Growth of the orbit

Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 225-255

  Hoyte, David A N ^a  

^a QUEEN S MEDICAL CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85051961185     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780203755327     Document Type: Chapter

References (174)

1. Ackerman, JL, Takagi, Y, Proffit, WR, and Baer, MJ: Craniofacial growth and development in cebocephalia. Oral Surg., Oral Med., Oral Pathol., 1965, 19:543.
2. Anderson, CB and Meier, S: The influence of the metameric pattern in the mesoderm on migration of cranial neural crest cells in the chick embryo. Dev. Biol., 1981, 85:385.
3. Anderson, FM and Geiger, L: Craniosynostosis: a survey of 204 cases. J. Neurosurg., 1965, 22:229.
4. Apt, L and Isenberg, S: Changes in orbital dimensions following enucleation. Arch. Ophthalmol., 1973, 90:393.
5. Babler, WJ: Relationship of altered cranial suture growth to the cranial base and midface, in Scientific Foundations and Surgical Treatment of Craniosynostosis, Persing, JA, Edgerton, MT, and Jane, JA, Eds., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1989, 87-95.
6. Bacon, W and Mathis, R: Craniofacial characteristics of cyclopia in man and swine. Angle Orthod., 1983, 53:290.
7. Barnicot, NA: The supravital staining of osteoclasts with neutral red. Proc. Roy. Soc, Series B, 1947, 134:467.
8. Bateman, N: Bone growth: a study of the grey-lethal and microphthalmic mutants of the mouse. J. Anat., 1954, 88:212.
9. Bergsma, D, Ed.: The Clinical Delineation of Birth Defects: Part II Malformation Syndromes. Birth Defects, Orig. Artie. Ser., 1969, 5(2).
10. Bergsma, D, Ed.: ‘The Clinical Delineation of Birth Defects: Part XI Orofacial Structures. Birth Defects, Orig. Artie. Ser., 1971, 7(7).
11. Bertelsen, TI: The premature synostosis of the cranial sutures, Acta Ophthalmol., 1958, Suppl. 51:1-176.
12. Björk, A: Sutural growth of the upper face studied by the implant method. Acta Odont. Scand., 1966, 24:107.
13. Björk, A and Skieller, V: Postnatal growth and development of the maxillary complex, in Factors Affecting the Growth of the Midface, Monograph Number 6, Craniofacial Growth Series, McNamara, JA, Ed., Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1976, 61-99.
14. Björk, A and Skieller, V: Roentgencephalometric growth analysis of the maxilla. Trans. Europ. Orthod. Soc, 1977a, :51.
15. Björk, A and Skieller, V: Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method. Brit. J. Orthod., 1977b, :53.
16. Brash, JC: Some problems in the growth and developmental mechanics of bone. Edin. Med. J., 1934, (NS4):305 and 363.
17. Brash, JC, McKeag, HTA and Scott, JH: The Aetiology of Irregularity and Malocclusion of the Teeth, 2nd ed., Dental Board of the United Kingdom, London, 1956.
18. Burdi, AR, Kusnetz, AB, Venes, JL, and Gebarski, SS: The natural history and pathogenesis of the cranial coronal ring articulations: implications in understanding the pathogenesis of the Crouzon craniostenotic defects. Cleft Pal. J., 1985, 23:28.
19. Burdi, AR, Lawton, TJ, and Grosslight, J: Prenatal pattern emergence in early human facial development. Cleft Pal. J., 1988, 25:8.
20. Burdi, AR, Vig, KWL, and Reynolds, RT: The craniosynostoses: etiopathogenesis and clinical implications, in Essays in Honor of Robert E. Moyers, Monograph No. 24, Craniofacial Growth Series, Hunter, WS and Carlson, DS, Eds., Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1991, 227-249.
21. Cachel, SM: A functional analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the anthropoid post-orbital septum. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1979, 50:1.
22. Chase, HB and Chase, EB: Studies on an anophthalmic strain of mice. J. Morph., 1941, 68:279.
23. Cohen, MM, Jr., Sedano, HO, Gorlin, RJ, and Jirasek, JE: Frontonasal dysplasia (median cleft face syndrome): comments on etiology and pathogenesis, in The Clinical Delineation of Birth Defects: Part XI Orofacial Structures, Bergsma, D, Ed., Birth Defects, Orig. Artie. Ser., 1971, 117-119.
