Thermal design of electronic equipment

Thermal Design of Electronic Equipment

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 1-372

  Remsburg, Ralph ^a  

^a NORTEL NETWORKS   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRONICS PACKAGING; HEAT TRANSFER; HEATING EQUIPMENT; SILICATES; SILICONES; SYSTEMS ENGINEERING; THERMAL ENGINEERING; THERMOANALYSIS;

CONVECTION COOLING; CORRUPTED SIGNALS; ELECTRONIC PACKAGING; EMPIRICAL FORMULAS; HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS; INTERMITTENT SYSTEMS; PERFLUOROCARBONS; THEORETICAL EXPRESSION;

OSCILLATORS (ELECTRONIC);

EID: 85051501607     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420042368     Document Type: Book

References (281)

1. Kraus, A. D. and Bar-Cohen, A., Design and Analysis of Heat Sinks, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995.
2. Sergent, J. E. and Krum, A., Thermal Management Handbook for Electronic Assemblies, McGraw-Hill, New York, 4.7, 1998.
3. King, J. A., Materials Handbook for Hybrid Microelectronics, Artech House, Boston, 353, 1988.
4. Croop, E. J., Wiring and Cabling for Electronic Packaging, in Electronic Packaging and Interconnection Handbook, Harper, C. A., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991.
5. Hopkins, D. C., Designing Power Hybrid Supplies, Powertechniques Magazine, June, 31-34, 1989.
6. Hopkins, D. C., Jovanovic, M. M., Lee, F. C., and Stephenson, F. W., Off-line ZCS- QRC Thick-Film Hybrid Circuit, Virginia Power Electronics Center, Sixth Annu. Power Electron. Semin., 71-83, September, 1988.
7. Zienkiewicz, O. C. and Morgan, K., Finite Elements and Approximation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983.
8. Baker, A. J., Computation of Fluid Flow by the Finite Element Method, McGraw- Hill, New York, 1984.
9. Shih, T. M., Numerical Heat Transfer, Hemisphere, New York, 1984.
10. Anderson, D. A., Tannehill, J. C., and Pletcher, R. H., Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, Hemisphere, New York, 1985.
11. Pantankar, S. V., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere, New York, 1980.
12. Launder, B. E. and Spalding, D. B., Lectures on Mathematical Models of Turbulence, Academic Press, New York, 1972.
13. Markatos, N. C., Computer Simulation Techniques for Turbulent Flows, in Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 6, Cheremisinoff, N. P., Ed., Gulf Publ., June 1984; J. Appl. Math. Modeling, 10, June 1986.
14. Rai, M. M. and Moin, P., Direct Numerical Simulation of Transition and Turbulence in a Spatially Evolving Boundary Layer, AIAA paper 91-1607-CP, Proc. AIAA 10th Computer Fluid Dynamics Conf., 890-914, 1991.
15. Fourier, J. B. J., The Analytical Theory of Heat, transl. by Alexander Freeman, Cambridge University Press, London, 1878.
16. VanSant, J. H., Conduction Heat Transfer Solutions, Natl. Tech. Info. Service, UCRL- 52863, Rev 1, 1983, in Handbook of Applied Thermal Design, Guyer, E. C., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
17. Jakob, M., Heat Transfer, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1949.
18. Kutateladze, S. S. and Borishanksii, V. M., A Concise Encyclopedia of Heat Transfer, Pergamon Press, New York, 1966.
19. Hahne, E. and Grigull, U., Formfaktor und Formwiderstand der stationaren mehrdi- mensionalen Warmeleitung, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 18, 751-767, 1975.
20. Carslaw, H. S. and Jaeger, J. C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, London, 1959.
21. Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E., and Lightfoot, E. N., Transport Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960.
22. Fourier, J. B. J., The Physical Theory of Heat, Dover Publishers, New York, 1955. (Originally published in 1822.)
23. Schmidt, E., On the Application of the Calculus of Finite Differences to Technical Heating and Cooling Problems, in Festschrift zum Siebzigsten Geburstag August Foeppls, Springer, Berlin, 1924, p. 179.
24. Ozisik, M. N., Boundary Value Problems of Heat Conduction, International Textbook, Scranton, PA, 1968.
25. Schneider, P. J., Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, MA, 1955.
26. Kern, D. Q. and Kraus, A. D., Extended Surface Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
27. Altoz, F. E., Thermal Management, in Electronic Packaging and Interconnection Handbook, Harper, C. A., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991.
28. Krause, A. D. and Bar-Cohen, A., Thermal Analysis and Control of Electronic Equipment, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983, p. 202.
29. Cooper, M. G., Mikic, B. B., and Yovanovich, M. M., Thermal Contact Resistance, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 12, 279-300, 1969.
30. Shlykov, Y. L., Calculating Thermal Contact Resistance of Machined Metal Surfaces, Teploenergetika, 12(10), 79-83, 1965.
31. Eid, J. C. and Antonetti, V. W., Small Scale Thermal Contact Resistance of Aluminum Against Silicon, in Heat Transfer-1986, Vol. 2, Tien, C. L., Carey, V. P., and Ferrel, J. K., Eds., Hemisphere, New York, 1986.
32. Fried, E., Thermal Conduction Contribution to Heat Transfer at Contacts, in Thermal Conductivity, Vol. 2, Tye, R. P., Ed., Academic Press, London, 1969.
