Tools for assessing contaminant exposure and effects in reptiles

Toxicology of Reptiles

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 63-122

  Mitchelmore, Carys L ^a   Rowe, Christopher L ^a   Place, Allen R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85052175854     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (172)

1. Stegeman, J.J. and Hahn, M.E., Biochemistry and molecular biology of monooxygenase: current perspective on forms, functions, and regulation of cytochrome P450 in aquatic species, in Aquatic Toxicology; Molecular, Biochemical and Cellular Perspectives, Malins, D.C. and Ostrander, G.K., Eds., Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 87, 1994.
2. Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J., and Vermeulen, N.P.E., Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 13, 57, 2003.
3. Bucheli, T.D. and Fent, K., Induction of cytochrome P450 as a biomarker for environmental contamination in aquatic ecosystems, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 201, 1995.
4. Livingstone, D.R., Biotechnology and pollution monitoring-use of molecular biomarkers in the aquatic environment, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 57, 195, 1993.
5. NRC: Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, Biological markers in environmental health research, Environ. Health Perspect., 74, 3, 1987.
6. Widdows, J. and Donkin, P., Role of physiological energetics in ecotoxicology, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 100, 69, 1991.
7. McCarthy, J.F., Halbrook, R.S., and Shugart, L.R., Conceptual strategy for design, implementation, and validation of a biomarker-based biomonitoring capability, Publ. no. 3072, RNL/TM-11783. Environ. Sciences Div., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 1991.
8. Van Gestel, C.A.M. and Van Brummelen, T.C., Incorporation of the biomarker concept in ecotoxicology calls for a redefinition of terms, Ecotoxicology, 5, 217, 1996.
9. WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), Biomarkers and risk assessment: concepts and principles. Environmental Health Criteria 155, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1993.
10. Huggett, R.J. et al., Biomarkers in fish from Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska: 1999-2000, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4043, 2003.
11. Merian, E., Ed., Metals and their compounds in the environment: occurrence, analysis, and biological relevance, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany, 1991, 1438.
12. Niesink, R.J.M, de Vries, J., and Hollinger, M.A., Toxicology: Principles and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, 1284.
13. Ertl, R.P. and Winston, G.W., The microsomal mixed function oxidase system of amphibians and reptiles: components, activities and induction, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 121, 85, 1998.
14. Yawetz, A., Benedek-Segal, M., and Woodin, B., Cytochrome P4501A immunoassay in freshwater turtles and exposure to PCBs and environmental pollutants, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 1802, 1997
15. Suter, G.W., II, Use of biomarkers in ecological risk assessment, in Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination, McCarthy, J.F. and Shugart, L.R., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 419.
16. Hopkins, W.A. et al., Nondestructive indices of trace element exposure in squamate reptiles, Environ. Pollut., 15, 1, 2001.
17. Spotila, J.R., Dunham, A.E., Leslie, A.J., Steyermark, A.C., Plotkin, P.T., Paladino, F.V. 1996. Worldwide population decline of Dermochelys Coriacea:Are leatherback turtles going extinct? Chelonian Conserv. Biol., 2, 209-222.
18. Sparling, D.W., Linder, G., and Bishop, C., Eds., Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, 2000.
19. Meyers-Schöne, L. and Walton, B.T., Turtles as monitors of chemical contaminants in the environment, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 135, 93, 1994.
20. Meyers-Schöne, L., Ecological risk assessment of reptiles, in Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles, Sparling, D.W., Linder, G., and Bishop, C., Eds., SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, 2000, 793.
21. Hirth, H.F. et al., Dispersal of snakes from a hibernaculum in Northwestern Utah, Ecology, 50, 332, 1969.
22. Goodwin, T.M. and Marion, R.W., Aspects of the nesting ecology of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in north central Florida, Herpetologica, 34, 43, 1978.
23. Berry, J.F. and Shine, R., Sexual size dimorphism and sexual selection in turtles (order Testudines), Oecologia, 44, 185, 1980.
