis occurs by both the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways," The Journal of Immunology, vol. 174, no. 8, pp. 5110-5118, 2005.
93. R. Mazzucchelli and S. K. Durum, "Interleukin-7 receptor expression: intelligent design,"Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 144-154, 2007.
94. J. Unsinger, M. McGlynn, K. R. Kasten et al., "IL-7 promotes T cell viability, trafficking, and functionality and improves survival in sepsis," Journal of Immunology, vol. 184, no. 7, pp. 3768-3779, 2010.
95. M. Aziz, A. Jacob, W.-L. Yang, A. Matsuda, and P. Wang, "Current trends in inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators in sepsis," Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 329-342, 2013.
96. K. R. Kasten, P. S. Prakash, J. Unsinger et al., "Interleukin-7 (IL-7) treatment accelerates neutrophil recruitment through Tcell IL-17 production in amurine model of sepsis," Infection and Immunity, vol. 78, no. 11, pp. 4714-4722, 2010.
97. T. M. Bingold, E. Ziesché, B. Scheller et al., "Interleukin-22 detected in patients with abdominal sepsis," Shock, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 337-340, 2010.
98. G. F. Weber, S. Schlautkötter, S. Kaiser-Moore, F. Altmayr, B. Holzmann, and H. Weighardt, "Inhibition of interleukin-22 attenuates bacterial load and organ failure during acute polymicrobial sepsis," Infection and Immunity, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1690-1697, 2007.
99. A. A. Chackerian, E. R. Oldham, E. E. Murphy, J. Schmitz, S. Pflanz, and R. A. Kastelein, "IL-1 receptor accessory protein and ST2 comprise the IL-33 receptor complex," The Journal of Immunology, vol. 179, no. 4, pp. 2551-2555, 2007.
100. M. Kurowska-Stolarska, P. Kewin, G. Murphy et al., "IL-33 induces antigen-specific IL-5+ T cells and promotes allergicinduced airway inflammation independent of IL-4," Journal of Immunology, vol. 181, no. 7, pp. 4780-4790, 2008.
101. M. Komai-Koma,D. Xu, Y. Li,A. N. J. McKenzie, I. B. McInnes, and F. Y. Liew, "IL-33 is a chemoattractant for human Th2 cells," European Journal of Immunology, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 2779-2786, 2007.
102. S. Ali, M. Huber, C. Kollewe, S. C. Bischoff, W. Falk, and M. U. Martin, "IL-1 receptor accessory protein is essential for IL-33-induced activation of T lymphocytes and mast cells," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 47, pp. 18660-18665, 2007.
103. M. Kurowska-Stolarska, B. Stolarski, P. Kewin et al., "IL-33 amplifies the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages that contribute to airway inflammation," The Journal of Immunology, vol. 183, no. 10, pp. 6469-6477, 2009.
104. H. Iwahana, K. Yanagisawa, A. Ito-Kosaka et al., "Different promoter usage and multiple transcription initiation sites of the interleukin-1 receptor-related human ST2 gene in UT-7 and TM12 cells," European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 264, no. 2, pp. 397-406, 1999.
105. J. J. Hoogerwerf, M. W. T. Tanck, M. A. D. van Zoelen, X. Wittebole, P.-F. Laterre, and T. van der Poll, "Soluble ST2 plasma concentrations predictmortality in severe sepsis," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 630-637, 2010.
106. C. T. Weaver, R. D. Hatton, P. R. Mangan, and L. E. Harrington, "IL-17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages," Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 25, pp. 821-852, 2007.
107. M. A. Flierl, D. Rittirsch, H. Gao et al., "Adverse functions of IL-17A in experimental sepsis," FASEB Journal, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 2198-2205, 2008.
108. J. M. Baumhofer, B. G. Beinhauer, J. E. Wang et al., "Gene transfer with IL-4 and IL-13 improves survival in lethal endotoxemia in the mouse and ameliorates peritoneal macrophages immune competence," European Journal of Immunology, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 610-615, 1998.
109. H.-P. Wu, C.-L. Wu, C.-K. Chen et al., "The interleukin-4 expression in patients with severe sepsis," Journal of Critical Care, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 519-524, 2008.
110. W. Gu, L. Zeng, L.-Y. Zhang et al., "Association of interleukin 4-589T/C polymorphism with TH1 and TH2 bias and sepsis in Chinese major trauma patients," Journal of Trauma: Injury Infection & Critical Care, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 1583-1587, 2011.
111. F. Bloos, J. C. Marshall, R. P. Dellinger et al., "Multinational, observational study of procalcitonin in ICU patients with pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation: a multicenter observational study," Critical Care, vol. 15, article R88, 2011.
112. M. Assicot, D. Gendrel, H. Carsin, J. Raymond, J. Guilbaud, and C. Bohuon, "High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection," The Lancet, vol. 341, no. 8844, pp. 515-518, 1993.
113. S. Karlsson, M. Heikkinen, V. Pettilä et al., "Predictive value of procalcitonin decrease in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational study," Critical Care, vol. 14, no. 6, article R205, 2010.
114. P. E. Charles, C. Tinel, S. Barbar et al., "Procalcitonin kinetics within the first days of sepsis: relationship with the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy and the outcome," Critical Care, vol. 13, no. 2, article R38, 2009.