24. Cohen, MM, Jr., Jirasek, JE, Guzman, RT, Gorlin, RJ, and Peterson, MQ: Holoprosencephaly and facial dysmorphia: nosology, etiology and pathogenesis, in The Clinical Delineation of Birth Defects: Part XI Orofacial Structures, Bergsma, D, Ed., Birth Defects, Orig. Artie. Ser., 1971, 125-135.
25. Cohen, MM, Jr.: The etiology of craniosynostosis, in Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Management, Cohen, MM, Jr., Ed., Raven Press, New York, 1986, 59-79.
26. Cohen, MM, Jr.: Syndromes with craniosynostosis, in Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Management, Cohen, MM, Jr., Ed., Raven Press, New York, 1986, 413-590.
27. Cohen, MM, Jr and Sulik, KK: Perspectives on holoprosencephaly: Part II Central nervous system, craniofacial anatomy, syndrome commentary, diagnostic approach, and experimental studies. J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol., 1992, 12:196.
28. Coulombre, AJ and Crelin, ES: The role of the developing eye in the morphogenesis of the avian skull. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 1958, NS 16:25.
29. Couly, GF, Coltey, PM, and Le Douarin, NM: The triple origin of the skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras. Development, 1993, 117:409.
30. Currarino, G and Silverman, FN: Orbital hypotelorism, arhinencephaly and trigonocephaly. Radiology, 1960, 74:206.
31. Currarino, G: Premature closure of the frontozygomatic suture: unusual frontoorbital dysplasia mimicking unilateral coronal synostosis. Am. J. Neuroradiol, 1985, 6:643.
32. David, DJ, Poswillo, D, and Simpson, D: The Craniosynostoses, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
33. Diethelm, F and Schowing, J: Action directe de l’actinomycine D sur l’encéphale embryonnaire du poulet. Obtention expérimentale de la cyclopie. Wilhelm Roux Arch., 1974, 175:163.
34. Duke-Elder, Sir Stewart: The evolution of the vertebrate eye, in System of Ophthalmology, Vol.1: The Eye in Evolution. Henry Kimpton, London,1958, 233-257.
35. Duke-Elder, Sir Stewart and Wybar, KC: The orbit, in System of Ophthalmology, Vol. II: The Anatomy of the Visual System, Henry Kimpton, London, 1961, 389-414.
36. Duke-Elder, Sir Stewart and Cook, C: The ocular adnexa: the orbit, in System of Ophthalmology, Vol. Ill: Normal and Abnormal Development, Part 1, Embryology, Henry Kimptom, London, 1963, 211-231.
37. Enlow, DH and Bang, S: Growth and remodeling of the human maxilla. Am. J. Orthod., 1965, 51:446.
38. Enlow, DH: A morphogenetic analysis of facial growth. Am. J. Orthod., 1966a, 52:283.
39. Enlow, DH: A comparative study of facial growth in Homo and Macaca. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1966b, 24:293.
40. Enlow, DH and Hunter, WS: A differential analysis of sutural and remodeling growth in the human face. Am J. Orthod., 1966, 52:823.
41. Enlow, DH: The Human Face: An Account of the Postnatal Growth and Development of the Craniofacial Skeleton, Hoeber Medical Division, Harper and Row, New York, 1968.
42. Enlow, DH, Kuroda, T, and Lewis, AB: The morphological and morphogenetic basis for craniofacial form and pattern. Angle Orthod., 1971a, 41:161.
43. Enlow, DH, Kuroda, T, and Lewis, AB: Intrinsic craniofacial compensations. Angle Orthod., 1971b, 41:271.
44. Enlow, DH and McNamara, JA, Jr.: The neurocranial basis for facial form and pattern. Angle Orthod., 1973, 43:256.
45. Enlow, DH, Harvold, EP, Latham, RA, Moffett, BC, Christiansen, RL, and Hausch, HG: Research on control of craniofacial morphogenesis: an NIDR state-of-the-art workshop. Am. J. Orthod., 1977, 71:509.
46. Enlow, DH: Handbook of Facial Growth, 2nd ed., W.B. Saunders, 1982.
47. Farkas, LG and Lindsay, WK: Morphology of the orbital region in adults following the cleft lip/palate repair in childhood. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1972, 37:65.
