Chemistry, geochemistry, and geology of chromium and chromium compounds

Chromium(VI) Handbook

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 23-91

  Motzer, William E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85051774997     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. Albers, J.P., 1981, A lithologic-tectonic framework for the metallogenic provinces of California, Econ. Geol, 76, 4, 765-790.
2. Albers, J.P., 1992, Descriptive model of podiform chromite, in Cox, D.P. and Singer, D.A. Eds., Mineral Deposit Models, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 34-38.
3. Allard, B., 1995, Groundwater, in Aalbu, B. and Steinnes, E., Eds., Trace Elements in Natural Waters, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 151-176.
4. Ash, C., 1996, Podiform chromite, in Lefebure, D.V. and Höy, T., Eds., Selected British Columbia Deposit Profiles - Volume 2, British Columbia Ministry of Employment and Investment Open File Report 1996-13, pp. 109-112.
5. Bailey, E.H., Clark, A.L., and Smith, R.M., 1973, Mercury, in Brobst, D.A. and Pratt, W.P., Eds., United States Mineral Resources, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 401-414.
6. Ball, J.W., Bullen, T.D., Izbicki, J.A., and Johnson, T.M., 2001, Stable isotope variations of hexavalent chromium in groundwaters of the Mojave Desert, California, USA, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 33, 6, A-111.
7. Ball, J.W. and Izbicki, J.A., 2002, Occurrence of hexavalent chromium in groundwater in the western part of the Mojave Desert, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 34, 6, 450.
8. Barbalace, K., Barbalace, R., and Barbalace, J.D., 2001, Periodic table of elements: Cr-chromium, Part I and Part II (Nuclides), http://environmental chemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Cr.html, 7 p.
9. Barthelmy, D., 2002, Mineralogy Database: Chromium, Webmineral, http://webmineral.com/data/Chromium.shtml.
10. Bartlett, R. and James, B., 1979, Behavior of chromium in soils: III. Oxidation, J. Environ. Qual., 8, 1, 31-35.
11. Bartlett, R. and Kimble, J.M., 1979, Behavior of chromium in soils: II. Hexavalent forms, J. Environ. Qual., 5, 1, 31-35.
12. Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., Eds., 1987, Glossary of Geology, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 788 p.
13. Blackburn, W.H. and Dennen, W.H., 1997, Encyclopedia of Mineral Names, The Canadian Mineralogist Special Publication 1, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 360 p.
14. Bricker, O.P. and Jones, B.F., 1995, Main factors affecting the composition of natural waters, in Salbu, B. and Steinnes, E., Eds., Trace Elements in Natural Waters, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1-39.
15. Brookins, D.G., 1987, Eh-pH Diagrams for Geochemistry, Springer-Verlag, New York, 176 p.
16. Calder, L.M., 1988, Chromium contamination of groundwater, in Nriagra, J.O. and Nieber, E., Eds., Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, Wiley Series in Advances in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol 20, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 215-229.
17. California Air Resources Board, 2001a, Annual Statewide Toxics Summary: Chromium, http://www.arb.ca.gov/aqd/toxics/state pages/crstate.html, 2 p.
18. California Air Resources Board, 2001b, Annual Statewide Toxics Summary: Hexavalent Chromium, http://www.arb.ca.gov/aqd/toxics/state pages/cr6state. html, 2 p.
19. California Air Resources Board (CARB), 2002, Chromium and Compounds. Hexavalent Chromium, http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/factshts/chromium.wp5, 8 p.
20. California Department of Health Services (CDHS), 2003, Chromium-6 in Drinking Water: Background Information, http://www.dhs.ca.doc/ps/ddwem/chemicals/Chromium6Cr +6backgroundinfo.htm, 4 p.
21. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), 1996, Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for Contaminated Sites, Human Health Effects: Chromium, The National Contamination Sites Remediation Program-Final Report, 38 p.
22. Canadian Environmental Health Directorate, 1986, Chromium, http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ehp/ehd/catalouge/bch_pubs/dwgsup_doc/chromium.pdf, 6 p.