33. Snaith, B., O'Callaghan, P. W., and Probert, S. D., Interstitial Materials for Controlling Thermal Conductances Across Pressed Metallic Contacts, Appl. Energy, 16, 175, 1984.
34. Yovanovich, M. M., Theory and Application of Constriction and Spreading Resistance Concepts for Microelectronic Thermal Management, Int. Symp. Cooling Technol. Electronic Equipment, Honolulu, 1987.
35. Peterson, G. P. and Fletcher, L. S., Thermal Contact Resistance of Silicon Chip Bonding Materials, Int. Symp. Cooling Technol. Electronic Equipment, Honolulu, 1987, p. 438.
36. Incropera, F. P. and DeWitt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.
37. Yovanovich, M. M. and Tuarze, M., Experimental Evidence of Thermal Resistance at Soldered Joints, AIAA J. Spacecraft Rockets, 6, 1013, 1969.
38. Yovanovich, M. M. and Antonetti, V. M., Application of Thermal Contact Resistance Theory to Electronic Packages, Advances in Thermal Modeling of Electronic Components and Systems, Bar-Cohen, A. and Kraus, A. D., Eds., Hemisphere, New York, 1988, p. 79.
39. Darcy, H., Recherches expérimentales reatives aux mouvements de l'eau dans tuyauz, Mem. Prés. Acad. Sci. Inst. France., 15, 141, 1858.
40. Wyckoff, R. D., Botset, H. G., Muskat, M., and Reed, D. W., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 4, 395, 1933.
41. Chen, R.-Y., Flow in the Entrance Region at Low Reynolds Numbers, J. Fluids Eng., 95, 153, 1973.
42. White, F. M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.
43. Schlicting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
44. Hinze, J. O., Turbulence, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975.
45. Clauser, F. H., The Turbulent Boundary Layer, in Advances in Applied Mechanics, Vol. IV, Dryden, H. L. and Kårmån, Th. von., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1956, 51.
46. Blevins, R. D., Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1984.
47. Chen, R.-Y, Flow in the Entrance Region at Low Reynolds Numbers, J. Fluids Eng., 95, 153, 1973.
48. Sparrow, E. M. and Haji-Sheikh, A., Flow and Heat Transfer in Ducts of Arbitrary Shape with Arbitrary Thermal Boundary Conditions, J. Heat Transfer, 88,351, 1966.
49. Shah, R. K., A Correlation for Laminar Hydrodynamic Entry Length Solutions for Circular and Noncircular Ducts, J. Fluids Eng., 100, 177, 1978.
50. Sparrow, E. M., Chen, T. S., and Jonsson V K., Laminar Flow and Pressure Drop in Internally Finned Annular Ducts, Intl. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 7, 583, 1964.
51. Rektorys, K., Ed., Survey of Applicable Mathematics, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1969, 140.
52. Shah, R. K. and London, A. L., Laminar Flow Forced Convection in Ducts, Advances in Heat Transfer, Suppl. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1978, 237.
53. Iqbal, M., Kharty, A. K., and Aggarwala, B. D., On the Second Fundamental Problem of Combined Free and Forced Convection Through Vertical Non-Circular Ducts, Appl. Sci. Res., 26, 183, 1972.
54. Shah, R. K., Laminar Flow Friction and Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Ducts of Arbitrary Geometry, Intl. J. Heat Transfer, 18, 849, 1975.
55. Jones, O. C., An Improvement in the Calculation of Turbulent Friction in Rectangular Ducts, J. Fluids Eng., 98, 173, 1976.
56. Cheng, K. C., Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Regular Polygon Ducts, Proc. 3rd Intl. Heat Transfer Conf, Vol. 1, AIChE, New York, 1966, 64.
57. Shih, F. S., Laminar Flow in Axisymmetric Conditions by a Rational Approach, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 45, 285, 1967.
58. Zarling, J. P., Application of the Schwarz-Neumann Technique to Fully Developed Laminar Heat Transfer in Non-Circular Ducts, J. Heat Transfer, 99, 332, 1977.
59. Nandakmar, K. and Masliyah, J. H., Fully Developed Viscous Flow in Internally Finned Tubes, Chem. Eng. J., 10, 113, 1975.
60. Scott, M. J. and Webb, R. L., Analytic Prediction of the Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow in Internally Finned Channels, J. Heat Transfer, 103, 423, 1981.
61. Soliman, H. M. and Feingold, A., Analysis of Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Longitudinally Finned Tubes, J. Chem. Eng., 14, 119, 1977.
62. Wilcock, D. F., Understanding the Fundamental Behavior of Fluid-Film Bearings, in Fundamentals of the Design of Fluid Film Bearings, Rohde, S. M. et ah, Eds., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1979.
63. Fuller, D. D., Theory and Practice of Lubrication for Engineers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1956.
64. Zuk, J., Fundamentals of Fluid Sealing, NASA Technical Note NASA TN-D8151, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, 1976.
65. Reynolds, O., An Experimental Investigation of the Circumstances Which Determine Whether the Motion of Water Shall be Direct or Sinuous, and of the Law of Resistance in Parallel Channels, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 174, 935, 1883.
66. Blevins, R. D., Applied Fluid Dynamics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1984, 305.
67. Gibson, A. H., Hydraulics and Its Applications, 4th ed., D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1930, 93.