24. [USEPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-93/ 187, 1993.
25. Hall, R.J. and Henry, P.F.P., Assessing effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles: status and needs, Herpetol. J., 2, 65, 1992.
26. Custodia-Lora, N., Novillo, A., and Callard, I.A., Effect of gonadal steroids on progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, and vitellogenin expression in male turtles (Chrysemys picta), J. Exp. Zoolog., 301, 15, 2004a.
27. Custodia-Lora, N., Novillo, A., and Callard, I.P., Regulation of hepatic progesterone and estrogen receptors in the female turtle, Chrysemys picta: relationship to vitellogenesis, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 136, 232, 2004b.
28. Pakdel, F. et al., In vivo estrogen induction of hepatic estrogen-receptor messenger-RNA and correlation with vitellogenin messenger-RNA in Rainbow trout. Molec. Cell. Endocrinol., 75, 3, 205, 1991.
29. Ho, S.M., Danko, O., and Callard, I.P., Effect of exogenous estradiol-17_ on plasma vitellogenin levels in male and female Chrysemys and its modulation by testosterone and progesterone, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 43, 413, 1981.
30. Palmer, B. and Palmer, S., Vitellogenin induction by xenobiotic estrogens in the Red-eared turtle and African clawed frog, Environ. Health Perspect., 103, 19, 1995.
31. Hawkins, M.B. et al., Identification of a third distinct estrogen receptor and reclassification of estrogen receptors in teleosts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 20, 10751, 2000.
32. Katsu, Y. et al., Molecular cloning of the estrogen and progesterone receptors of the American alligator. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 136, 122, 2004.
33. Paech, K. et al., Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ER alpha and ER beta at API sites. Science, 277, 5331, 1508, 1997.
34. Johnson, J.M. et al., Genome-wide survey of human alternative pre-mRNA splicing with exon junction microarrays. Science, 302, 5653, 2141, 2003.
35. Jeyasuria, P., The Embryonic Brain Gonadal Axis in the Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination of Malaclemys terrapin, A Role for P450 aromatase, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1997.
36. Higuchi, R. et al., Kinetic PCR analysis - real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Bio-technology, 11, 9, 1026, 1993.
37. Heid, C.A. et al., Real time quantitative PCR. Genome Research, 6, 10, 986, 1996.
38. Jeyasuria, P. and Place, A.R., Temperature-dependent aromatase expression in developing diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) embryos, J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol., 61, 415, 1997.
39. Liang P., Pardee A.B. Science, 257, 967-971, 1992.
40. Herbst, L.H. et al., Differential gene expression associated with tumorigenicity of cultured green turtle fibropapilloma-derived fibroblasts, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 129, 35, 2001.
41. Trudeau, V.L. et al., Octylphenol (OP) alters the expression of members of the amyloid protein family in the hypothalamus of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina serpentine, Environ. Health Perspect., 110, 269, 2002.
42. Diatchenko, L. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 12, 6025-6030, 1996.
43. Schena, M. et al., Microarrays: biotechnology's discovery platform for functional genomics. Trends Biotech., 16, 7, 301, 1998.
44. Hahn, M.E., Aryl hydrocarbon receptors: diversity and evolution, Chem. Biol. Interact., 141, 131, 2002.
45. Yawetz, A., Sidis, I., and Gasith, A., Metabolism of parathion and brain cholinesterase inhibition in Aroclor 1254-treated and untreated Caspian terrapin (Mauremys caspica rivulata, Emydidae, Chelonia) in comparison with two species of wild birds, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 75C, 377, 1983.
46. Andersson, T. and Nilsson, E., Characterization of cytochrome P-450-dependent activities in hagfish, dogfish, perch and spectacle caiman, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 94B, 99, 1989.
47. Haasch, M.L. et al., Cloned rainbow trout liver P(1)450 complementary DNR as a potential environmental monitor, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 98, 362, 1989.