23. Carlson, R.W. and Lugmair, G.W., 2000, Timescales of planetesimal formation and differentiation based on extinct and extant radioisotopes, in Canuo, R.M. and Righter, K., Eds., Origin of the Earth and Moon, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 25-44.
24. Chang, R., 1994, Chemistry, 5th ed., McGraw Hill, Heightstown, NJ, 994 p.
25. Chemfinder, 2001, Chromium and Chromium Compounds, http://www.chemfinder.com, 1 p. each.
26. ChemGlobe, 2000, Periodic Table of the Elements: Chromium, http://www.vcs.ethz.ch/chemglobe/ptoc/-/24t.html, 2 p.
27. ChemIDplus, 2001, Chromium and Chromium Compounds, http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov>, 1 p. each.
28. ChemPros, 2000, Periodic Table - Chromium, http://www.chempros.com/knowledgebase/elementinfo.asp?element =Cr, 1 p.
29. Churchill, R.K. and Hill, R.K, 2000, A General Location Map for Ultramafic Rocks in California-Areas More Likely to Contain Naturally Occurring Asbestos, California Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento, California, Open File Report 2000-19, one map sheet, 1:1, 000, 000 scale.
30. Coplan, T.B., De Bievre, P., Krouse, H.R., Vocke, Jr., R.D., Groning, M., and Rozanski, K, 1996, Ratios for light-element isotopes standardized for better interlaboratory comparison, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 77, 27, 255.
31. Daly, R.A., Manger, G.E., and Clark, S.P., Jr., 1966, Density of rocks, in Clark, S.P., Jr., Ed. Handbook of Physical Constants, Geological Society of America Memoir Vol. 97, pp. 19-26.
32. Darrie, G., 2001, Commercial extraction technology and process waste disposal in the manufacture of chromium chemicals from ore, Environ. Geochem. Health, 23, 3, 187-193.
33. Davis, F.F., 1966, Economic mineral deposits in the coast ranges, in Geology of Northern California, California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 190, San Francisco, CA, pp. 315-321.
34. Dean, J.A., 1992, Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
35. de Haan, F.A.M. and Bolt, G.H., 1979, Pollution, in Fairbridge, R.W. and Finkl, C.W., Jr., Eds., The Encyclopedia of Soil Science Part I, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, pp. 386-390.
36. Dobrovolsky, V.V., 1994, Biogeochemistry of the World's Land, Mir Publishers, Moscow and CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 362 p.
37. Donat, J.R. and Bruland, K.W., 1995, Trace elements in the oceans, in Sabu, B. and Steinnes, E., Eds., Trace Elements in Natural Waters, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 247-281.
38. Drew, I.M., 1972, Atomic number and periodic table, in Fairbridge, R.W., Ed., The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 43-48.
39. Eary, L.E. and Rai, D., 1986, The kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) by ferrous iron-containing solids, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 18, 6, 591.
40. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 1983, Planning for Measurement of Chemical Emissions in Stack gases of Coal Fired Power Plants, EPRI EA- 2892, March, pp. 4-18.
41. Ellis, A., Johnson, T.M., and Bullen, T.D., 2001, Chromium stable isotope fractionation an indicator of hexavalent chromium reduction, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 82, 47, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract V21A-0963, p. 1297.
42. Emsley, J., 1999, Chromium, http//www.ch.cam.ac.uk/misc/weii/chromium.html, 1 p.
43. 2. 1. characterization, Environ. Sci. & Technol., 26, 1, 79-83.
44. Fergusson, J.E., 1990, The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Pergamon Press, New York, 614 p.
45. Finkelman, R.B., 1993, Trace and minor elements in coal, in Engel, M.H. and Macko, S.A., Eds., Organic Geochemistry: Principles and Applications, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 593-607.
46. Firestone, R.B., 2002, Elemental Abundances (Table 2), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Isotopes Project - Lund Nuclear Data, WWW Service: http://ie.lbl.gov/toi.html, 1 p.