48. Farkas, LG, Ross, RB, Posnick, JC, and Indech, GD: Orbital measurements in 63 hyperteloric patients. Differences between the anthropometric and cephalometric findings. J. Cranio-Max-Fac. Surg., 1989, 17:249.
49. Fernbach, SK and Naidich, TP: Radiological evaluation of craniosynostosis, in Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Management, Cohen, MM, Jr., Ed., Raven Press, New York, 1986, 191-214.
50. Gorlin, RJ: Some facial syndromes, in The Clinical Delineation of Birth Defects, Part II Malformation Syndromes, Bergsma, D, Ed., Birth Defects, Orig. Artie. Ser., 1969, 5(2):65.
51. Greaves, WS: The mammalian postorbital bar as a torsion-resisting helical strut. J. Zool. Lond., 1985, 207:125.
52. Hall, BK: Tissue interactions in the development and evolution of the vertebrate head, in Developmental and Evolutionary Aspects of the Neural Crest, Maderson, PFA, Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987, 215-259.
53. Hauser, G and Kritscher, H: The skull attributed to Mozart-craniosynostosis or not? Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1994, 94:263.
54. Horowitz, SL: The cranial base in craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon’s disease). Proc. Finn. Dent. Soc, 1981, 77:57.
55. Hoyte, DAN: The modes of growth of the neurocranium-the growth of the sphenoid bone in animals, in Craniofacial Growth in Man, Moyers, RE and Krogman, WM, Eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1971, 77-105.
56. Hoyte, DAN: Contributions of the spheno-ethmoidal complex to basicranial growth in the rabbit, in Symp. Dev. Basicranium, Bosma, JF, Ed., Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publ. No (NIH) 76-989, 1976, 583-605.
57. Hoyte, DAN: A study of orbital growth in animals, in Définition et Origines de I’Homme, Sakka, M, Ed., Editions du CNRS, Paris, 1986a, 123-159.
58. Hoyte, DAN: Some aspects of maxillary and zygomatic growth in man and animals. Arch Biol, 1986b, (Sept):53.
59. Hoyte, DAN: Muscles and cranial form, in Morphogenesis of the Mammalian Skull, Kuhn, H-J and Zeller, U, Eds., Mammalia Depicta, Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg, 1987, 123-144.
60. Hoyte, DAN: The role of the cranial base in normal and abnormal skull development, in Scientific Foundations and Surgical Treatment of Craniosynostosis, Persing, JA, Edgerton, MT, and Jane, JA, Eds., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1989, 58-75.
61. Hoyte, DAN: The cranial base in normal and abnormal skull growth, in Neurosurgical Clinics of North America, Persing, JA and Jane, JA, Eds., W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1991 (2) 515-537.
62. Jackson, IT, Munro, IR, Salyer, KE, and Whitaker, LA: Atlas of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, C.V. Mosby, St. Louis, 1982.
63. Jackson, IT, Costanzo, C, Marsh, WR, and Adham, M: Orbital expansion in plagiocephaly. Brit. J. Plast. Surg., 1988, 412:16.
64. Johnston, MC, Bhakdinaronk, A, and Reid, YC: An expanded role of the neural crest in oral and pharyngeal development, in 4th Symp. Oral Sensation Perception, Dev. Fetus Infant, Bosma, JF, Ed., Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publ. No. (NIH) 73-546, 1973, 37-52.
65. Kennedy, RE: The effect of early enucleation on the orbit. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 1965, 60:277.
66. Kolar, JC: Patterns of dysmorphology in Treacher-Collins syndrome: an anthropometric study. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1986, 69:223.
67. Kolar, JC, Munro, IR, and Farkas, LG: Anthropometric evaluation of dysmorphology in craniofacial anomalies-Treacher-Collins syndrome. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1987, 74:441.
68. Kolar, JC, Munro, IR, and Farkas, LG: Patterns of dysmorphology in Crouzon syndrome: an anthropometric study. Cleft Pal. J., 1988, 25:235.
69. Kreiborg, S and Pruzansky, S: Craniofacial growth in premature craniofacial synostosis. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1981, 15:171.
70. Kreiborg, S: Craniofacial growth in plagiocephaly and Crouzon syndrome. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1981, 15:187.
71. Kreiborg, S and Björk, A: Craniofacial asymmetry of a dry skull with plagiocephaly. Europ. J. Orthod., 1981, 3:195.
72. Kreiborg, S and Björk, A: Description of a dry skull with Crouzon syndrome. Scand J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1982, 116:245.