48. Jewell, C.S.E. et al., The hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) system of Alligator mississippiensis: induction by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), Xenobiotica, 19, 1181-1200, 1989a.
49. Jewell, C.S.E. et al., Induction of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) system of Alligator mississippiensis by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), Mar. Environ. Res., 28, 73-79, 1989b.
50. Walker, C.H. and Ronis, M.J., The monooxygenases of birds, reptiles and amphibians, Xenobiotica, 19, 111, 1989.
51. Schwen, R.J. and Mannering, G.J., Hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase systems of the trout, frog and snake - III. Induction, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 71, 445, 1982.
52. Stafford, D.P., Plapp, F.W., and Fleet, R.R., Snakes as indicators of environmental contamination: relation of detoxifying enzymes and pesticide residues to species occurrence in three aquatic ecosystems, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 5, 15, 1976.
53. Yawetz, A. et al., Induction, fractionation, and localization of cytochrome P450 isozymes in the liver of the freshwater turtle, Chrysemys picta picta, Mar. Environ. Res., 35, 205, 1993.
54. Bishop, C.A. et al., Environmental contamination and developmental abnormalities in eggs and hatchlings of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin (1989-1991), Environ. Pollut., 101, 143, 1998.
55. Rie, M.T. et al., Hepatic biotransformation enzymes in a sentinel species, the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), from Cape Cod, Massachusetts: seasonal-, sex- and location related differences, Biomarkers, 5, 382, 2000.
56. Gunderson, M.P., Oberdorster, E., and Guillette, L.J., Jr., Phase I and II liver enzyme activities in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) collected from three sites in Kissimmee-Everglades drainage, Florida (USA), Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 139C, 39, 2004.
57. Desvages, G., Girondot, M., and Pieau, C., Sensitive stages for the effects of temperature on gonadal aromatase activity in embryos of the marine turtle Dermochelys coriacea, Gen. Comp. Endocrin., 92, 54, 1993.
58. Desvages, G. and Pieau, C., Aromatase activity in gonads of turtle embryos as a function of the incubation temperature of eggs, J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol., 41, 851, 1992.
59. Jeyasuria, P., Roosenburg, W.M., and Place, A.R., Role of P-450 aromatase in sex determination of the diamondback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin, J. Exp. Zool., 270, 95, 1994.
60. Gabriel, W.N. et al., Alligator aromatase cDNA sequence and its expression in embryos at male and female incubation temperatures, J. Exp. Zool., 290, 439, 2001
61. Place, A.R. et al., Expression of P450(arom) in Malaclemys terrapin and Chelydra serpentina: a tale of two sites, J. Exp. Zool., 290, 673, 2001.
62. Lance, V.A. et al., Does alligator testis produce estradiol? A comparison of ovarian and testicular aromatase, Biol. Reprod., 69, 1201, 2003.
63. Fossi, M.C. and Marsili, L., The use of non-destructive biomarkers in the study of marine mammals, Biomarkers, 2, 205, 1997.
64. George, S.G., Enzymology and molecular biology of phase II xenobiotic-conjugating enzymes in fish, in Aquatic Toxicology Molecular, Biochemical and Cellular Perspectives, Malins, D.C. and Ostrander, G.K., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
65. Bani, M.H. et al., Modulation of snake hepatic cytochrome P450 by 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C, 119, 2, 143, 1998.
66. Hermes-Lima, M. and Zenteno-Savin, T., Animal response to drastic changes in oxygen availability and physiological oxidative stress, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 133, 537, 2002.
67. Hermes-Lima, M. and Storey, K.B., In vitro oxidative inactivation of glutathione S-transferase from a freeze tolerant reptile, Molec. Cell. Biochem., 124, 149, 1993a.
68. Hermes-Lima, M. and Storey, K.B., Role of antioxidants in the tolerance of freezing and anoxia by garter snakes, Am. J. Physiol., 265, R646, 1993b.