47. Godgul, G. and Sahu, K.C., 1995, Chromium contamination from chromite mine, Environ. Geol., 25, 251-257.
48. Gorshkov, A.I., Tikov, S.V., Bershov, L.V., and Marfunin, A.S., 1996, The first finds of native Cr, Ni, and Fe in carbonato from the diamond deposits of Yakutia, Geochem. Int. 33, 59-63.
49. Greenwood, N.N. and Earnshaw, A., 1998, Chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, in Chemistry of the Elements, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, pp. 1002-1039.
50. Guisewite, A, 2001, Mineral Collection Images, http://www-2.cscmu.edu/~adg/adg-peimages.html, 5 p.
51. Hartley, A.J. and Chong, G., 2002, Late Pliocene age for the Atacama Desert: implications for the desertification of Western South America, Geology, 30, 1, 43-46.
52. Hatch, F.H., Wells, A.K., and Wells, M.K., 1972, Petrology of the Igneous Rocks, Thomas Murby & Company, London, 551 p.
53. Hawkes, H.E. and Webb, J.S., 1962, Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 415 p.
54. Hem, J.D., 1977, Reactions of metal ions at surfaces of hydrous iron oxide, Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 41, 527-538.
55. Hem, J.D., 1989, Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water, 3rd ed., U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2254, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 263 p.
56. Henderson, P., 1982, Inorganic Geochemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 353 p.
57. Holland, H.D., 1979, Metals in black shales - A reassessment, Econ. Geol., 74, 7, 1676-1680.
58. Hug, S.J., Buerge, I.J., and Weidler, P.G., 1997, Transformations of chromium in the environment, Analusis Mag., 25, 7, M12-M15.
59. Hughes, C.J., 1982, Igneous Petrology, Elsevier, New York, NY 551 p.
60. Hurlbut, C.S., Jr., 1963, Dana's Manual of Mineralogy, 17th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 609 p.
61. Hurst, R.W., 1991, Short Course Manual on Hydrogeologic and Environmental Applications of Stable Isotope Systems, Geological Society of America Short Course at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, San Diego, CA.
62. Hurst, R.W., 2002, Lead isotopes as age-sensitive genetic markers in hydrocarbons. 3. Leaded gasoline, 1923-1990 (ALAS Model), Environ. Geosci., 9, 2, 43-50.
63. Hurst, R.W., Davis, T.E., and Chinn, B.D., 1996, The lead fingerprints of gasoline contamination, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 7, 304A-307A.
64. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), 1988, Environmental Health Criteria 61: Chromium, World Health Organization IPCS, v 61, http://www.inchem. org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc61.htm (accessed August 13, 2002), 266 p.
65. Jennings, C.W., 1985, An Explanatory Text to Accompany the 1:750, 000 Scale Fault and Geologic Maps of California, California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 201, Sacramento, CA, 197 p.
66. Jones, J., 1988, Asbestos in the western San Joaquin Valley, Calif. Geol., 41, 7, 160-164.
67. Kaczynski, S.E. and Kleber, R.J., 1993, Aqueous trivalent chromium photoproduction in natural waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 8, 1572-1576.
68. Kieber, R.J. and Heiz, G.R., 1992, Indirect photoreduction of aqueous chromium(VI), Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 2, 307-312.
69. King, T. and Rytuba, J.J., 1999, AVIRIS and field imaging spectroscopy of mineral and vegetation distribution in the coast range mercury mineral belt, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 32, 6, A-70.
70. Kitts, K., Podosek, F.A., Nichols, R.H., Jr., Brannon, J.C., Ramezani, J., Korotev, R., and Joliff, B., 2002, Chromium isotopic composition of implanted solar wind from Apollo 16 lunar soils, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, http://presolar.wustl.edu/ref/LPSC2002_ solarwind.pdf, 2 p.
71. Kohl, W.H., 1967, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devises, Rheinhold Publishing, New York, 623 p.