73. Kreiborg, S and Aduss, H: Pre-and postsurgical facial growth in patients with Crouzon’s and Apert’s syndromes. Cleft Pal. J. 1986, Suppl. 78-90.
74. Kreiborg, S and Cohen, MM, Jr.: The infant Apert head, in Neurosurgery Clinicsf North America, Persing, JA and Jane, JA, Eds., W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1991, 551.
75. Lang, J: Clinical Anatomy of the Head, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983.
76. Latchaw, RE, Ed.: MR and CT Imaging of the Head, Neck and Spine, 2nd ed., Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, 1991.
77. Le Lièvre, CS: Participation of neural crest-derived cells in the genesis of the skull in birds. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph., 1978, 47:17.
78. Limborgh, J van and Tonneyck-Müller, FrI: DasJWachstum der Augen und Augenhöhlen bei normalen Hühnerembryonen von 11-19 Tagen. Anat. Anz., 1970a, 126:441.
79. Limborgh, J van and Tonneyck-Müller, FrI: Das Wachstum von Augen und Augenhöhlen beim Hiihnerembryo. I. Die Groszenverhältnisse der Augen und Augenhöhlen bei Normalen Embryonen von 11-19 Tagen. Acta Morphol. Neerl-Scand., 1970b, (1968-70), 7:253.
80. Limborgh, J van: Factors controlling skeletal morphogenesis, in Factors and Mechanisms Influencing Bone Growth, Dixon, AD and Sarnat, BG, Eds., Alan R Liss, New York, 1982, 1-17.
81. Lloyd, GAS: Radiology of the Orbit, W.B. Saunders, London, 1975.
82. Lo, AKM, Colcleugh, RG, Allen, L, Van Wyck, L, and Bite, U: The role of tissue expanders in an anophthalmic animal model. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1990, 86:399.
83. McCann, JP, Owens, PDA, and Wilson, DJ: Chick frontonasal process excision significantly affects mid-facial development. Anat. Embryol, 1991, 184:171.
84. McCarthy, JG, Coeearo, PJ, Epstein, F, and Converse, JM: Early skeletal release in the infant with craniofacial dysostosis. The role of the sphenozygomatic suture. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1978, 62:335.
85. McGrath, P: Upper jaw in human cyclopia. Acta Anat., 1989, 136:235.
86. McGrath, P and Sperber, GH: Floor of the median orbit in human cyclopia: an anatomical study in three dimensions. J.Anat., 1990, 169:125.
87. McGrath, P: The proboscis in human cyclopia: an anatomical study in two dimensions. J. Anat., 1992, 181:139.
88. Maderson, PFA: Developmental and Evolutionary Aspects of the Neural Crest. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.
89. Marsh, JL and Gado, M: Surgical anatomy of the craniofacial dysostoses: insights from CT scans. Cleft Pal. J., 1982, 19:212.
90. Marsh, JL, Gado, MH, Vannier, MW, and Stevens, WG: Osseous anatomy of unilateral coronal synostosis. Cleft Pal. J., 1986, 23:87.
91. Marsh, JL, Celin, SE, Vannier, MW, and Gado, M: The skeletal anatomy of mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins) syndrome. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1986, 78:460.
92. Miller, MT: Ocular findings in craniosynostosis, in Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Management, Cohen, MM, Jr., Ed., Raven Press, New York, 1986, 227-248.
93. Moore, WJ and Lavelle, CLB: Growth of the Facial Skeleton in the Hominoidea, Academic Press, London, 1974, 199.
94. Moss, ML and Simon, MR: Growth of the human mandibular angular process: a functional cranial analysis. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1968, 28:127.
95. Moss, ML and Rankow, RM: The role of the functional matrix in mandibular growth. Angle Orthod., 1968, 38:95.
96. Moss, ML and Salentijn, L: The primary role of functional matrices in facial growth. Am. J. Orthod., 1969, 55:566.
97. Moss, ML: Twenty years of functional cranial analysis. Am. J. Orthod., 1972, 61:479.
98. Nasr, AM and To’mey, KF: Computerized tomography and ultrasonography in unilateral congenital anophthalmos. A clinico-pathologic case report. Orbit, 1982, 1:119.