68. Harris, C. W., The Influence of Pipe Thickness on Reentrant Intake Losses, University of Washington Eng. Expt. Stn. Bull., 48, Seattle, 1928.
69. Idel'chik, I. E., Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance, U. S. Department of Commerce, Natl. Tech. Inf. Service, Report AEC-TR-6630,1960. (Translated from Russian data.)
70. Hamilton, J. B., The Suppression of Intake Losses by Various Degrees of Rounding, University of Washington, Eng. Exp. Stn. Bull., 51, Seattle, 1929.
71. Weisbach, G., Lehrbuch der Ingenieur und Maschinenmechanik, 2nd ed., 1950.
72. Harris, C. H., Elimination of Hydraulic Eddy Current Loss at Intake, University of Washington, Eng. Exp. Stn., Bull. 54, Seattle, 1930.
73. Kays, W. M., Loss Coefficients for Abrupt Changes in Flow Cross-Section, Trans. ASME, 72, 1067, 1950.
74. Irwin, R. W. and Motycka, J., Friction Factors for Corrugated Plastic Drainage Pipe, ASCE J. Hydraulics Div., 105, 29, 1979.
75. Jain, A. K., Accurate Explicit Equations for Friction Factor, ASCE J. Hydraul. Div., 102, 674, 1976.
76. Miller, D. S., Internal Flow Systems, BHRA Fluids Engineering, Cranfield, U.K., 1978.
77. Grey, R. E. and Wilsted, H. D., Performance of Conical Jet Nozzles in Terms of Flow and Velocity Coefficients, NACA Tech. Note No. 1757, Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland, OH, 1948.
78. Freeman, J. R., Experiments Relating to Hydraulics of Fire Streams, Trans. ASCE, 21, 303, 1888.
79. Rouse, H. et ah, Experimental Investigations of Fire Monitors on Nozzles, Trans. ACHE, 117, 1147, 1952.
80. Madison, R. D. and Parker, J. R., Pressure Losses in Rectangular Elbows, Trans. ASME, 58, 167, 1936.
81. Ward-Smith, A. J., Pressure Losses in Ducted Flows, Butterworths, London, 1971.
82. Kittredge, C. P. and Rowley, D. S., Resistance Coefficients for Laminar and Turbulent Flow Through One-Half Inch Valves and Fittings, Trans. ASME, 79, 1759, 1957.
83. Bruins, P. F. et ah, Friction of Fluids in Solder Type Fittings, Trans. AIChE, 36,721,1940.
84. Itoh, H., Pressure Losses in Smooth Pipe Bends, J. Basic Eng., 82, 131, 1960.
85. White, C. M., Streamline Flow Through Curved Tubes, Proc. R. Soc. London, 123A, 645, 1929.
86. Baylis, J. A., Experiments on Laminar Flow in Curved Channels of Square Sections, J. Fluid Mech., 48, 417, 1971.
87. Srinivasan, P. S., Nandapurkar, S. S., and Holland, F. A., Friction Factors for Coils, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., 48, T156, 1970.
88. Kirchbach, H., Loss of Energy in Miter Bends, Trans. Munich Hydraul. Inst., Bull. No. 3, 1920, 43.
89. Ito, H. and Imai, K., Energy Losses at 90° Pipe Junctions, ASChE J. Hydraul. Div., 99, 747, 1973.
90. Abramovich, G. N., Fluid Motion in Curved Ducts, Trans. Central Aero Hydrodyn. Inst., U.S.S.R., Moscow, 1953. (Translated by NACA.)
91. Austin, L. R. and Seader, J. D., Fully Developed Viscous Flow in Coiled Circular Pipes, AIChE J., 19, 85, 1973.
92. Pinker, R. A. and Herbert, M. V., Pressure Loss Associated with Compressible Flow Through Square Mesh Wire Gauges, J. Mech. Sci., 9, 11, 1967.
93. Annund, W. J. D., The Resistance to Airflow of Wire Gauges, J. R. Aeronaut, Soc., 57, 1953.
94. Murota, T., An Experimental Study of the Drag Coefficient of Screens for Building Use, in Wind Effects on Structures, Ishizaki, H. and Chiu, N. L., Eds., University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1976, 105.
95. Carrothers, P. J. G. and Baines, W. D., Forces on Screens Inclined to a Fluid Flow, J. Fluids Eng., 97, 116, 1965.
96. S AE, Aerospace Applied Thermodynamics Manual, Society of Automotive Engineers, New York, 1969, 25.
97. Moody, L. F., Friction Factors for Pipe Flow, Trans. ASME, 66, 1944.
98. Nikuradse, J., Laws of Flow in Rough Pipes, NACA TN 1292, 1950. (English translation of VDI-Forschungsheft, 361, 1933).
99. Zigrang, D. J. and Sylvester, N. D., Explicit Approximations to the Solution of Colebrook's Friction Factor Equation, AIChE J., 28, 514, 1982.
100. Mills, A. F. and Huang, Xu, On the Skin Friction Coefficient for a Fully Rough Flat Plate, J. Fluids Eng., 105, 364, 1983.
101. Coleman, H. W., Hodge, B. K., and Taylor, R. P., A Reevaluation of Schlichting's Surface Roughness Experiment, J. Fluids Eng., 106, 60, 1984.