69. Willmore, W.G. and Storey, K.B., Antioxidant systems and anoxia tolerance in a freshwater turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans, Molec. Cell. Biochem., 170, 177, 1997a.
70. Willmore, W.G. and Storey, K.B., Glutathione systems and anoxia tolerance in turtles, Am. J. Physiol., 273, R219, 1997b.
71. Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C., Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1999.
72. Winston, G.W. and Di Giulio, R.T., Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms, Aquat. Toxicol., 19, 137, 1991.
73. Rozhaja, D.A. et al., Some biochemical characteristics of the blood sera of the turtle Testudo hermanni Gmel from the immediate surrounding of lead and zinc foundry in Zvecan Yugoslavia, Acta. Biol. Med. Exper., 5, 43, 1980.
74. Rozhaja, D.A. et al., The effect of lead metallurgy pollutants on blood reticulocyte number and serum glutamate oxal-acetate transaminase activity of the turtles Testudo hermanni Gmel, Acta. Biol. Med. Exper., 8, 25, 1983.
75. Elezaj, I., Halili, F., and Rozhaja, D.A., Changes in blood catalase and peroxidase activities of land turtles (Testudo hermanni Gmal) living under conditions of industrial lead contamination. Acta. Biol. Med. Exper., 8, 29, 1983.
76. Beyersmann, D., The significance of interactions in metal essentiality and toxicity, in Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance, Merian, E., Ed., VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany: 491, 1991.
77. Elsey, R.M. and Lance, V., Effect of diet on blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in the alligator, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 76B, 831, 1983.
78. Jena, B.S., Nayak, S.B., and Patnaik, B.K., Age-related effect of aluminum on the catalase activities of the brains of two species of poikiloremic vertebrates, Gerontology, 48, 1, 34-38.
79. Guillette, L.J., Jr., Contaminant-associated endocrine disruption in reptiles, in Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles, Sparling, D.W., Linder, G, and Bishop, C., Eds., SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, 2000, 595.
80. Guillette, L.J., Jr. et al., Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida, Environ. Health Perspect., 102, 680, 1994.
81. de Solla, S.R. et al., Impact of organochlorine contamination on levels of sex hormones and external morphology of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) in Ontario, Canada, Environ. Health Perspect., 106, 253, 1998.
82. Gunderson, M.P. et al., Effect of acute stress on plasma B-corticosterone, estradiol-17B and testosterone concentrations in juvenile American alligators collected from three sites within the Kissimmee Everglades drainage basin in Florida (USA), Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 135C, 365, 2002.
83. Shelby, J.A. et al., Seasonal variations in reproductive steroids of male and female yellow-blotched map turtles Grapteymys flavimaculcta, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 119, 143, 2000.
84. Rooney, A.A. et al., Seasonal variation in plasma sex steroid concentration in juvenile American alligators, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 135, 25, 2004.
85. Gross, D.A. et al., Characterization of potential contaminant-induced clinical manifestation in neonatal alligators from contaminated and control lakes in central Florida. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17th Annual Meeting; 17-21 Nov.; SETAC, Washington, DC, Pensacola, FL, 1996, 213.
86. Crain, D.A. et al., Sex-steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference lakes in Florida, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 446, 1998.
87. Hewitt, E.A. et al., Thyroid status in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminate and reference sites on Lake Okeechobee, FL, Chemosphere, 47, 1129, 2002.
88. Brasfield, S.M., Bradham, K., Wells J.B., et al. Development of a terrestrial vertebrate model for assessing bioavailability of cadmium in the fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) and in ovo effects on hatchling size and thyroid function, Chemosphere, 54, 1643, 2004.
89. Gunderson, M.P. et al., Temporal and spatial variation in plasma thyroxine (T-4) concentrations in juvenile alligators collected from Lake Okeechobee and the northern Everglades, Florida, USA, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 5, 914, 2002.
90. Erwin, L.K., Gray, S., and Oberdörster, E., Vitellogenin induction in painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, as a biomarker of exposure to environmental levels of estradiol, Aquat. Toxicol., 55, 49, 2001.