72. Kotz, K.T., Yang, H., Snee, P.T., Payne, C.K., and Harris, C.B., 2000, Femtosecond infrared studies of ligand rearrangement reactions: silyl hydride products from group 6 carbonyls, J. Organomet. Chem., 596, 183-192.
73. Krejci-Graf, K., 1972, Trace elements in sediments, oils, and allied substances, in Fairbridge, R.W., Ed., The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 1201-1209.
74. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), 2001, Isotopes of Chromium, http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/parent/Cr_iso.htm, 2 p.
75. Leventhal, J., 1993, Metals in black shales, in Engel, M.H. and Macko, S.A., Eds., Organic Geochemistry: Principles and Applications, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 581-592.
76. Li, J., Kusky, T.M., and Huang, X., 2002, Archaen podiform chromitites and mantle tectonics in ophiolitic mélange, North China Craton: a record of early oceanic mantle process, GSA Today, 12, 7, 4-11.
77. Lin, C., 2000, A Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for Chromium Transformations in Natural Water, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, http://even.tamuk.edu/STEC2000/STEC2000 present/Che-Jenlin.htm, 17 p.
78. Lipin, B.R. and Page, N.J., 1982, Stratiform chromite, in Erikson, R.L., compiler, Characteristics of Mineral Deposit Occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 82-795, pp. 18-20.
79. Luis, A.L., 2001, Chromium-Catalyzed Oxidations, University of Texas at Austin, www.cm.utexas.edu/academic/courses/Fall2001/CH38oL/termpaper01/luis.doc, 13 p.
80. Mandarino, J.A., 2001, New Minerals 1995-1999, The Canadian Mineralogist Special Publication 4, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 275 p.
81. Manning, D.A. and Gize, A.P., 1993, The role of organic matter in ore transport processes, in Engel, M.H. and Macko, S.A., Eds., Organic Geochemistry: Principles and Applications, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 547-563.
82. Marques, M., Cardoso, J., Paiva, J., and Gize, A.P., 1993, The role of organic matter in ore transport processes, in Engel, M.H. and Macko, S.A., Eds., Organic Geochemistry: Principles and Applications, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 547-563.
83. Marques, M., Cardoso, J., Paiva, J., Fiohais, C., Gil, V., Aguiar, P., and Fonseca, D., 1999, Periodic Table v2.5, University of Coimbra, Portugal, http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5scenes-e/geral/home.html.
84. Martin, R.F., 1997, Encyclopedia of Mineral Names: First Update (Supplement to), The Canadian Mineralogist, www.mineralogicalassociation.ca, 21 p.
85. Martin, R.F., 1999, Encyclopedia of Mineral Names: First Update (Supplement to), The Canadian Mineralogist, www. mineralogicalassociation.ca, 44 p.
86. Martin, R.F. and Blackburn, W.H., 2001, Encyclopedia of Mineral Names: Second Update, The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 39, pp. 1199-1218.
87. Mattigod, S.V. and Page, A.L., 1983, Assessment of metal pollution in soil, in Thornton, I., Ed., Applied Environmental Geochemistry, Academic Press, New York, pp. 355-394.
88. Matzat, E. and Shiraki, K., 1974, Chromium, Handbook of Geochemistry, Vol. 11, 3, p. 24A.
89. McCartan, L., Morse, D.E., Sibley, S.F., and Plunkert, P.A., 2003, Mining overview of the United States 2002, Mining Eng., 55, 5, 21-30.
90. Morrison, R.D., 2000, Environmental Forensics: Principles & Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 351 p.
91. Mosier, D.L and Page, N.J., 1988, Descriptive and Grade-Tonnage Models of Volcanogenic Manganese Deposits in Oceanic Environments-A Modification, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1811, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 28 p.
92. Murphy, B.L. and Morrison, R.L., Eds., 2002, Introduction to Environmental Forensics, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 560 p.
93. Nusko, R. and Heumann, 1997, Cr(III)/Cr(VI) speciation in aerosol particles by extractive separation and thermal ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometry, Forenius J. Anal. Chem., 357, 1050-1055.