102. Dalle Donne, M. and Meyer, L., Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer from Rough Surfaces with Two-Dimensional Rectangular Ribs, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 20, 583, 1977.
103. Owens, R. and Palo, P., Wind Induced Steady Loads on Moored Ships, Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Tech. Mem. TM-44-81-7, Port Hueneme, CA, June, 1981.
104. Hoerner, S. F., Fluid Dynamic Drag, published by the author, New Jersey, 1965.
105. Akins, R. E. et al., Mean Force and Momentum Coefficients for Buildings in Turbulent Boundary Layers, J. Ind. Aeronaut., 2, 195,1977.
106. Batchelor, G. K., An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1967, 246.
107. Nordell, W. J. and Meggitt, D. J., Undersea Suspended Cable Structures, ASCE J. Struct. Div., 107, 1025, 1981.
108. Geiger, G. E. and Collucio, S. J., The Heat Transfer and Drag Behavior of a Heated Circular Cylinder with Integral Heat-Conducting Downstream Splitter Plate in Crossflow, J. Heat Trans., 96, 95, 1974.
109. Mahrenholtz, O. and Bardowicks, H., Aeroelastic Problems at Masts and Chimneys, J. Ind. Aerodyn., 4, 261, 1979.
110. Roshko, A. et al., Flow Forces on a Cylinder Near a Wall or Near Another Cylinder, Second Natl. Conf. Wind Eng. Res., Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, 1975.
111. Zdravkovich, M. M. and Pridden, D. L., Interference Between Two Circular Cylinders; Series of Unexpected Discontinuities, J. Ind. Aerodyn., 2, 255,1970.
112. Courchesne, J. and Lanville, A., A Comparison of Correction Methods Used in the Evaluation of Drag Coefficient Measurements for Two-Dimensional Rectangular Cylinders, J. Fluids Eng., 101, 506, 1979.
113. Raju, K. G. and Singh, V., Blockage Effects on Drag of Sharp-Edged Bodies, J. Ind. Aerodyn., 1, 301, 1975-76.
114. Bearman, P. W. and Trueman, S. M., An Investigation of the Flow Around Rectangular Cylinders, Aeronaut. Q" 23, 229, 1972.
115. Delaney, N. K. and Sorenson, N. E., Low Speed Drag of Cylinders of Various Shapes, NACA Tech. Note 3038, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, Moffet Field, CA, 1953.
116. Obasaju, E. D., On the Effects of End Plates on the Mean Forces on Square Sectioned Cylinders, J. Ind. Aerodyn., 4, 179, 1979.
117. Fage, A. and Johansen, F. C., On the Flow of Air Behind an Inclined Flat Plate of Infinite Span, Proc. R. Soc. London, 116A, 170, 1927.
118. Schlichting, H. and Truckenbrodt, E., Aerodynamics of the Airplane, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.
119. Ball, D. J. and Cox, N. J., Hydrodynamic Drag Forces on Groups of Flat Plates, ASCE J. Waterways, 104, 163, 1978.
120. Lindsey, W. F., Drag of Cylinders of Simple Shapes, NACA Tech. Rep. TR-619, Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, Langley Field, VA, 1937.
121. Scruton, C. and Newberry, C. W., On the Estimation of Wind Loads for Buildings and Structural Design, Inst. Civil Eng., 25, 97, 1963.
122. Achenbach, E., The Effects of Surface Roughness and Tunnel Blockage on Flow Past Spheres, J. Fluid Mech., 65, 113, 1974.
123. Awbi, H. B. and Tan, S. H., Effect of Wind Tunnel Walls on the Drag of a Sphere, J. Fluids Eng., 103, 461, 1981.
124. Morel, T. and Bohn, G., Flow over Two Circular Disks in Tandem, J. Fluids Eng., 102, 104, 1980.
125. Nakaguchi, H., Recent Japanese Research on Three-Dimensional Bluff-Body Flows Relevant to Road-Vehicle Aerodynamics, in Aerodynamic Drag Mechanisms of Bluff Bodies and Road Vehicles, Sovran, G. et al., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1978, 227.
126. Roshko, A. and Koenig, K., Interaction Effects on the Drag of Bluff Bodies in Tandem, in Aerodynamic Drag Mechanisms of Bluff Bodies and Road Vehicles, Sovran, G. et al., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1978, 253.
127. Goldstein, S., Ed., Modern Developments in Fluid Dynamics, Oxford University Press, London, 1938.
128. Alridge, T. R. et al., The Drag Coefficient of Finite Aspect Ratio Perforated Circular Cylinders, J. Ind. Aerodyn., 3, 251, 1978.
129. Springston, G. B., Generalized Hydrodynamic Loading Functions for Bare and Faired Cables in Two-Dimensional Steady-State Cable Configurations, Naval Research and Development Report 2424, Washington, D.C., 1967.
130. Bearman, P. W., Bluff Body Flows Applicable to Vehicle Aerodynamics, Aerodynamics of Transportation, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1979.
131. Pawlowski, F. W., Wind Resistance of Automobiles, SAE J., 27, 5, July-Dee., 1930.
132. Chen, C. J. and Rodi, W., Vertical Turbulent Buoyant Jets: A Review of Experimental Data, Pergamon Press, New York, 1980.
133. Fujii, T., Theory of Steady Laminar Natural Convection Above a Horizontal Line Heat Source and a Point Heat Source, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 6, 597, 1963.
