Lantibiotics

Biotechnology, Second, Completely Revised Edition, Volume 7: Products of Secondary Metabolism

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 323-368

  Jack, Ralph ^a   Götz, Friedrich ^a   Jung, Günther ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Epilancin; Lantibiotics; Methyllanthionine; Nisin; Subtilin

Indexed keywords

EID: 85049183182     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527620890.ch8     Document Type: Chapter

References (209)

1. ABEE, T., GAO, F. H., KONINGS, W. N. (1991), The mechanism of the lantibiotic nisin in artificial membranes, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 373-385. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
2. ALLGAIER, H., JUNG, G., WERNER, R. G., SCHNEIDER, U., ZÄHNER, H. (1986), Epidermin: sequencing of a heterodet tetracyclic 21-peptide amide antibiotic, Eur. J. Biochem. 160, 9-22.
3. ALLGAIER, H., WALTER, J., SCHLÜTER, M., WERNER, R. G. (1991), Strategy for the purification of lantibiotics, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 422-433. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
4. ARIOLI, V., BERTI, M., SILVESTRI, L. G. (1976), Gardimycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes. III. Biological properties, J. Antibiot. 29, 511-515.
5. AUGUSTIN, J. (1991), Identifizierung und Regulation der Biosynthesegene des Lantibiotikums Epidermin aus Staphylococcus aureus Til 3298. PhD Thesis, University of Tübingen, Germany.
6. AUGUSTIN, J., ROSENSTEIN, R., KUPKE, T., SCHNEIDER, U., SCHNELL, N., ENGELKE, G., ENTIAN, K.-D., GÖTZ, F. (1991), Identification of epidermin biosynthetic genes by complementation studies and heterologous expression, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 277-286. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
7. AUGUSTIN, J., ROSENSTEIN, R., WIELAND, B., SCHNEIDER, U., SCHNELL, N., ENGELKE, G., ENTAIN, K.-D., GÖTZ, F. (1992), Genetic analysis of epidermin biosynthetic genes and epider-min-negative mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 1149-1154.
8. BANERJEE, S., HANSEN, J. N. (1988), Structure and expression of a gene encoding the precursor of subtilin, a small peptide antibiotic, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9508-9514.
9. BECK-SICKINGER, A. G., JUNG, G. (1991), Synthesis and conformational analysis of lantibiotic leader-, pro-and pre-peptides, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 218-230. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
10. BENEDICT, R. G., DVONCH, W., SHOTWELL, O. L., PRIDHAM, T. G., LINDENFELSER, L. A. (1952), Cinnamycin, an antibiotic from Streptomyces cinnamonensis nov. sp, Antibiot. Chemother. 2, 591-594.
11. BENZ, R., JANKO, K., BOOS, W., LAUGER, P. (1978), Formation of large ion-permeable membrane Channels by the matrix protein (porin) of Escherichia coli, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 511, 305-319.
12. BENZ, R., JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G. (1991), Mechanism of channel formation by lantibiotics in black lipid membranes, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 359-372. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
13. BERRIDGE, N. J., NEWTON, G. G., ABRAHAM, E. P. (1952), Purification and nature of the antibiotic nisin, Biochem. J. 52, 529-535.
14. BIERBAUM, G., SAHL, H.-G. (1985), Induction of autolysis of staphylococci by the basic peptide antibiotics Pep5 and nisin and their influence on the activity of autolytic enzymes, Arch. Microbiol. 141, 249-254.
15. BIERBAUM, G., SAHL, H.-G. (1987), Autolytic system of Staphylococcus simulans 22: influence of cationic peptides on activity of A/-acetylmura-moyl-L-alanine amidase, J. Bacteriol. 169, 5452-5458.
16. BIERBAUM, G., SAHL, H.-G. (1988), Influence of cationic peptides on the activity of the autolytic endo-y3-iV-acetylglucosaminidase of Staphylococcus simulans 22, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 58, 223-228.
17. BIERBAUM, G., SAHL, H.-G. (1991), Induction of autolysis of Staphylococcus simulans 22 by Pep5 and nisin and influence of the cationic peptides on the activity of the autolytic enzymes, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 386-396. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
18. BIERBAUM, G., SAHL, H.-G. (1993), Lantibiotics -unusually modified bacteriocin-like peptides from Gram-positive bacteria, Zentralbl. Bakter-iol. 278, 1-22.
19. BIERBAUM, G., REIS, M., SZEKAT, C, SAHL, H.-G. (1994), Construction of an expression system for engineering of the lantibiotic Pep5, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 4332-4338.
20. BIERBAUM, G., BRÖTZ, H., ROLLER, K.-P., SAHL, H.-G. (1995), Cloning, sequencing and production of the lantibiotic mersacidin, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 127, 121-126.
21. BROCK, T. D., DAVIE, J. M. (1963), Probable identity of a group D hemolysin with a bacteriocine, J. Bacteriol. 86, 708-712.