94. Ottonello, G., 2002, Aqueous Speciation and Isotopic Fractionation of Chromium: Environmental Implications, MUIR-2002 Research Project, http://ugo.dister.unige.it/pesto/Cr(VI)%20by%PESTO.pdf, 30 p.
95. Page, N.J., 1992a, Descriptive model of stillwater Ni-Cu, in Cox, D.P. and Singer, D.A., Eds., Mineral Deposit Models, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, United State Printing office, Washington, DC, p. 13.
96. Page, N.J., 1992b, Descriptive Model of Bushveld Cr, in Cox, D.P. and Singer, D.A., Eds., Mineral Deposit Models, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, United State Printing Office, Washington, DC, p. 13.
97. Palmer, C.D. and Puls, R.W., 1994, Natural Attenuation of Hexavalent Chromium in Groundwater and Soils, EPA/540-94/505, USEPA, Washington, DC, 12 p.
98. Papp, J.F., 1994, Chromium Life Cycle Study, U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9411, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, DC, 91 p.
99. Papp, J., 2000, Chromium, http://www.chromium-asoc.com/thcrfl.htm, 6 p.
100. Papp, J., 2002, Mineral Commodity Summaries: Chromium, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC, http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/chromium/180302.pdf, 2 p.
101. Perroud, P., 2001, Athena Mineralogy, http://un2sg4.unige.ch/athena/cgi-bin/minfich7s.
102. Peters, E.K., 1991, Gold-bearing hot springs systems of the northern coast ranges, California, Econ. Geol., 86, 1519-1528.
103. Pettygrove, G.S. and Asano, T., 1985, Irrigation with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater - A Guidance Manual, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 435 p.
104. Prokisch, J., Kovács, Palencsár, A.J., Szegvári, I., and Gyori, Z., 2000, Yttrium normalization: A new tool for detection of chromium contamination in soil samples, Environ. Geochem. Health, 22, 317-323.
105. Quinby-Hunt, M.S., Wilde, P., Orth, C.J., and Berry, W.B.N., 1997, Elemental Geochemistry of Black Shales - Statistical Comparison of Low Calcic Shales with Other Shales, U.S. Geological Survey, http://www.dnei.com/~patwilde/usgs89.html, 8 p.
106. Rice, K.C., 1999, Trace-element concentration in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 15, 2499-2504.
107. Richard, F.C. and Bourg, A.C., 1991, Aqueous geochemistry of chromium: a review, Water Resour., 25, 7, 807-816.
108. Ridge, J.D., 1972, Annotated bibliographies of mineral deposits in the western hemisphere, Geological Society of America Memoir 131, Geological Society of America, Inc., Boulder, CO, 672 p.
109. Robertson, F.N., 1976, Hexavalent chromium in the ground water in Paradise Valley, Arizona, Groundwater, 13, 516-527.
110. Ronov, A.B. and Yaroshevsky, A.A., 1972, Earth's crust geochemistry, in The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 243-254.
111. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2000, Transition Elements, http://www.chemsoc.org/pdf/tet/df. Intro.pdf, 18 p.
112. Runnels, D.A., Shepard, T.A, and Angino, E.E., 1992, Metals in water: determining natural background concentrations in mineralized areas, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 12, 2316-2322.
113. Saleh, F.Y., Parkerton, T.F., Lewis, R.V., Huang, J.H., and Dickson, K.L., 1989, Kinetics of chromium transformations in the environment, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 25-41.
114. Salomons, W. and Förstner, U., 1984, Metals in the Hydrocycle, Springer-Verlag, New York, 349 p.
115. Schlesinger, W.H., 1991, Biogeochemistry-An Analysis of Global Change, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 443 p.
116. Scott, C.M., 1995, Background metal concentration in soils in northern Santa Clara County, California, in Sanginés, E.M., Anderson, D.W., and Buising, A.V., Eds., Recent Geologic Studies in the San Francisco Bay Area, Pacific Section Society for Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 76, pp. 217-224.