134. Andrade, E.N.C., The Velocity Distribution in a Liquid-into-Liquid Jet. II. The Plane Jet, Proc. Phys. Soc., 51, 784, 1939.
135. McNaughton, K. J. and Sinclair, C. G., Submerged Jets in Short Cylindrical Flow Vessels, J. Fluid Mech., 25, 367, 1966.
136. Abramovich, G. N., The Theory of Turbulent Jets, ??? Press, Cambridge, MA, 1963,99.
137. Rajaratnam, N., Turbulent Jets, Developments in Water Science, Vol. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976, pp. 214859.
138. Hinze, J. O., Turbulence, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975, 536.
139. Loityanskii, L. G., The Propagation of a Twisted Jet in an Unbounded Space Filled with the Same Fluid, Prikl. Mat. Mekh., 17, 3, 1953.
140. Rose, W. G., A Swirling Round Turbulent Jet, 1-Mean-Flow Measurements, J. Appl. Mech. 29, 615, 1962.
141. Chiger, N. A. and Chervinsky, A., Experimental Investigation of Swirling Vortex Motion in Jets, J. Appl. Mech., 34, 443, 1967.
142. Kerr, N. M. and Fraser, D., Swirl 1, Effect of Axisymmetrical Turbulent Jets, J. Inst. Fuel, 38, 519, 1965.
143. Incropera, F. P. and DeWitt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960.
144. Mills, A. F., Heat and Mass Transfer, Irwin, Chicago, 1995.
145. Fourier, J., The Physical Theory of Heat, Dover Publishers, New York, 1955. (Originally published in 1822.)
146. Ried, R.C et al., The Properties of Gasses and Liquids, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977.
147. Colburn, A. P., Trans. AIChE, 29, 174, 1933.
148. Eckert, E. R. G., Engineering Relations for Heat Transfer and Friction in High Velocity Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow over Surfaces with Constant Pressure and Temperature, Trans. ASME, 78, 1273, 1956.
149. Elenbaas, M., Heat Dissipation of Parallel Plates by Free Convection, Physica, 9, 1, 1942.
150. Kraus, A. D. and Bar-Cohen, A., Design and Analysis of Heat Sinks, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1995, 287.
151. Prandtl, L., Essentials of Fluid Dynamics, Blackie, London, 1952, 413.
152. Schmidt, E. and Beckman, W., Das Temperatur und Geschwindigkeitsfeld von einer Warme Abgebenden Senkrechten Platte bei Naturalicher Konvektion, Forsch. Inge- nieurwes., 1, 391, 1930.
153. Edwards, D. K., Denny, V. E., and Mills, A. F., Transfer Processes, 2nd ed., Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1979.
154. Mills, A. F., Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Heat Transfer in the Entrance Region of a Circular Conduit, J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 4, 63, 1962.
155. Swearingen, T. W. and McEligot, D. M., Internal Laminar Heat Transfer with Gas Property Variation, J. Heat Transfer, 93, 432, 1971.
156. Prandtl, L., Bericht uber Untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten Turbulenz, ZAMM, 5, 136, 1925.
157. Moody, L. F" Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944.
158. Chilton, T. H. and Colburn, A. P., Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 1183, 1934.
159. Dittus, F. W. and Boelter, L. M. K., University of California Publications of Engineering, Vol. 2, University of California, Berkeley, 1930, 443.
160. Sieder, E. N. and Tate, G. E., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 1429, 1936.
161. Gnielinski, V., Int. Chem. Eng., 16, 359, 1976.
162. Shah, R. K. and London, A. L., Laminar Flow Forced Convection in Ducts, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
163. Kays, W. M. and Crawford, M. E., Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw- Hill, New York, 1980.
164. Campbell, D. A. and Perkins, H. C., Variable Property Turbulent Heat and Momentum Transfer for Air in a Vertical Round-Comer, Triangular Duct, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 11, 1003, 1968.
165. Perkins, K. R., Shade, K. W., and McEligot, D. M., Heated Laminarizing Gas Flow in a Square Duct, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 16, 897, 1973.
166. Carnavos, T. C., Cooling Air in Turbulent Flow with Internally Finned Tubes, Heat Transfer Eng., 1,43, 1979.
167. Kreith, F. and Bohn, M. S., Principles of Heat Transfer, 4th ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1986, 328.
168. Pohlhausen, E., Z. Angew. Math. Mech., 1, 115, 1921.
169. Churchill, S. W. and Ozoe, H. J., Heat Transfer, 95, 78, 1973.
170. Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
171. White, F. M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.
172. von Kårmån, T., The Analogy Between Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME, 61, 705, 1939.
173. Squire, H. B., Modern Developments in Fluid Dynamics, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950.
174. Giedt, W. H., Investigation of Variation of Point Unit-Heat-Transfer Coefficient Around a Cylinder Normal to an Airstream, Trans. ASME, 71, 375, 1949.
175. Hilpert, R., Warmeabgue von Geheizten Drahten und Rohren im Lufstrom, Forsch. Geb. Ingenieurwes., 4, 215, 1933.
176. Zukauskas, A. A., Heat Transfer from Tubes in Cross Flow, in Advances in Heat Transfer, Vol. 8, Harnett, J. P. and Irvine, T. F., Jr., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1972, 93.