99. Newgreen, DF and Erickson, CA: The migration of neural crest cells. Int. Rev. Cytol., 1986, 103:89.
100. Nishimura, H, Semba, R, Tanimura, T, and Tanaka, O: Prenatal Development of the Human with Special Reference to Craniofacial Structures: An Atlas, Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publ. No. (NIH) 77-946, 1977.
101. Noden, DM: The migratory behaviour of neural crest cells, in 4th Symp. Oral Sensation Perception. Dev. Fetus Infant, Bosma, JF, Ed., Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publ. No. (NIH) 73-546, 1973, 9-36.
102. Noden, DM: An analysis of the migratory behavior of avian cephalic neural crest cells. Dev. Biol., 1975, 42:106.
103. Noden, DM: The control of avian neural crest cytodifferentiation. 1. Skeletal and connective tissues. Dev. Biol., 1978, 67:296.
104. Noden, DM: The control of avian neural crest cytodifferentiation. 2. Neural tissues. Dev. Biol., 1978, 67:313.
105. Noden, DM: The migration and cytodifferentiation of cranial neural crest cells, in Current Research Trends in Prenatal Craniofacial Development, Pratt, RM and Christiansen, RL, Eds., Elsevier/North Holland, 1980, 3-25.
106. Noden, DM: Craniofacial development: new views on old problems. Anat. Rec, 1984, 208:1.
107. Noden, DM: Interactions between cephalic neural crest and mesodermal populations, in Developmental and Evolutionary Aspects of the Neural Crest, Maderson, PFA, Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987, 89-119.
108. Noden, DM: Interactions and fates of avian craniofacial mesenchyme. Development, 1988, 103 Suppl: 121-140.
109. Ortiz Monasterio, FO, Medina, O, and Musolas, A: Geometrical planning for the correction of orbital hypertelorism. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1990, 86:650.
110. Osman Hill, WC: Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy. Vol. 1. Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, 1953.
111. Persing, JA, Babler, WJ, Jane, JA, and Duckworth, PF: Experimental unilateral coronal synostosis in rabbits. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1986, 77:369.
112. Petrula, D and Sarnat, BG: Comparison of linear and volumetric measurements of the rabbit orbit. Ophthalmic Res., 1974, 6:43.
113. Pierce, RH, Mainen MW, and Bosma, JF: The Cranium of the Newborn Infant. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publ. No. (NIH) 78-788, 1978.
114. Porges, Y, Gershoni-Baruch, R, Leibu, R, Goldscher, D, Zonis, S, Shapira, I, and Miller, B: Hereditary microphthalmia with colobomatous cyst. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 1992, 114:30.
115. Posnick, JC, Lin, KY, Jhawar, BJ, and Armstrong, D: Crouzon syndrome: quantitative assessment of presenting deformity and surgical results based on CT scans. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1993, 92:1027.
116. Posnick, JC, Lin, KY, Jhawar, BJ, and Armstrong, D: Apert syndrome: quantitative assessment by CT scan of presenting deformity and surgical results after first-stage reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1994, 93:489.
117. Poswillo, D: The pathogenesis of the Treacher Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis). Brit. J. Oral Surg., 1975a, 13:1.
118. Poswillo, D: Causal mechanisms of craniofacial deformity. Brit. Med. Bull, 1975b, 31:101.
119. Poswillo, D: The aetiology and pathogenesis of craniofacial deformity. Development, 1988, 103 Suppl:207-212.
120. Potter, GD: Sectional Anatomy and Tomography of the Head, William Heinmann Medical Books Ltd., London, 1971.
121. Radoievitch, S and Jovanović, S: Les variations de la partie posterieure de la paroi interne de l’orbite. Bull. Acad. Serbe Sci., 1958, 23:63.
122. Ravosa, MJ: Interspecific perspective on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1991, 86:369.
123. Rosen, HM and Whitaker, LA: Cranial base dynamics in craniofacial dysostosis. J. Max-Fac. Surg., 1984, 12:56.
124. Sarnat, BG and Shanedling, PD: Postnatal growth of the orbit and upper face in rabbits (after exenteration of the orbit). Arch. Ophthalmol, 1965, 73:829.
125. Sarnat, BG and Shanedling, PD: Orbital volume following evisceration, enucleation and exenteration in rabbits. Am. J. Ophthalmol, 1970, 70:787.
