Divergent trends in ischaemic heart disease and stroke mortality in India from 2000 to 2015: a nationally representative mortality study

The Lancet Global Health

Volumn 6, Issue 8, 2018, Pages e914-e923

  Ke, Calvin ^a,b,c,i   Gupta, Rajeev ^d,i   Xavier, Denis ^e,i   Prabhakaran, Dorairaj ^f,i   Mathur, Prashant ^g,i   Kalkonde, Yogeshwar V ^h,i   Kolpak, Patrycja ^c,i   Suraweera, Wilson ^c,i   Jha, Prabhat ^c,i   Allarakha, Shazia ⁱ   Basavarajappa, Dharmappa ⁱ   Dhimar, Vikas ⁱ   Jaiswal, Harsh ⁱ   Kalaska, Shrikant ⁱ   Menon, Geetha ⁱ   Nair, Saritha ⁱ   Rao, Vishnu ⁱ   Rasaily, Reeta ⁱ   Sahu, Damodar ⁱ   Sharma, Shweta ⁱ   Shukla, Deepak Kumar ⁱ   Singh, Jitenkumar K ⁱ   Singh, Lucky ⁱ   Sinha, Anju ⁱ   Awasthi, Shally ⁱ   Banthia, Jayant K ⁱ   Dikshit, Rajesh ⁱ   Kumar, Rajesh ⁱ   Thakur, J S ⁱ   Ram, Faujdar ⁱ   Ram, Usha ⁱ   Sheth, Jay ⁱ   D'Souza, George ⁱ   Begum, Rehana ⁱ   Gelband, Hellen ⁱ   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (India)

^e ST JOHN'S NATIONAL ACADEMY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (India)

^f PUBLIC HEALTH FOUNDATION OF INDIA   (India)

^g INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (India)

^h Rural Stroke Research and Action Laboratory Society for Education Action and Research in Community Health (SEARCH)   (India)

ⁱ NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DISEASE BURDEN; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; HYPERTENSION; ICD-10; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MALE; MORTALITY RATE; PREMATURE MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; THORAX PAIN; ADULT; AGED; COHORT ANALYSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; INDIA; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; TRENDS;

ADULT; AGED; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; STROKE;