91. Shelby, J.A. and Mendonça, M.T., Comparison of reproductive parameters in male yellow-blotched map turtles (Graptemys flavimaculata) from a historically contaminated sited and a reference site, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 129C, 233, 2001.
92. Kannan, K., Ueda, M., Shelby, J.A. et al., Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides in yellow-blotched map turtle from the Pascagoula River Basin in Mississippi, USA, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 38, 362, 2000
93. Fossi, M.C. et al., The lizard Gallotia galloti as a bioindicator of organophosphorous contamination in the Canary Islands, Environ. Pollut., 87, 289, 1995.
94. Sanchez, J.C., Fossi, M.C., and Focardi, S., Serum "B" esterases as a nondestructive biomarker in the lizard Gallotia galloti experimentally treated with parathion, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 1954, 1997a.
95. McLean, R.G., Spillane, J.T., and Miles, J.W., A prospective study of the effects of ultralow volume (ULV) aerial application of malathion on epidemic Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 24, 193, 1975.
96. Hall, R.J. and Clark, D.R., Jr., Responses of the iguanis lizard Anolis carolinensis to four organophosphorus pesticides, Environ. Pollut., 28, 45, 1982.
97. Sanchez, J.C., Fossi, M.C., and Focardi, S. Serum "B" esterases as a nondestructive biomarker for monitoring the exposure of reptiles to organophosphorous insecticides, Ecotox. Environ. Saf., 38, 45, 1997b.
98. Sanchez-Hernandez, J.C. and Moreno-Sanchez, B., Lizard cholinesterases as biomarkers of pesticide exposure: enzymological characterization, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 2319, 2002.
99. Overmann, S.R. and Krajicek, J.J., Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as biomonitors of lead contamination of the Big River in Missouri's Old Lead Belt, Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 14, 689, 1995.
100. Ewers, U., Schlipköter, H.-W., Lead, in Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance, Merian, E., Ed., VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany, 971, 1991.
101. Albers, P.H., Sileo, L., and Mulhern, B.M., Effects of environmental contaminants on snapping turtles of a tidal wetland, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 15, 39, 1986.
102. Licht, L.E., 1976.
103. Lovelette, C.A. and Wright, E., In vivo effects of Pb+2 upon 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase in T. scripta. Abstract papers. Am. Chem. Soc., 211, 90, 1996.
104. Bishop, C.A. et al., Biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure in passerines colonial waterbirds and snapping turtles of the Great Lakes Basin, Mar. Environ. Res., 42, 273, 1996.
105. Phillips, J.B. and Wells, M.R., Adenosine triphosphatase activity in liver, intestinal mucosa, cloacal bladder, and kidney tissue of five turtle species following in vitro treatment with 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), J. Agric. Food Chem., 22, 404, 1974.
106. Wells, M.R., Phillips, J.B., and Murphy, G.G., ATPase activity in tissues of the map turtle, Graptemys geographica following in vitro treatment with aldrin and dieldrin, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 11, 572, 1974.
107. Meyers-Schöne, L. et al., Comparison of two freshwater turtles as monitors of radionuclide and chemical contamination: DNA damage and residue analysis, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12, 1487, 1993.
108. Mitchelmore, C.L. and Chipman J.K., DNA strand breakage in aquatic organisms and the potential value of the comet assay in environmental monitoring. Mutat. Res., 399, 135, 1998.
109. Mitchelmore, C.L. et al., Evidence for cytochrome P450 catalysis and free radical involvement in the production of DNA strand breaks by benzo[a]pyrene and nitroaromatics in mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) digestive gland cells. Aquat. Toxicol., 41, 3, 193, 1998.
110. Crawshaw, G.J., Diseases and pathology of amphibians and reptiles, in Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles, Sparling, D.W., Linder, G., and Bishop, C., Eds., SETAC Press, Pennsacola, FL, 199, 2000.
