A uW Backscatter-Morse-Leaf Sensor for Low-Power Agricultural Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE Sensors Journal

Volumn 18, Issue 19, 2018, Pages 7889-7898

  Daskalakis, Spyridon Nektarios ^a   Goussetis, George ^a   Assimonis, Stylianos D ^b   Tentzeris, Manos M ^c   Georgiadis, Apostolos ^a  

^a HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^c GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Backscatter sensor networks; environmental monitoring; Internet of Things (IoT); leaf sensor; Morse code; precision agriculture; radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors; software defined radio (SDR)

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ANALOG CIRCUITS; ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION; BACKSCATTERING; COSTS; DIGITAL RADIO; FREQUENCY MODULATION; INTERNET OF THINGS; LOW POWER ELECTRONICS; MODULATION; PLANTS (BOTANY); PRECISION AGRICULTURE; RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID); RADIO RECEIVERS; SENSOR NODES; SIGNALING; SOIL MOISTURE; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; TEMPERATURE SENSORS; WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS; WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS;

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT); MORSE CODES; SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO (SDR); SUBCARRIER FREQUENCIES; TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL; WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS;

SOFTWARE RADIO;

EID: 85050978568     PISSN: 1530437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2018.2861431     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. S. Ivanov, K. Bhargava, and W. Donnelly, "Precision farming: Sensor analytics, " IEEE Intell. Syst., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 76-80, Jul./Aug. 2015.
2. L. Ruiz-Garcia, L. Lunadei, P. Barreiro, and I. Robla, "A review of wireless sensor technologies and applications in agriculture and food industry: State of the art and current trends, " Sensors, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 4728-4750, 2009.
3. C. Yu, Y. Cui, L. Zhang, and S. Yang, "Zigbee wireless sensor network in environmental monitoring applications, " in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Wireless Commun., Netw. Mobile Comput. (WiCOM), Beijing, China, Sep. 2009, pp. 1-5.
4. N. Fahmi, S. Huda, E. Prayitno, M. U. H. Al Rasyid, M. C. Roziqin, and M. U. Pamenang, "A prototype of monitoring precision agriculture system based on WSN, " in Proc. Int. Seminar Intell. Technol. Its Appl. (ISITIA), Surabaya, Indonesia, Aug. 2017, pp. 323-328.
5. V. Palazzari, P. Mezzanotte, F. Alimenti, F. Fratini, G. Orecchini, and L. Roselli, "Leaf compatible eco-friendly temperature sensor clip for high density monitoring wireless networks, " Wireless Power Transf., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 55-60, Mar. 2017.
6. H.-D. Seelig, R. J. Stoner, and J. C. Linden, "Irrigation control of cowpea plants using the measurement of leaf thickness under greenhouse conditions, " Irrigation Sci., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 247-257, Jul. 2012.
7. AgriHouse Inc. (2017). SG-1000 Leaf Sensor. [Online]. Available: https://www.biocontrols.com/Leaf%20Sensor/SG-1000softwareV1.pdf
8. N. Abraham, P. S. Hema, E. K. Saritha, and S. Subramannian, "Irrigation automation based on soil electrical conductivity and leaf temperature, " Agricult. Water Manage., vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 145-157, Jul. 2000.
9. N. R. Patel, A. N. Mehta, and A. M. Shekh, "Canopy temperature and water stress quantificaiton in rainfed pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), " Agricult. Forest Meteorol., vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 223-232, Sep. 2001.
10. R. W. Pearcy, O. Bjorkman, A. T. Harrison, and H. A. Mooney, Photosynthetic Performance of Two Desert Species With C4 Photosynthesis in Death Valley, California, vol. 70. Washington, DC, USA: Carnegie Inst. Sci., 1971, pp. 540-550.
