Egyptian views of the EU: Pragmatic, paternalistic and partnership concerns

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 331-347

  Bayoumi, Soha ^a  

^a SCIENCES PO   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85050370067     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2007029     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Estimated by the Egyptian government to account for 15.3% of the population ()
2. Although adopting the same definition of literacy as the latter (aged 15 years and over and able to read and write), the CIA World Factbook states a 42.3% global illiteracy rate in Egypt ()
3. and UNICEF affirms a 45.5% rate ().
4. 'Israel Blocks Partnership between the Arabs and Europe', Nahdet Misr, 13 December 2005, p. 7.
5. H. Ebeid, 'The Partnership in Southern Eyes: Reflections on the Discourse in the Egyptian Press', Euromesco Papers, No. 37, 2004, p. 5, available at , accessed 27 November 2006.
6. This section used various governmental documents available on the website of the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs at .
7. Statement by the Arab Republic of Egypt in the framework of the Third Meeting of the Egypt-EU Association Council, Brussels, 6 March 2007.
8. Statement by President Mubarak in the Euro-Mediterranean Summit on 28 November 2005, available at .
9. State Information Service, 'The Egyptian Minister of Foreign Affairs affirms Egypt's stance towards the European Neighbourhood Policy', available at (source in Arabic).
10. S. El-Rafiei, 'The Political Dossier: Will it Delay the Egyptian-European Agreement?', Al-Ahram Al-Iqtisadi, 10 October 2005 (source in Arabic).
11. N. Wahish, 'A Mixed Euro Bag', Al-Ahram Weekly, 29 April-5 May 2004, Issue 688.
12. M.E. Selim, 'The Egyptian Policy towards Cooperation in the Middle East', Strategic Cahiers, No. 27, 2005, Cairo (source in Arabic).
13. E. Gad, 'The EU and the Middle East: Past Experiences and Future Horizons' in E. Gad (ed.), The European Union and the Middle East: The Reality and the Possibilities for the Future (Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo, 2001), p. 116 (source in Arabic).
14. E. Gad (ed.), The European Union and the Middle East: The Reality and the Possibilities for the Future (Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo, 2001), p. 7 (source in Arabic).
15. A. El-Shobaky, 'Europe from the Market to the Union: The Construction of a Unity', Strategic Cahiers, No. 14, July 2004, Cairo (source in Arabic).
16. G. Abdel-Gawwad, From Enemies to Threats and from Deterrence to Incentives and Integration: European Methods of Dealing with Post-Cold War Problems (Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo, 2001), pp. 138-140 (source in Arabic).
17. M. Bassiouny, 'Israel Takes Over Double the Share of the Arab Countries in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership', Nahdet Misr, 11 December 2005 (source in Arabic).
18. Abdel-Gawwad, note 19 above, p. 94.
19. See, for example, G. Nkrumah, 'Only on Paper', Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue 547, 16-22 August 2001
20. and G. Nassar, 'The Imperial Jigsaw', Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue 768, 10-16 November 2005.
21. N. El-Asfahany, 'Unified Europe and the Challenges of the Common Foreign and Security Policy', Al-Siyassa Al-Dawliya (International Politics Journal), April 2002 (source in Arabic).
22. H. Ebeid, 'The European Policy towards the Middle East' in Gad, note 14 above (source in Arabic).
23. A. Yassin, 'Identity, Entity, Independence', Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue 424, 8-14 April 1999.
24. D. Ezzat, 'Partnership in the Works', Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue 696, 24-30 June 2004.
25. Press releases of the Egyptian Foreign Ministry, 'Meeting of the Euromed Forum', 22 April 2006, available at , accessed 27 March 2007 (source in Arabic).
26. M. Sid-Ahmed, 'The Euro, and Terrorism', Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue 568, 10-16 January 2002.
27. Abundant literature is available on this subject. See for example: H. Khallaf and A. Nafie, 'The Development of European-American Relations and their Reflections on Egyptian and Arab Interests' in We and Europe: Present Concerns and Future Horizons (Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo, 1997), pp. 240-247 (sSource in Arabic)
28. A. Ibrahim, 'The European Power Revives Multipolarity', Al-Khaleej, 28 December 2000 (source in Arabic)
29. E. Gad, 'Common Foreign and Security Policy' in E. Gad (ed.), The EU from Economic Cooperation to the Common Foreign and Security Policy (Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo, 2001), pp. 199-200 (source in Arabic)
30. M.E. Selim, 'European and American Policies in the Middle East: Coordination or Contradiction?', Strategic Cahiers, No. 14, July 2004, Cairo (source in Arabic)
31. and A. Said, 'The Seven Dimensions of the European-American Relations', Al-Ahram Al-Iqtissadi, 4 December 2000 (source in Arabic).
32. Many Egyptian NGOs are involved in a number of regional and bilateral projects, mainly under the MEDA programme, including projects in the areas of human rights and democracy, basic education, vocational training, community and rural development, films and television, conserving heritage sites, and developing links among young people in the Mediterranean region. Currently projects amounting to EUR10 million are being funded by the EU in Egypt. For more information, see
33. and the website of the European Commission's Delegation to Egypt .
34. G. Abdel-Gawwad, The Enlargement of the European Union: Challenges to Southern Mediterranean Countries (Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo, 2001), p. 93 (source in Arabic).
35. Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network. Civil society demands that the EU-Egyptian negotiations of the ENP Action Plan follow the Ukrainian rather than the Israeli model, and criticizes non-transparency and the exclusion of NGOs from negotiation, available at , accessed 27 March 2007.
36. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies press releases, 2006, available under , accessed 27 March 2007.
37. 'EU-Egypt Action Plan's Human Rights Section Falls Short of NGO Expectations', press release of the Egyptian members of the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network, available at , accessed 27 March 2007.
38. Press release of the mission organized by the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, in collaboration with the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network, to a number of European institutions in Brussels from 20-22 March 2006, available at , accessed 27 March 2007.
39. 'Analysts and Human Rights Activists Criticize Harshly the Barcelona Declaration on Euro-Mediterranean Partnership', Al-Ahrar, 2 January 2006 (source in Arabic).
40. S.A. Salama, 'From Within', Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue 681, 11-17 March 2004.
41. The Muslim Brotherhood website at , 24 May 2006.