111. Malins, D.C. et al., Toxic chemicals in marine sediment and biota from Mukilteo, Washington: relationships with hepatic neoplasms and other hepatic lesions in English sole (Parophrys vetulus). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 74, 487, 1985.
112. Hopkins, W.A. et al., Trace element accumulation and effects of chronic dietary exposure on banded water snakes (Nerodia fasciata), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 906, 2002.
113. Rooney, A.A., Bermudez, D.S. and Guillette Jr., L.J. 2003. Altered histology of the thymus and spleen in contaminant-exposed juvenile American alligators. J. of Morphology, 256, 349-359.
114. Leceta, J. and Zapata, A.G., Seasonal changes in the thymus and spleen of the turtle, Mauremys caspica. A morphometrical, light microscopical study, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 9, 653-668, 1985.
115. El Deeb et al., Neuroimmunomodulation in reptiles. III. Morphological and immunological changes in the spleen of juvenile lizards following steroid hormones treatment, J. Egypt Ger. Soc. Zool., 12, 489, 1993.
116. Lind, P.M. et al., Abnormal bone composition in female juvenile American alligators from a pesticide-polluted lake (Lake Apopka, Florida), Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 359, 2004.
117. Frye, F.L., Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry, 2nd ed., Krieger, Melbourne, 1991.
118. Done, L., Neoplasia, in Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Mader, D.R., Ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, 125, 1996.
119. Garner, M.M. et al., Shell disease in river cooters (Pseudemys concinna) and yellow-bellied turtles (Trachemys scripta) in a Georgia (USA) lake, J. Wildl. Dis., 33, 78, 1997.
120. Tangredi, B.P. and Evans, R.H., Organochlorine pesticides associated with ocular, nasal, or otic infection in the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), J. Zoo Wildl. Med., 28, 97, 1997.
121. Ramsay, E.C. et al., A retrospective study of neoplasia in a collection of captive snakes, J. Zoo Wildl. Med., 27, 28, 1996.
122. Oros, J. et al., Multicentric lymphoblastic lymphoma in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), Vet. Pathol., 38, 464, 2001.
123. Roe, W.D., et al., Squamous cell carcinoma in a tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), N.Z. Vet. J., 50, 207, 2002.
124. Aguirre, A.A. et al., Organic contaminants and trace-metals in the tissues of green turtles (Chelonia-mydas) afflicted with fibropapillomas in the Hawaiian Islands, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 28, 109, 1994.
125. Nagle, R.D., Rowe, C.L., and Congdon, J.D., Accumulation and selective maternal transfer of contaminants in the turtle Trachemys scripta associated with coal ash deposition, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40, 531, 2001.
126. Roe, J.H. et al., Maternal transfer of selenium in Alligator mississippiensis nesting downstream from a coal burning power plant, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23, 1969, 2004.
127. Howe, C.L., Hopkins, W.A., and Congdon, J.D., Ecotoxicological implications of aquatic disposal of coal combustion residues in the United States: a review, Environ. Mon. Assess., 80, 207, 2002.
128. Bishop, C.A. et al., The case for a cause-effect linkage between environmental contamination and development in eggs of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra s. serpentina) from Ontario, Canada, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 33, 521, 1991.
129. Brews, D., Bergeron, J.M., and McLachlan, J.A., The role of estrogen in turtle sex determination and the effect of PCBs, Environ. Health Perspect., 103, 73, 1995.
130. Crain, D.A. and Guillette, L.J., Reptiles as models of contaminant-induced endocrine disruption. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 53, 77, 1998.
131. Bergeron, J.M., Crews, D., and McLachlan, J.A., PCBs as environmental estrogens: turtle sex determination as a biomarker of environmental contamination, Environ. Health Perspect., 102, 780, 1994.
132. Willingham, E. and Crews, D., Sex reversal effects of environmentally relevant xenobiotic concentrations on the red-eared slider turtle, a species with temperature- dependent sex determination, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 113, 429, 1999.