11. G. Hornero, J. E. GaitÃn-Pitre, E. Serrano-Finetti, O. Casas, and R. Pallas-Areny, "A novel low-cost smart leaf wetness sensor, " Comput. Electron. Agricult., vol. 143, pp. 286-292, Dec. 2017.
12. Decagon Devices, Inc. (2016). PHYTOS 31, Dielectric Leaf Wetness Sensor, Product Manual. [Online]. Available: http://library.metergroup. com/Manuals/10386-Leaf%20Wetness%20Sensor-Web.pdf
13. A. P. Sample, D. J. Yeager, P. S. Powledge, A. V. Mamishev, and J. R. Smith, "Design of an RFID-based battery-free programmable sensing platform, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 2608-2615, Nov. 2008.
14. S. D. Assimonis, S.-N. Daskalakis, and A. Bletsas, "Sensitive and efficient RF harvesting supply for batteryless backscatter sensor networks, " IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1327-1338, Apr. 2016.
15. S.-N. Daskalakis, S. D. Assimonis, E. Kampianakis, and A. Bletsas, "Soil moisture scatter radio networking with low power, " IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 2338-2346, Jun. 2016.
16. E. Kampianakis, J. Kimionis, K. Tountas, C. Konstantopoulos, E. Koutroulis, and A. Bletsas, "Wireless environmental sensor networking with analog scatter radio and timer principles, " IEEE Sensors J., vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 3365-3376, Oct. 2014.
17. C. Konstantopoulos, E. Koutroulis, N. Mitianoudis, and A. Bletsas, "Converting a plant to a battery and wireless sensor with scatter radio and ultra-low cost, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 388-398, Feb. 2016.
18. S. F. Pichorim, N. J. Gomes, and J. C. Batchelor, "Two solutions of soil moisture sensing with RFID for landslide monitoring, " Sensors, vol. 18, no. 2, p. E452, 2018.
19. S. N. Daskalakis, A. Collado, A. Georgiadis, and M. M. Tentzeris, "Backscatter morse leaf sensor for agricultural wireless sensor networks, " in Proc. IEEE Sensors, Glasgow, U.K., Oct./Nov. 2017, pp. 1-3.
20. J. J. Fahie, A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837. London, U.K.: E. & FN Spon, 1884.
21. J. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
22. Microchip Technology Inc. (2014). PIC16LF1459, USB Microcontroller With Extreme Low-Power Technology, Product Manual. [Online]. Available: http://www.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/40001639B.pdf
23. Silicon Laboratories, Inc. (2014). TS3002 1V/1uA Easy-To-Use Silicon Oscillator/Timer, Product Manual. [Online]. Available: https://docsapac. rs-online.com/webdocs/1257/0900766b812571eb.pdf
24. Torex Semiconductor. (2012). XC6504 Ultra Low Power Consumption Voltage Regulator, Product Manual. [Online]. Available: https://www.torexsemi.com/file/xc6504/XC6504.pdf
25. C. Konstantopoulos, "Self-powered plant sensor node for scatter radio, " M.S.Thesis, School Elect. Comput. Eng., Technical Univ. Crete, Chania, Greece, 2015.
26. Texas Instruments. (2015). TPL5010 Nano-Power System Timer With Watchdog Function, Product Manual. [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tpl5010.pdf
27. Texas Instruments. (2017). LMT84 Analog Temperature Sensor, Product Manual. [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lmt84.pdf
28. Analog Devices. (2016). ADG919 RF Switch, Product Manual, Product Manual. [Online]. Available: http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADG918-919.pdf
29. K. Niotaki, A. Collado, A. Georgiadis, S. Kim, and M. M. Tentzeris, "Solar/electromagnetic energy harvesting and wireless power transmission, " Proc. IEEE, vol. 102, no. 11, pp. 1712-1722, Nov. 2014.
30. PowerFilm Solar. (2009). SP3-37 Flexible Solar Panel 3V @ 22mA, Product Manual. [Online]. Available: https://goo.gl/q5ECXh
31. NooElec Inc. (2017). NESDR SMArt Bundle-Premium RTL-SDR, Product Manual. [Online]. Available: http://www.nooelec.com/store/nesdrsmart. html
32. G. Radio. (2017). The GNU Software Radio. [Online]. Available: https://gnuradio.org
33. P. Baronti, P. Pillai, V. W. C. Chook, S. Chessa, A. Gotta, and Y. F. Hu, "Wireless sensor networks: A survey on the state of the art and the 802.15.4 and ZigBee standards, " Comput. Commun., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 1655-1695, May 2007.