177. Quarmby, A. and Al-Fakhri, A. A. M., Effect of Finite Length on Forced Convection Heat Transfer from Cylinders, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 23, 463, 1980.
178. Yardi, N. R. and Sukhatme, S. P., Effects of Turbulence Intensity and Integral Length Scale of a Turbulent Free Stream on Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Circular Cylinder in Crossflow, Proc. 6th Int. Heat Transfer Conf, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1978.
179. Nakai, S. and Okazaki, T., Heat Transfer from a Horizontal Circular Wire at Small Reynolds and Grashof Numbers. I. Pure Convection, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 18, 387, 1975.
180. Churchill, S. W. and Bernstein, M., J. Heat Transfer, 99, 300, 1977.
181. Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E., and Lightfoot, E. N., Transport Phenomena, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1962. (Equation rewritten by Mills, A. F., Heat and Mass Transfer, Irwin, Chicago, 1995.)
182. Whitaker, S., Forced Convection Heat Transfer Correlations for Flow in Pipes, Past Flat Plates, Single Cylinders, Single Spheres, and for Flow in Packed Beds and Tube Bundles, AIChE J., 18, 361, 1972.
183. Jacob, M., Heat Transfer, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1949.
184. Obasaju, E. D., On the Effects of End Plates on the Mean Forces on Square Sectioned Cylinders, J. Ind. Aerodyn., 4, 179, 1979.
185. Mahrenholtz, O. and Bardowicks, H., Aeroelastic Problems at Masts and Chimneys, J. Ind. Aerodyn., 4, 261, 1979.
186. Courchesne, J. and Lanville, A., A Comparison of Correction Methods Used in the Evaluation of Drag Coefficient Measurements for Two-Dimensional Rectangular Cylinders, J. Fluids Eng., 101, 506, 1979.
187. Dipprey, D. F. and Sabersky, R. H., Heat and Momentum Transfer in Smooth and Rough Tubes at Various Prandtl Numbers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 6, 239, 1963.
188. Sparrow, E. M., Yanezinoreno, A., and Otis, D. R., Convective Heat Transfer Response to Height Differences in an Array of Block-Like Electronic Components, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 27(3), 1984.
189. Sparrow, E. M. and Ramsey, J. W., Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop for a Staggered Wall-Attached Array of Cylinders with Tip Clearances, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 21, 1369, 1978.
190. Martin, H., Heat and Mass Transfer Between Impinging Gas Jets and Solid Surfaces, in Advances in Heat Transfer, Vol. 13, Hartnett, J. P. and Irvine, T. F, Jr., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1977.
191. Boussinesq, J., Essai sur la Théorie des Equaux Courantes, Mem. Préséntes Acad. Sci., Paris, 23, 46, 1877.
192. Gebhart, B., Heat Transfer, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970, chap. 8.
193. Hilpert, R., Warmeabgue von Geheizten Drahten und Rohren im Lufstrom, Forsch. Arb. Ingenieurwes., 4, 215, 1933.
194. Churchill, S. W. and Chu, H. H. S., Correlating Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Free Convection from a Vertical Plate, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 18, 1323, 1975.
195. Eckert, E. R. G. and Jackson, T. W., Analysis of Turbulent Free Convection Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate, NACA TR-1015, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, D.C., 1950.
196. Brown, A. I. and Marco, S. M., Introduction to Heat Transfer, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951, 136.
197. Bar-Cohen, A. and Rohsenow, M. M., Thermally Optimum Spacing of Vertical Natural Convection Cooled Parallel Plates, J. Heat Transfer, 106, 116, 1984.
198. Rich, B. R., An Investigation of Heat Transfer from an Inclined Flat Plate in Free Convection, Trans. ASME, 75, 489, 1953.
199. McAdams, W. H., Heat Transmission, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954, chap. 7.
200. Nikuradse, J., Strömungsgesetzein Rauhen Rohren, Forsch. Arb. Ingenieurwes., 361, 1, 1933.
201. Hatfield, D. W. and Edwards, D. K., Edge and Aspect Ratio Effects on Natural Convection from the Horizontal Heated Plate Facing Downwards, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 24, 1019, 1981. (As presented in Mills, A. F., Heat and Mass Transfer, Irwin, Chicago, 1995, 296).
202. Steinberg, D. S., Cooling Techniques for Electronic Equipment, 2nd ed., Wiley- Interscience, New York, 1991, 103.
203. Hollands, K. G. T., Raithby, G. D., and Konicek, L., Correlation Equations for Free Convection Heat Transfer in Horizontal Layers of Air and Water, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 18, 879, 1975.
204. Catton, I., Natural Convection in Enclosures, Proc. 6th Int. Heat Transfer Conf., Vol. 6, Toronto, Canada, 1978, 13.
205. MacGregor, R. K. and Emery, A. P., Free Convection through Vertical Plane Layers: Moderate and High Prandtl Number Fluids, J. Heat Transfer, 91, 391, 1969.
206. Hollands, K. G. T., Unny, S. E., Raithby, G. D., and Konicek, L., Free Convective Heat Transfer across Inclined Air Layers, J. Heat Transfer, 98, 189, 1976.
207. Ayyaswamy, P. S. and Catton, I., The Boundary-Layer Regime for Natural Convection in a Differentially Heated, Tilted Rectangular Cavity, J. Heat Transfer, 95, 543, 1973.