133. Podreka, S. et al., The environmental contaminant DDE fails to influence the outcome of sexual differentiation in the marine turtle Chelonia mydas, Environ. Health Perspect., 106, 185, 1998.
134. Portelli, M.J. et al., Effect of dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane on sex determination of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina), Ecotox. Environ. Saf., 43, 284, 1999.
135. Milnes, M.R., Woodward, A.R., and Guillette, L.J., Morphological variation in hatchling American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from three Florida lakes, J. Herpetol., 35, 264, 2001.
136. Guillette, L.J., Jr. et al., Reduction in penis size and plasma testosterone concentrations in juvenile alligators living in a contaminated environment, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 101, 32, 1996.
137. Guillette, L.J., Jr. et al., Plasma steroid concentrations and male phallus size in juvenile alligators from seven Florida (USA) lakes, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 116, 356, 1999.
138. Pickford, D.B. et al., Plasma dihydrotestosterone concentrations and phallus size in juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference populations, J. Herpetol., 34, 233, 2000.
139. Stoker, C. et al., Sex reversal effects on Caiman latirostris exposed to environmentally relevant doses of the xenoestrogen bisphenol A, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 133, 287, 2003.
140. Congdon, J.D., Dunham, A.E., and Tinkle, D.W., Energy budgets and life histories of reptiles, in Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 13, Gans, C., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1982, 233.
141. Calow, P. and Sibly, R.M., A physiological basis of population processes:ecotoxicological implications, Func. Ecol., 4, 283, 1990.
142. Calow, P., Physiological costs of combating chemical toxicants: ecological implications, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 100C, 3, 1991.
143. Congdon, J.D. et al., Resource allocation based life history trait values: a conceptual basis for studies of environmental toxicology, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 1698, 2001.
144. Rowe, C.L., Hopkins, W.A., and Congdon, J.D., Integrating individual-based indices of contaminant effects: how multiple sublethal effects may ultimately reduce amphibian recruitment from a contaminated breeding site, Sci. World, 1, 703, 2001a.
145. Hopkins, W.A., Rowe, C.L., and Congdon, J.D., Elevated trace element concentrations and standard metabolic rate in banded water snakes, Nerodia fasciata, exposed to coal combustion wastes, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 1258, 1999.
146. Rowe, C.L. et al., Elevated maintenance costs in an anuran (Rana catesbeiana) exposed to a mixture of trace elements during the embryonic and early larval periods, Physiol. Zool., 71, 27, 1998a.
147. Rowe, C.L. et al., Metabolic costs incurred by crayfish (Procambarus acutus) in a trace element-polluted habitat: further evidence of a common response among diverse taxonomic groups, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 129C, 275, 2001b.
148. Calow, P. and Forbes, V.E., How do physiological responses to stress translate into ecological and evolutionary processes? Comp. Bioch. Physiol., 120A, 11, 1998.
149. Steyermark, A.C., A high standard metabolic rate constrains juvenile growth, Zoology, 105, 147, 2002.
150. Bridges, C., Rowe, C.L., and Hopkins, W.A., Conservation genetics of amphibians, in Amphibian Decline: An Integrated Analysis of Multiple Stressor Effects, Linder, G., Crest, S., and Sparling, D.W., Eds., SETAC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003.
151. Rowe, C.L., Hopkins, W.A., and Bridges, C., Physiological ecology of amphibians in relation to susceptibility to natural and anthropogenic factors, in Amphibian Decline: An Integrated Analysis of Multiple Stressor Effects, Linder, G., Crest, S., and Sparling, D.W., Eds., SETAC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003.
152. Rowe, C.L. et al., Oral deformities in tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) associated with coal ash deposition: effects on grazing ability and growth, Freshwater Biol., 37, 723, 1996.
153. Rowe, C.L., Kinney, O.M., and Congdon, J.D., Deformities in tadpoles of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) caused by conditions in a polluted habitat, Copeia, 1998, 244, 1998b.