EID: 85049730174     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2214109X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30242-0     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. WHO. Global health estimates 2015: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000–2015. 2016, World Health Organization, Geneva.
2. Prabhakaran, D, Jeemon, P, Roy, A, Cardiovascular diseases in India. Circulation 133 (2016), 1605–1620.
3. Pednekar, MS, Gupta, R, Gupta, PC, Illiteracy, low educational status, and cardiovascular mortality in India. BMC Public Health, 11, 2011, 567.
4. Soman, CR, Kutty, VR, Safraj, S, et al. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in Kerala state of India results from a 5-year follow-up of 161 942 rural community dwelling adults. Asia Pac J Public Health 23 (2011), 896–903.
5. Gupta, R, Mohan, I, Narula, J, Trends in coronary heart disease epidemiology in India. Ann Glob Health 82 (2016), 307–315.
6. Banerjee, TK, Das, SK, Fifty years of stroke researches in India. Ann Indian Acad Neurol, 19, 2016, 1.
7. Gomes, M, Begum, R, Sati, P, et al. Nationwide mortality studies to quantify causes of death: relevant lessons from India's million death study. Health Aff (Millwood) 36 (2017), 1887–1895.
8. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. SRS statistical report 2015. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Reports_2015.html. (Accessed 14 January 2018)
9. Aleksandrowicz, L, Malhotra, V, Dikshit, R, et al. Performance criteria for verbal autopsy-based systems to estimate national causes of death: development and application to the Indian Million Death Study. BMC Med, 12, 2014, 21.
10. Kumar, R, Thakur, JS, Rao, BT, Singh, MMC, Bhatia, SPS, Validity of verbal autopsy in determining causes of adult deaths. Indian J Public Health 50 (2006), 90–94.
11. Luepker, RV, Apple, FS, Christenson, RH, et al. Case definitions for acute coronary heart disease in epidemiology and clinical research studies: a statement from the AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation 108 (2003), 2543–2549.
12. Fadel, SA, Rasaily, R, Awasthi, S, et al. Changes in cause-specific neonatal and 1–59-month child mortality in India from 2000 to 2015: a nationally representative survey. Lancet 390 (2017), 1972–1980.
13. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. World population prospects: 2015 revision. 2015, United Nations Population Division, New York.
14. Ahmad, OB, Boschi-Pinto, C, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJ, Lozano, R, Inoue, M, Age standardization of rates: a new WHO standard. 2001, World Health Organization, Geneva.
15. WHO. WHO Mortality Database. http://apps.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality/whodpms/, December 2016. (Accessed 23 January 2018)
16. Norheim, OF, Jha, P, Admasu, K, et al. Avoiding 40% of the premature deaths in each country, 2010–30: review of national mortality trends to help quantify the UN Sustainable Development Goal for health. Lancet 385 (2015), 239–252.
17. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 360 (2002), 1903–1913.
18. Gupta, R, Convergence in urban–rural prevalence of hypertension in India. J Hum Hypertens 30 (2016), 79–82.
19. Rastogi, T, Jha, P, Reddy, KS, et al. Bidi and cigarette smoking and risk of acute myocardial infarction among males in urban India. Tob Control 14 (2005), 356–358.
20. Jha, P, Jacob, B, Gajalakshmi, V, et al. A nationally representative case-control study of smoking and death in India. N Engl J Med 358 (2008), 1137–1147.
21. Mishra, S, Joseph, RA, Gupta, PC, et al. Trends in bidi and cigarette smoking in India from 1998 to 2015, by age, gender and education. BMJ Glob Health, 1, 2016, e000005.
22. Anjana, RM, Deepa, M, Pradeepa, R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR–INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 5 (2017), 585–596.
23. Alegre-Díaz, J, Herrington, W, López-Cervantes, M, et al. Diabetes and cause-specific mortality in Mexico City. N Engl J Med 375 (2016), 1961–1971.
24. Yusuf, S, Rangarajan, S, Teo, K, et al. Cardiovascular risk and events in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. N Engl J Med 371 (2014), 818–827.
25. The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet 388 (2016), 776–786.
26. Gajalakshmi, V, Lacey, B, Kanimozhi, V, Sherliker, P, Peto, R, Lewington, S, Body-mass index, blood pressure, and cause-specific mortality in India: a prospective cohort study of 500 810 adults. Lancet Glob Health 6 (2018), e787–e794.
27. Dehghan, M, Mente, A, Zhang, X, et al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet 390 (2017), 2050–2062.
28. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. National family health survey 4: 2015–16. 2016, International Institute for Population Sciences (Deemed University), Mumbai.
29. Global Health Data Exchange. GBD results tool. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. (Accessed 23 January 2018)
30. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 380 (2012), 581–590.
31. Choudhry, NK, Dugani, S, Shrank, WH, et al. Despite increased use and sales of statins in India, per capita prescription rates remain far below high-income countries. Health Aff (Millwood) 33 (2014), 273–282.
32. Murphy, A, Palafox, B, O'Donnell, O, et al. Inequalities in the use of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease by socioeconomic status: evidence from the PURE observational study. Lancet Glob Health 6 (2018), e292–e301.
33. Unnikrishnan, R, Anjana, RM, Deepa, M, et al. Glycemic control among individuals with self-reported diabetes in India—the ICMR–INDIAB study. Diabetes Technol Ther 16 (2014), 596–603.
34. Huffman, MD, Xavier, D, Perel, P, Uses of polypills for cardiovascular disease and evidence to date. Lancet 389 (2017), 1055–1065.
35. Xavier, D, Pais, P, Devereaux, PJ, et al. Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes in India (CREATE): a prospective analysis of registry data. Lancet 371 (2008), 1435–1442.
36. Jha, P, Reliable direct measurement of causes of death in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Med, 12, 2014, 19.
37. Lawlor, DA, Smith, GD, Leon, DA, Sterne, JA, Ebrahim, S, Secular trends in mortality by stroke subtype in the 20th century: a retrospective analysis. Lancet 360 (2002), 1818–1823.