126. Sarnat, BG: Relationship of rabbit eye and orbit to sex, weight and age. J. Pediat. Ophthalmol, 1971, 9:52.
127. Sarnat, BG and Shanedling, PD: Orbital growth after evisceration or enucleation without and with implants. Acta Anat., 1972, 82:497.
128. Sarnat, BG and Shanedling, PD: Increased orbital volume after periodic intrabulbar injections of silicone in growing rabbits. Am. J. Anat., 1974, 140:523.
129. Sarnat, BG: Orbital volume after enucleation and eye volume in adult rabbits. Albrecht v. Graefes Arch. kiln. exp. Ophthal., 1978, 208:241.
130. Sarnat, BG: Adult rabbit eye and orbital volumes after periodic intrabulbar injections of silicone. Ophthalmol. Basel, 1979a, 178:43.
131. Sarnat, BG: Experimental and clinical postnatal craniofacial skeletal changes. Surgery Gynae. Obst., 1979b, 148:659.
132. Sarnat, BG: Eye volume in young and adult rabbits. Acta Anat., 1980a, 106:462.
133. Sarnat, BG: Orbital volume in young and adult rabbits. Anat. Embryol, 1980b, 159:211.
134. Sarnat, BG: Relationship of Dutch rabbit bulb and orbit volumes to each other and to age, weight and sex. Anat.Anz., 1981a, 149:257.
135. Sarnat, BG: The orbit and eye: experiments on volume in young and adult rabbits. Acta Ophthalmol., 1981b, Suppl 147:1-44.
136. Sarnat, BG: Eye and orbital size in the young and adult. Ophthalmologica, 1982, 185:74.
137. Savara, BS and Singh, IJ: Norms of size and annual increments of seven anatomical measures of maxillae in boys from three to sixteen years of age. Angle Orthod., 1968, 38:104.
138. Schowing, J: Obtention expérimentale de Cyclopes parfaits par microchirurgie chez l’embryon de Poulet: Étude histologique. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph., 1965, 14:255.
139. Schowing, J: Influence de l’excision de l’encéphale embryonnaire sur le développement du neuro-crane chez le poulet. C. R. Assoc. Anat., 1968, 143:1519.
140. Schowing, J: Role morphogène de l’encéphale embryonnaire dans l’organogenèse du cräne chez l’oiseau. Ann. Biol., 1974, 13:69.
141. Schowing, J, Leibzig, C, and Zivkovic, S: Morphogenèse de la tête embryonnaire du poulet après traitement de l’encéphalé isole par l’actinomycine D et la puromycine: premières observations. Bull. Assoc. Anat., 1980, 64:289.
142. Schultz, AH: The size of the orbit and of the eye in Primates.Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1940a, 26:389.
143. Schultz, AH: Growth and development of the chimpanzee. Contrib. Embryol. Cam. Inst., 1940b, 170 (28): 1-63.
144. Schultz, AH: Age changes and variability in gibbons. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1944, NS 2:1.
145. Seeger, JF and Gabrielsen, TO: Premature closure of the frontosphenoidal suture in synostosis of the coronal suture. Radiology, 1971, 101:631.
146. Shillito, J, Jr and Matson, DD: Craniosynostosis: a review of 519 surgical patients. Pediatrics, 1968, 41:829.
147. Silver, PHS: Experimental study of head morphogenesis: removal of optic vesicles. J. Anat., 1960a, 94:283.
148. Silver, PHS: Studies in head morphogenesis: development of isolated presumptive trabecular tissue in the chick embryo. J. Anat., 1960b, 94:577.
149. Silverman, FN: Growth of the face in developmental defects. J. Dent. Res., 1965, 44:209.
150. Sorsby, A, Ed.: Modern Ophthalmology, 2nd. ed., Butterworths, London, 1972.
151. Stovin, JJ, Lyon, JA, and Clemmens, RL: Mandibulofacial dysostosis. Radiology, 1960, 74:225.
152. Sullivan, PK, Melsen, B, and Mulliken, JB: Calvarial sutural abnormalities: metopic synostosis and coronal deformation-an anatomic, three dimensional radiographic and pathologic study. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1990, 86:1072.
153. Tan, SS and Morriss-Kay, GM: Analysis of cranial neural crest cell migration and early fates in postimplantation rat chimaeras. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph., 1986, 98:21.