154. Crain, D.A. et al., Alteration in steroidogensis in alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) exposed naturally and experimentally to environmental contaminants, Environ. Health. Perspect., 105, 528, 1997.
155. Guillette, L.J., Jr. and Gunderson, M.P., Alterations in development of reproductive and endocrine systems of wildlife populations exposed to endocrine- disrupting contaminants, Reproduction, 122, 857, 2001.
156. Fernie, K.J. et al., In ovo exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: reproductive effects on second-generation American kestrels. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40, 544, 2001.
157. Custer, C.M. et al., Exposure and effects of chemical contaminants on tree swallows nesting along the Housatonic River, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, USA, 1998-2000, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 1605, 2003.
158. Congdon, J.D. and Gibbons, J.W., The evolution of turtle life histories, in Life History and Ecology of the Slider Turtle, Gibbons, J.W., Ed., Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1990, 45.
159. Bain, D. et al., Effects of sublethal Fenitrothion ingestion on cholinesterase inhibition, standard metabolism, thermal preference, and prey-capture ability in the Australian central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticips, Agamidae), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23, 109, 2004.
160. Peveling, R. and Demba, S.A., Toxicity and pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae var. aridum (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) and Fiprinil to the fringe-toed lizard Acanthodactylus dumerili (Squamat: Lacertidae), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 1434, 2003.
161. Steyermark, A.C., and Spotila, J.R., Body temperature and maternal identity affect snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) righting response, Copeia, 2001, 1050, 2001.
162. Burger, J. et al., Effects of lead on behavior, growth, and survival of hatchling slider turtles, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 55, 495, 1998.
163. Hopkins, W.A., Winne, C.T., and DuRant, S.E., Differential swimming performance of two Natricine snakes exposed to a cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticide. Environ. Pollut., 133, 531, 2005.
164. Goldman, D. and Yawetz, A., Cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism of progesterone by adrenal microsomes of PCB-treated and untreated barn owl (Tyto alba) and marsh turtle (Mauremys caspica) in comparison with the guinea pig. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 99C, 251, 1991
165. Kirchin, M. and Winston, G.W., Microsomal activation of benzo[a]pyrene to mutagens by Alligator mississippiensis in vitro: induction by 3-methylcholanthrene. Mar. Environ. Res., 34, 273, 1992.
166. Yawetz, A. et al., The effect of PCB on the induction of cytochrome P-450 enzyme, detected by monoclonal antibody against the P-4501A1 gene products, in barn owl and marsh turtle hepatic microsomes, Water Sci. Technol., 27, 457, 1993b.
167. Ertl, R.P., Alworth, W.L., and Winston, G.W., Liver microsomal cytochromes P450-dependent alkoxyphenoxazone O-dealkylation in vitro by alligator and rat: activities, inhibition, substrate preference, and discrimination factors, J. Biochem. Molec. Toxicol., 13, 17, 1999.
168. Mayeaux, M.M. and Winston, G.W., Antibiotic effects on cytochromes P450 content and mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) activities in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 21, 274, 1998.
169. Yawetz, A., Woodin, B.R., and Stegeman, J.J., Cytochromes P450 in liver of the turtle Chrysemys picta picta and the induction and partial purification of CYP1A-like proteins. Biochim. Biophysica Acta, 1381, 2, 1998.
170. Ertl, R.P., Stegeman, J.J., and Winston, G.W., Induction time course of cytochromes P450 by Phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment in liver microsomes of Alligator mississippiensis, Biochem. Pharmcol., 55, 1513, 1998.
171. Schlezinger, J.J. et al., 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl oxidation in fish, bird and reptile species: relationship to cytochrome P450 1A inactivation and reactive oxygen production. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 125C, 273, 2000.
172. Stone, W.B., Kiviat, E., and Butkas, S.A., Toxicants in snapping turtles, N.Y. Fish Game J., 27, 39, 1980.