Alcohol use disorders and insomnia mediate the association between PTSD symptoms and suicidal ideation in Korean firefighters

Depression and Anxiety

Volumn 35, Issue 11, 2018, Pages 1095-1103

  Kim, Johanna Inhyang ^a   Park, Heyeon ^a   Kim, Jeong Hyun ^a  

^a Seoul National University Bundang Hospital   (South Korea)

Author keywords

alcohol use disorders; firefighters; insomnia; PTSD; suicidal ideation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FIRE FIGHTER; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; KOREAN (PEOPLE); MALE; PATH ANALYSIS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUICIDAL IDEATION; MIDDLE AGED; SOUTH KOREA; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; FEMALE; FIREFIGHTERS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SUICIDAL IDEATION;

EID: 85050607501     PISSN: 10914269     EISSN: 15206394     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/da.22803     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Agargun, M. Y., Kara, H., & Solmaz, M. (1997). Sleep disturbances and suicidal behavior in patients with major depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(6), 249–251.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5(5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Beaton, R., Murphy, S., Johnson, C., Pike, K., & Corneil, W. (1998). Exposure to duty-related incident stressors in urban firefighters and paramedics. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(4), 821–828. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024461920456
4. Bell, J. B., & Nye, E. C. (2007). Specific symptoms predict suicidal ideation in Vietnam combat veternas with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine, 172(11), 1144–1147,
5. Berger, W., Coutinho, E. S., Figueira, I., Marques-Portella, C., Luz, M. P., Neylan, T. C., … Medlowics, M. V. (2012). Rescuers at risk: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers. Social Psycihatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(6), 1001–1011.
6. Betts, K. S., Williams, G. M., Najman, J. M., & Alati, R. (2013). The role of sleep disturbance in the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(7), 735–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.09.011
7. Boffa, J. W., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Norr, A. M., Joiner, T. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). PTSD symptoms and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among firefighters. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 84, 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.014
8. Boffa, J. W., Stanley, I. H., Smith, L. J., Mathes, B. M., Tran, J. K., Buser, S. J., … Vujanovic, A. A. (2018). Posttramatic stress disorder symptoms and suicide risk in male firefighters: The mediating role of anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 206(3), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000779
9. Buri, C., von Bonin, B., Strik, W., & Moggi, F. (2009). Predictors of Attempted Suicide Among Swiss Patients With Alcohol-Use Disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70(5), 668–674. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.668
10. Carey, M. G., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Dean, G. E., Sessanna, L., & Finnell, D. S. (2011a). Sleep problems, depression, substance use, social bonding, and quality of life in professional firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 928–933. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318225898f
11. Carey, M. G., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Dean, G. E., Sessanna, L., & Finnell, D. S. (2011b). Sleep problems, depression, substance use, social bonding, and quality of life in professional firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 928–933. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318225898f
12. Carney, C. E., Harris, A. L., Falco, A., & Edinger, J. D. (2013). The relation between insomnia symptoms, mood, and rumination about insomnia symptoms. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(6), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2752
13. Cherpitel, C. J., Borges, G. L. G., & Wilcox, H. C. (2004). Acute alcohol use and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature. Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(5), 18s–28s. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.Alc.0000127411.61634.14
14. Chiu, S., Webber, M. P., Zeiq-Owens, R., Gustave, J., Lee, R., Kelly, K. J., … Prezant, D. J. (2011). Performance characteristics of the PTSD checklist in retired firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center disaster. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 23(2), 95–104.
15. Chou, S. P., Lee, H. K., Cho, M. J., Park, J. I., Dawson, D. A., & Grant, B. F. (2012). Alcohol use disorders, nicotine dependence, and co-occuring mood and anxiety disorders in the United States and South Korea—A cross-national comparison. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(4), 654–662.
16. Corson, K., Gerrity, M. S., & Dobscha, S. K. (2004). Screening for depression and suicidality in a VA primary care setting: 2 Items are better than 1 item. American Journal of Managed Care, 10(11 Pt 2), 839–845.
17. Cougle, J. R., Keough, M. E., Riccardi, C. J., & Sachs-Ericsson, N. (2009). Anxiety disorders and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(9), 825–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.12.004
18. Drapkin, M. L., Yusko, D., Yaskinki, C., Oslin, D., Hembree, E. A., & Foa, E. B. (2011). Baseline functioning among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 41, 186–192.
19. Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2007). Unemployment and suicidal behavior in a New Zealand birth cohort—A fixed effects regression analysis. Crisis-the Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 28(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.28.2.95
20. Forkmann, T., Brahler, E., Gauggel, S., & Glaesmer, H. (2012). Prevalence of suicidal ideation and related risk factors in the German general population. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200(5), 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31825322cf
21. Fortier-Brochu, E., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., Ivers, H., & Morin, C. M. (2012). Insomnia and daytime cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.008