208. Arnold, J. N., Catton, I., and Edwards, D. K., Experimental Investigation of Natural Convection in Inclined Rectangular Regions of Differing Aspect Ratios, Paper 75- HT-62, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1975.
209. Al-Arabi, M. and Khamis, M., Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Inclined Cylinders, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 25, 3, 1982.
210. Sparrow, E. M. and Gregg, J. L., Laminar Free Convection Heat Transfer from the Outer Surface of a Vertical Circular Cylinder, Trans. ASME, 78, 1823, 1956.
211. LeFevre, E. J. and Ede, A. J., Laminar Free Convection from the Outer Surface of a Vertical Circular Cylinder, Proc. 9th Int. Congr. Appl. Mech., Vol. 4, Brussels, 1956, 175.
212. Yuge, T., Experiments on Heat Transfer from Spheres Including Combined Natural and Forced Convection, J. Heat Transfer, 82, 214, 1960.
213. Churchill, S. W" Free Convection Around Immersed Bodies, Hemisphere Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, Hewitt, G. F., ed., Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1990.
214. Oosthuizen, P. H. and Donaldson, E., Free Convection Heat Transfer from Vertical Cones, J. Heat Transfer, 94, 330, 1972.
215. Oosthuizen, P. H., Free Convection Heat Transfer from Horizontal Cones, J. Heat Transfer, 95, 409, 1973.
216. Al-Arabi, M. and El-Rafaee, M. M., Heat Transfer by Natural Convection from Corrugated Plates to Air, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 21, 357, 1978.
217. Lienhard, J. H., On the Commonality of Equations for Natural Convection From Immersed Bodies, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 16, 2121, 1973.
218. Bilitsky, A., The Effect of Geometry on Heat Transfer by Convection from a Pin-Fin Array, M.S. thesis, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel, 1986.
219. Zografos, A. I. and Sunderland, J. E., Natural Convection from Pin Fins, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., 3, 440, 1990.
220. Zografos, A. I. and Sunderland, J. E., Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection from Pin-Fin Arrays, ASME HTD, 157, 55, 1990.
221. Sparrow, E. M. and Vemuri, S. B., Orientation Effects on Natural Convection/Radiation Heat Transfer from Pin-Fin Arrays, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 29(3), 359,1986.
222. Aihara, T., Maruyama, S., and Kobayakawa, S., Free Convective/Radiative Heat Transfer from Pin-Fin Arrays with a Vertical Base Plate (General Representation of Heat Transfer Performance), Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 33(6), 1223, 1990.
223. Planck, M., The Theory of Heat Radiation, Dover Publishers, New York, 1959.
224. Incropera, F. P. and DeWitt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.
225. Touloukian, Y. S. and Ho, C. Y., Eds., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 7, Plenum Press, New York, 1972.
226. Mallory, J. F., Thermal Insulation, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1969.
227. Gubareff, G. G., Janssen, J. E., and Torborg, R. H., Thermal Radiation Properties Survey, Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., Minneapolis, MN, 1960.
228. Kreith, F. and Kreider, J. F., Principles of Solar Energy, Hemisphere, New York, 1978.
229. Mills, A. F., Heat and Mass Transfer, Irwin, Chicago, 1995, 1148.
230. Bilitzky, A., The Effect of Geometry on Heat Transfer by Free Convection from a Fin Array, M.S. thesis, Ben-Gurion University, Israel, 1986.
231. Harper, C. Handbook of Electronic Packaging, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995.
232. Siegel, R. and Howell, J. R., Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, 2nd ed., McGraw- Hill, New York, 1981.
233. Howell, J. R., A Catalog of Radiation Configuration Factors, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985.
234. Hottel, H. C., Radiant Heat Transmission Between Surfaces, Separated by NonAbsorbing Media, Trans. ASME, FSP-53-196, 265, 1931.
235. Wong, H. Y., Handbook of Essential Formulae and Data on Heat Transfer for Engineers, Longman, London, 1977.
236. Martin, J. G. and Muriel, M. J. B., Radiation Heat Transfer, in Handbook of Applied Thermal Design, Guyer, E. C., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.
237. Hottel, H. C. and Sarofim, A. F., Radiative Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.
238. Brunt, D., Radiation in the Atmosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 66 (Suppl.), 34, 1940.
239. Berdahl, P. and Fromberg, R., The Thermal Radiance of Clear Skies, Sol. Energy, 29, 299, 1982.
240. Kraus, A. D. and Bar-Cohen, A., Design and Analysis of Heat Sinks, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995.
241. Garg, H. P., Treatise on Solar Energy, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.
242. Hetsroni, G., Ed., Handbook of Multiphase Systems, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1982.
243. Bergles, A. E. and Rohsenow, W. M., The Determination of Forced Convection Surface Boiling Heat Transfer, J. Heat Transfer, 86, 365, 1964.
244. Cole, R. and Rohsenow, W. M., Correlation of Bubble Diameters of Saturated Liquids, Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser., 65(92), 211, 1969.
245. Cole, R., Photographic Study of Boiling in Region of Critical Heat Flux, AIChE J., 6, 533, 1960.
246. Graham, R. W. and Hendricks, R. C., Assessment of Convection, Conduction and Evaporation in Nucleate Boiling, NASA TND-3943, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 5/1967.