154. Taylor, WOG: The effect of enucleation of one eye in childhood upon the subsequent development of the face. Trans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K., 1939, 59:361.
155. Tessier, P: Relationship of craniostenosis to craniofacial dysostoses and to faciostenoses. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1971, 48:224.
156. Tessier, P: Orbital hypertelorism. 1. Successive surgical attempts. Material and methods. Causes and mechanisms. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1972, 6:135.
157. Tilgner, S: Zur Morphologie der Harderschen Drüse der Ratte. Z. Versuchstierk., 1968, 10:189.
158. Todd, TW, Beecher, H, Williams, GH, and Todd, AW: The weight and growth of the human eyeball. Human Biol., 1940, 12:1.
159. Tonneyck-Müller, I and Limborgh, J van: Das Wachstum von Augen und Augenhöhlen beim Hühnerembryo. II. Die Grössenverhältnisse der Augen und Augenhöhlen bei Embryonen von 11-19 Tagen mit küntslich erzeugter einseitiger Mikrophthalmie. Acta Morphol. Neerl-Scand., 1970, 8:211.
160. Tonneyck-Müller, I and Limborgh, J van: Das Wachstum von Augen und Augenhöhlen beim Hühnerembryo. III. Die quantitativen Verhaltnisse der Augenhöhlen und des Kreuzschnabels bei Embryonen von 11-19 Tagen mit küntslich erzeugter einseitiger Mikrophthalmie. Acta Morphol. Neerl-Scand, 1971, 8:293.
161. Tonneyck-Müller, I: Das Wachstum von Augen und Augenhöhlen beim Hühnerembryo. IV. Das Wachstum des Schadels bei Embryonen von 11-19 Tagen mit küntslich erzeugter einseitiger Mikrophthalmie. Acta Morphol. Neerl-Scand. 1971a, 8:303.
162. Tonneyck-Müller, I: Das Wachstum von Augen und Augenhöhlen beim Hühnerembryo. V. Die Entwicklung der Augen und Schadelanlage bei Embryonen mit küntslich erzeugter einseitiger Mikrophthalmie von 3-5 Tagen. Acta Morphol. Neerl-Scand., 1971b, 9:57.
163. Tonneyck-Müller, I: Das Wachstum von Augen und Augenhöhlen beim Hühnerembryo. VI. Die Entwicklung der Augen und Schädelanlage bei Embryonen von 7-10 Tagen mit küntslich erzeugter einseitiger Mikrophthalmie. Acta Morphol. Neerl-Scand., 1972a, 9:235.
164. Tonneyck-Müller, I: Das Wachstum von Augen und Augenhöhlen beim Hühnerembryo. VII. Die Grossenverhaltnisse der Augen und Augenhöhlen bei Embryonen von 12-17 Tagen mit küntslich erzeugter doppelseitiger Mikrophthalmie. Acta Morphol. Neerl-Scand., 1972b, 10:283.
165. Tonneyck-Müller, I: Das Wachstum von Augen und Augenhöhlen beim Hühnerembryo. Acta Morphol. Neerl-Scand., 1976, 14:139.
166. Twitty, VC: Influence of the eye on the growth of its associated structures, studied by means of heteroplastic transplantation. J. Exp. Zool., 1932, 61:333.
167. Twitty, VC and Elliott, HA: The relative growth of the Amphibian eye, studied by means of transplantation. J. Exp. Zool, 1934, 68:247.
168. Vianna, GF, Cruz, AR, and Azoubel, R: Allometric study of the lachrymal and Harderian glands of the rat during postnatal life. Acta Anat., 1975, 92:161.
169. Warwick, R, Ed.: Wolff’s Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit, 7th ed., H.K. Lewis and Co., Ltd., London, 1976.
170. Washburn, SL and Detwiler, SR: An experiment bearing on the problems of physical anthropology. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1943, NS 1:171.
171. Wessely, K: Über Korrelationen des Wachstums (nach Versuchen am Auge). Z. Augenheilk., 1920, 43:654.
172. Willemse, MCA: The shifting of the molar row with regard to the orbit in Equus and Giraffa. Zool. Mededel., 1950, 30:311.
173. Williams, AL and Haughton, VM: Cranial Computed Tomography: a Comprehensive Text, C.V. Mosby, St. Louis, 1985, 555-598
174. Young, JZ: The Life of Vertebrates, 2nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1962.