117. Sedlak, D.L. and Chan, P.G., 1997, Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ferrous iron, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 11, 2185-2192.
118. Shacklette, H.T. and Boerngen, J.G., 1984, Element Concentrations in Soils and Other Surficial Materials of the Conterminous United States, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1270, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 105 p.
119. Singer, D.A. and Page, N.J., 1992, Grade and tonnage model of minor podiform chromite, in Cox, D.P. and Singer, D.A., Eds., Mineral Deposit Models, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 34-38.
120. Singer, D.A., Page, N.J., and Lipin, B.R., 1992, Grade and tonnage model of major podiform chromite, in Cox, D.P. and Singer, D.A., Eds., Mineral Deposit Models, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 39-44.
121. Smith, C.H., 1972, Chromium element and geochemistry, in Fairbridge, R.W., Ed., The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 167-170.
122. Smith, K.S. and Huyck, H.L.O., 1999, An overview of the abundance, relative mobility, bioavailability, and human toxicity of metals, in Plumlee, G.S. and Logsdon, M.J., Eds., The Environmental Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits, Part A: Process, Techniques, and Health Issues, Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, CO, Vol. 6A, pp. 29-70.
123. Spectrum Laboratories, 1998, Chemical Fact Sheet: Chromium, http://www.speclab.com/elements/chromium.htm, 2 p.
124. Sposito, G., 1983, The chemical forms of trace metals in soils, in Thornton, I., Ed., Applied Environmental Geochemistry, Academic Press, New York, pp. 123-170.
125. Sposito, G., 1989, The Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press, New York, 277 p.
126. Steinpress, M.G., 2001, Hexavalent Chromium in Groundwater: Natural Occurrences Versus the Erin Brockovich Effect, Groundwater Resources Association of California, May 16, 2001 meeting, Oakland, CA, http:www.grac.org/SFGRA_Steinpress_ CVI_summary.pdf, 2 p.
127. Stout, S.A., Uhler, A.D., Naymik, T.G., and McCarthy, K.J., 1998, Environmental forensics: unraveling site liability, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 11, 260A-264A.
128. Thayer, T.P., 1973, Chromium, in Brobst, D.A. and Pratt, W.P., Eds. United States Mineral Resources, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 111-121.
129. Thornton, I., 1983, Geochemistry applied to agriculture, in Thornton, I., Ed., Applied Environmental Geochemistry, Academic Press, London, pp. 231-266.
130. Timberlake, K.C., 2003, General Organic and Biological Chemistry, Structures of Life, Pearson and Benjamin Cummings, New York, 48 p.
131. Todd Engineers, 2002, Source Water Assessment of Soquel Creek Water District, Aromas Red Sands Aquifer Wells, Report in association with Hydro-Environmental Technologies and Kennedy Jenks Consultants, prepared for the Soquel Creek Water District, Soquel, CA, 42 p. with figures, tables and appendices.
132. Davis, 1995, Hexavalent Chromium, University of California, http://www.ehs.ucdavis.edu/enviro/factshts/hexchrom.html, 3 p.
133. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1984, Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Chromium, USEPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA-450/4-84-007g, 224 p.
134. Vredenburgh, L.M., 1982, Tertiary gold bearing mercury deposits of the Coast Ranges of California, Calif. Geol., 35, 2, 23-27.
135. Williams-Stroud, S., 1991, Descriptive model of iodine-bearing nitrate, in Orris, G.J. and Bliss, J.D., Eds., Some Industrial Mineral Deposit Models: Descriptive Deposit Models, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 91-11A, Washington, DC, 73 p.
136. Winter, M., 2001, WebElements (tm), The Periodic Table on the WWW, http://www. webelements.com.
137. Winter, M., 2002, WebElements(tm), Chromium, http://www.webelements.com, 3 p.
138. World Health Organization (WHO), 1988, Environmental Health Criteria: Chromium, WHO - International Programme on Chemical Safety, http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc61.htm, 266 p.
139. World Health Organization (WHO), 1996. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information, 2nd ed., WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, Vol. 2, pp. 206-215.