247. Bromley, L. A., Leroy, N. R., and Robbers, A., Heat Transfer in Forced Convection Film Boiling, Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 2639, 1953.
248. Zuber, N., Tribus, M., and Westwater, J. W., The Hydrodynamic Crisis in Pool Boiling of Saturated and Subcooled Liquids, Paper 27, Int. Dev. in Heat Transfer, ASME, New York, 1961.
249. Florschuetz, L. W. and Chao, B. T., On the Mechanics of Vapor Bubble Collapse, J. Heat Transfer, 87, 209, 1965.
250. Piesset, M. S. and Zwick, S. A., A Non-Steady Heat Diffusion Problem with Spherical Symmetry, J. Appl. Phys., 23, 95, 1952.
251. Nukiyama, S., The Maximum and Minimum Values of Heat Transmitted from Metal to Boiling Water Under Atmospheric Pressure, J. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng., 37, 367,1934. (Translation: Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 9, 1419, 1966.)
252. Drew, T. B. and Mueller, C., Boiling, Trans. AIChE, 33, 449, 1937.
253. Yamagata, K., Kirano, F., Nishiwaka, K., and Matsuoka, H., Nucleate Boiling of Water on the Horizontal Heating Surface, Mem. Fac. Eng. Kyushu Imp. Univ., 15, 98, 1955.
254. Rohsenow, W. M., A Method of Correlating Heat Transfer Data for Surface Boiling of Liquids, Trans. ASME, 74, 969, 1952.
255. Collier, J. G., Convective Boiling and Condensation, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981.
256. Danielson, R. D., Tousignant, L., and Bar-Cohen, A., Saturated Pool Boiling of Commercially Available Perfluorinated Inert Liquids, Proc. ASME-JJME Therm. Eng. Joint Conf., 1987, 419.
257. Hetsroni, G., Ed., Handbook of Multiphase Systems, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1982.
258. Kutateladze, S. S., On the Transition to Film Boiling Under Natural Convection, Kotloturbostroenie, 3, 10, 1948.
259. Zuber, N., Hydrodynamic Aspects of Nucleate Boiling, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1959.
260. Lienhard, J. H. and Dhir, V. K., Hydrodynamic Prediction of Peak Pool Boiling Heat Fluxes from Finite Bodies, J. Heat Transfer, 95, 152, 1973.
261. Cichelli, M. T. and Bonilla, C. F., Heat Transfer to Liquids Boiling Under Pressure, Trans. AIChE, 41, 755, 1945.
262. Ellion, M. E., A Study of the Mechanism of Boiling Heat Transfer, Mem. 20-88, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 3/1954.
263. Bernath, L., A Theory of Local-Boiling Burnout and Its Application to Existing Data, Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser., 56(30), 95, 1960.
264. Zuber, N., On the Stability of Boiling Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME, 80, 711, 1958.
265. Kovalev, S. A., An Investigation of Minimum Heat Fluxes in Pool Boiling of Water, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 9, 1219, 1966.
266. Berenson, P. J., Film Boiling Heat Transfer for a Horizontal Surface, J. Heat Transfer, 83, 351, 1961.
267. Lienhard, J. H. and Wong, P. T. Y., The Dominant Unstable Wavelength and Minimum Heat Flux During Film Boiling on a Horizontal Cylinder, J. Heat Transfer, 86, 220, 1964.
268. Bromley, L. A., Heat Transfer in Stable Film Boiling, Chem. Eng. Prog., 46, 221, 1950.
269. Frederking, T. H. K. and Daniels, D. J., The Relation Between Bubble Diameter and Frequency of Removal From a Sphere During Film Boiling, J. Heat Transfer, 88, 87, 1966.
270. Mills, A. F., Heat and Mass Transfer, Irwin, Chicago, 1995, 640.
271. Frederking, T. H. K. and Clark, J. A., Natural Convection Film Boiling on a Sphere, Adv. Cryog. Eng., 8, 501, 1962.
272. Lienhard, J. H. and Eichhom, R., Peak Boiling Heat Flux on Cylinders in a Cross
273. Klimenko, V. V., A Generalized Correlation For Two-Phase Forced Row Heat Transfer, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 31, 541, 1988.
274. Gilliland, E. R. and Sherwood, T. K., Diffusion of Vapors into Air Streams, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 516, 1934.
275. Rohsenow, W. M. and Choi, H., Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1961.
276. Chun, K. R. and Seban, R. A., Heat Transfer to Evaporating Liquid Films, J. Heat Transfer, 93, 391, 1971.
277. Addoms, J. N., Heat Transfer at High Rates to Water Boiling Outside Cylinders, D. Sc. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1948.
278. Nusselt, W., Die Oberflachenkondensation des Wasserdampfes, Z. Vergle. D-Ing., 60, 541, 1916.
279. Rohsenow, W. M., Heat Transfer and Temperature Distribution in Laminar Film Condensation, Trans. ASME, 78, 1645, 1956.
280. Sadasivan, P. and Lienhard, J. H., Sensible Heat Correction in Laminar Film Boiling and Condensation, J. Heat Transfer, 109, 545, 1987.
281. Chen, M. M., An Analytical Study of Laminar Film Condensation. I. Flat Plates. II. Single and Multiple Horizontal Tubes, Trans. ASME, Ser. C., 83, 48, 1961.