22. Germain, A. (2013). Sleep disturbances as the hallmark of PTSD: Where are we now? American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 372–382.
23. Gruber, R., & Cassoff, J. (2014). The interplay between sleep and emotion regulation: Conceptual framework empirical evidence and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0500-x
24. Haddock, C. K., Jahnke, S. A., Poston, W. S. C., Jitnarin, N., Kaipust, C. M., Tuley, B., & Hyder, M. L. (2012). Alcohol use among firefighters in the Central United States. Occupational Medicine-Oxford, 62(8), 661–664. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqs162
25. Han, C., Jo, S. A., Kwak, J. H., Pae, C. U., Steffens, D., Jo, I., & Park, M. H. (2008). Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Korean version in the elderly population: The Ansan Geriatric study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(2), 218–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.08.006
26. Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040603
27. Jeon, H. J., Lee, J. Y., Lee, Y. M., Hong, J. P., Won, S. H., Cho, S. J., … Cho, M. J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation, plan, and single and multiple attempts in a Korean Nationwide Study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(9), 643–646. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181ef3ecf
28. Jeong, H. S., Jeon, Y., Ma, J., Choi, Y., Ban, S., Lee, S., … Lyoo, I. K. (2015). Validation of the Athens Insomnia Scale for screening insomnia in South Korean firefighters and rescue workers. Quality of Life Research, 24(10), 2391–2395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-015-0986-7
29. Kachadourian, L. K., Gandelman, E., Ralevski, E., & Petrakis, I. L. (2018). Suicidal ideation in military veterans with alcohol dependence and PTSD: The role of hostility. American Journal of Addiction, 27(2), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12688
30. Kamphuis, J., Meerlo, P., Koolhaas, J. M., & Lancel, M. (2012). Poor sleep as a potential causal factor in aggression and violence. Sleep Medicine, 13(4), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2011.12.006
31. Keillor, B., Owens, D., & Pettijohn, C. (2001). A cross-cultural/cross-national study of influencing factors and socially desirable response biases. International Journal of Market Research, 43(1), 63–84.
32. Kelley, M. L., Runnals, J., Pearson, M. R., Miller, M., Fairbank, J. A., Brancu, M., … Registry, V. M.-A. M. (2013). Alcohol use and trauma exposure among male and female veterans before, during, and after military service. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133(2), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.002
33. Killgore, W. D. S. (2010). Effects of sleep deprivation on cognition. Human Sleep and Cognition, Part I: Basic Research, 185, 105–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53702-7.00007-5
34. Kim, C. G., Kim, J. S., Jung, J. G., Kim, S. S., Yoon, S. G., & Suh, H. S. (2014). Reliability and validity of alcohol use disorder identification test—Korean revised version for screening at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders. Korean Journal of Family Medicne, 35, 2–10.
35. Kim, J. E., Dager, S. R., Jeong, H. S., Ma, J., Park, S., K., J., … Lyoo, I. K. (2018). Firefighters, posttraumatic stress disorder, and barriers to treatment: Results from a nationwide total population survey. PLoS One, 13(1), e0190630. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190630
36. Kim, Y. K., Ahn, Y. S., Kim, K., Yoon, J. H., & Roh, J. (2016). Association between job stress and occupational injuries among Korean firefighters: A nationwide cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 6(11), e012002. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012002
37. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627.
38. Krakow, B., Artar, A., Warner, T. D., Melendrez, D., Johnston, L., Hollifield, M., … Koss, M. (2000). Sleep disorder, depression, and suicidality in female sexual assault survivors. Crisis, 21(4), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1027//0227-5910.21.4.163
39. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.
40. Lee, J. S., Ahn, Y. S., Jeong, K. S., Chae, J. H., & Choi, K. S. (2014). Resilience buffers the impact of traumatic events on the development of PTSD symptoms in firefighters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 162, 128–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.031
41. Lee, J. W., Jones, P. S., Mineyama, Y., & Zhang, X. E. (2002). Cultural differences in responses to a Likert scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 25(4), 295–306.
42. Littlewood, D., Gooding, P. A., Panagioti, M., & Kyle, S. D. (2016). Nightmares and suicide in posttraumatic stress disorder: The mediating role of defeat, entrapment, and hopelessness. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(3), 393–399.
43. McCall, W. V., Batson, N., Webster, M., Case, L. D., Joshi, I., Derreberry, T., … Farris, S. R. (2013). Nightmares and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep mediate the effect of insomnia symptoms on suicidal ideation. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(2), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2408
44. McCall, W. V., & Black, C. G. (2013). The link between suicide and insomnia: Theoretical mechanisms. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(9) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0389-9
45. McCleery, J. M., & Harvey, A. G. (2004). Integration of psychological and biological approaches to trauma memory: Implications for pharmacological prevention of PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 485–496.
46. McGirr, A., Renaud, J., Seguin, M., Alda, M., Berikelfat, C., Lesage, A., & Turecki, G. (2007). An examination of DSM-IV depressive symptoms and risk for suicide completion in major depressive disorder: A psychological autopsy study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 97(1-3), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.016
47. Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea. (2016). The survey of mental disorders in Korea. Seoul, Korea: Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea.
48. Nadorff, M. R., Salem, T., Winer, E. S., Lamis, D. A., Nazem, S., & Berman, M. E. (2014). Explaining alcohol use and suicide risk: A moderated mediation model involving insomnia symptoms and gender. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 10(12), 1317–1323. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.4288
49. Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., … Williams, D. (2008). Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040113
50. Nock, M. K., Hwang, I., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., … Williams, D. R. (2009). Cross-national analysis of the associations among mental disorders and suicidal behavior: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), e1000123. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000123
51. Nock, M. K., Stein, M. B., Heeringa, S. G., Ursano, R. J., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., … Army, S. C. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behavior among soldiers: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). JAMA Psychiatry, 71(5), 514–522. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.30
52. Noh, Y., & Lee, S. (2013). Policy challenges for suicide prevention and cause of soaring suicide prevention. Health and Welfare Forum, 200, 7–18.
53. Oh, H. J., Paik, H. S., Chae, J. H., Ahn, Y. S., Jeong, K. S., Park, J. E., … Choi, K. S. (2011). The relationship between alcohol consumption and exposure to traumatic events in male firefighters. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 50(4), 316–322.
54. Park, S., Choi, J. W., Kyoung Yi, K., & Hong, J. P. (2013). Suicide mortality and risk factors in the 12 months after discharge from psychiatric inpatient care in Korea: 1989–2006. Psychiatry Research, 208(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.039
55. Park, S., Jeong, H. S., Im, J. J., Jeon, Y., Ma, J., Choi, Y., … Lyoo, I. K. (2016). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist in public firefighters and rescue workers. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 23(1), 29–36.
56. Pietrzak, R. H., Russo, A. R., Ling, Q., & Southwick, S. M. (2011). Suicidal ideation in treatment-seeking Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: The role of coping strategies, resilience, and social support. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 720–726.
57. Pompili, M., Serafini, G., Innamorati, M., Dominici, G., Ferracuti, S., Kotzalidis, G. D., … Lester, D. (2010). Suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(4), 1392–1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7041392
58. Rojas, S. M., Bujarski, S., Babson, K. A., Dutton, C. E., & Feldner, M. T. (2014). Understanding PTSD comorbidity and suicidal behavior: Associations among histories of alcohol dependence, major depressive disoder, and suicidal ideation and attempts. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 28(3), 318–325.
59. Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (1995). Understanding comorbidity between PTSD and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 643–655.
60. Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption–II. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804.
61. Schmidt, R. E., Gay, P., Ghisletta, P., & Van der Linden, M. (2010). Linking impulsivity to dysfunctional thought control and insomnia: A structural equation model. Journal of Sleep Research, 19(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00741.x
62. Schinider, K. R., Elhai, J. D., & Gray, M. J. (2007). Coping style use predicts posttraumatic stress and complicated grief symptom severity among college student reporting a traumatic loss. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 344–350.
63. Shneidman, E. S. (1985). Definition of suicide. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
64. Sjostrom, N., Hetta, J., & Waern, M. (2009). Persistent nightmares are associated with repeat suicide attempt: A prospective study. Psychiatry Research, 170(2-3), 208–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.09.006
65. Skog, O. J. (1991). Alcohol and suicide—Durkheim revisited. Acta Sociologica, 34(3), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/000169939103400303
66. Soldatos, C. R., Dikeos, D. G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. J. (2000). Athens insomnia scale: Validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48(6), 555–560.
67. Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2015). Career prevalence and correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among firefighters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187, 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.007
68. Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Spencer-Thomas, S., & Joiner, T. E. (2017). Examining anxiety sensitivity as a mediator of the associatoin between PTSD symptoms and suicide risk among women firefighters. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 50, 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.06.003
69. Tanskanen, A., Tuomilehto, J., Viinamaki, H., Vartiainen, E., Lehtonen, J., & Puska, P. (2001). Nightmares as predictors of suicide. Sleep, 24(7), 844–847.
70. Tarrier, N., & Gregg, L. (2004). Suicide risk in civilian PTSD patients: Predictors of suicidal ideation, planning and attempts. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 655–661.
71. Taylor, A., Dal Grande, E., Gill, T., Fisher, L., & Goldney, R. (2007). Detecting determinants of suicidal ideation: South Australian surveillance system results. International Journal of Public Health, 52(3), 142–152.
72. Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2011). Prospective predictors of suicidality: Defeat and entrapment lead to changes in suicidal ideation over time. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 41(3), 297–306.
73. Vargas de Barros, V., Martins, L. F., Saitz, R., Bastos, R. R., & Ronzani, T. M. (2013). Mental health conditions, individual and job characteristics and sleep disturbances among firefighters. Journal of Health Psychol, 18(3), 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105312443402
74. Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., & Ehlert, U. (1998). Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1727–1732. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.12.1727
75. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Sociaty for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
76. Woosley, J. A., Lichstein, K. L., Taylor, D. J., Riedel, B. W., & Bush, A. J. (2014). Hopelessness mediates the relation between insomnia and suicidal ideation. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 10(11), 1223–1230. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.4208