22. BRÖTZ, H., BIERBAUM, G., MARKUS, A., MOLITOR, E., SAHL, H.-G. (1995), Mode of action of mersacidin -inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis via a novel mechanism? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 714-719.
23. BUCHMAN, W. B., BANERJEE, S., HANSEN, J. N. (1988), Structure, expression and evolution of a gene encoding the precursor of nisin, a small protein antibiotic, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 16260-16266.
24. BYCROFT, B. W., CHAN, W. C, ROBERTS, G. C. K. (1991), Synthesis of pro-and prepeptides related to nisin and subtilin, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 204-217. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
25. CHAN, W. C, LIAN, L.-Y., BYCROFT, B. W., ROBERTS, G. C. K. (1989a), Isolation and characterization of two degradation products derived from the peptide antibiotic nisin, FEBS Lett. 252, 29-36.
26. CHAN, W. C, LIAN, L.-Y., BYCROFT, B. W., ROBERTS, G. C. K. (1989b), Confirmation of the complete structure of nisin by complete ‘H-NMR resonance assignments in aqueous and di-methylsulphoxide solution, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 2359-2367.
27. CHAN, W. C, BYCROFT, B. W., LEYLAND, M. L., LIAN, L.-Y., YANG, J. C, ROBERTS, G. C K. (1992), Sequence-specific resonance assignment and conformational analysis of subtilin by 2D-NMR, FEBS Lett. 300, 56-62.
28. CHAN, W. C, BYCROFT, B. W., LEYLAND, M. L., LIAN, L.-Y., YANG, J. C, ROBERTS, G. C. K. (1993), A novel posttranslational modification of the peptide antibiotic subtilin: isolation and characterization of a natural variant from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Biochem. J. 291, 23-27.
29. CHATERJEE, S., CHATERJEE, S., LAD, S. J., PHAN-SALKAR, M. S., RUPP, R. H., GANGULI, B. N. FEHLHABER, H.-W., KOGLER, H. (1992a), Mersacidin, a new antibiotic from Bacillus: fermentation, isolation, purification and chemical characterization, J. Antibiot. 45, 832-838.
30. CHATERJEE, S., CHATERJEE, D. K., JANI, R. H., BLUMBACH, J., GANGULI, B. N. KLESEL, N., LIMBERT, M., SEIBERT, G. (1992b), Mersacidin, a new antibiotic from Bacillus: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity, J. Antibiot. 45, 839-845.
31. CHEN, L. L., TAI, P. C. (1987), Effects of antibiotics and other inhibitors on ATP-dependent protein translocation into membrane vesicles, J. Bacteriol. 169, 2372-2379.
32. CHIKINDAS, M. L., GARCIA-GARCERA, M. J., DRIESSEN, A. J. M., LEDERBOER, A. M., Ni-SEEN-MEYER, J., NES, I. F., ABEE, T., KONING, W. N., VENEMA, G. (1993), Pediocin PA-1, a bacteriocin from Pediococcus acidilactici PAC1.0 forms hydrophilic pores in the cytoplasmic membrane of target cells, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 3577-3584.
33. CHOUNG, S.-Y., KOBAYASHI, T., INOUE, J., TAKE-MOTO, K., ISHITSUKA, H., INOUE, K. (1988a), Haemolytic activity of a cyclic peptide Ro 09-0198 isolated from Streptoverticillium, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 940, 171-179.
34. CHOUNG, S.-Y., KOBAYASHI, T., TAKEMOTO, K., ISHITSUKA, H., INOUE, K. (1988b), Interaction of a cyclic peptide, Ro 09-0198, with phosphati-dylethanolamine in liposomal membranes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 940, 180-187.
35. CHUNG, Y.-J., HANSEN, J. N. (1992), Determination of the sequence of spaE and identification of a promoter in the subtilin (spa) operon in Bacillus subtilis, J. Bacteriol. 174, 6699-6702.
36. CHUNG, Y.-J., STEEN, M. T., HANSEN, J. N. (1992), The subtilin gene of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 is encoded in an operon that contains a homo-logue of the hemolysin B transport protein, J. Bacteriol. 174, 1417-1422.
37. CLEJAN, S., GUFFANTI, A. A., COHEN, M. A., KRULWICH, T. A. (1989), Mutations of Bacillus flrmus OF4 to duramycin resistance results in substantial replacement of membrane lipid phos-phatidylethanolamine by its plasmalogen form, J. Bacteriol. 171, 1744-1746.
38. DELVES-BROUGHTON, J. (1990), Nisin and its uses as a food preservative, Food Technol. 44, 100-112.
39. DEMPSTER, R. P., TAGG, J. R. (1982), The production of bacteriocin-like substances by the oral bacterium Streptococcus salivarius, Arch. Oral Biol. 27, 151-157.
40. DE Vos, W. M., JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G. (1991), Appendix: definitions and nomenclature of lantibiotics, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 457-463. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
41. DE Vos, W. M., MULDERS, J. W. M., SIEZEN, R. J., HUGENHOLTZ, J., KUIPERS, O. P. (1993), Properties of nisin Z and distribution of its gene nisZ in Lactococcus lactis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 213-218.
42. DE VUYST, L., VANDAMME, E. J. (1991), Microbial manipulation of nisin biosynthesis and fermentation, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 397-409. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
43. DE VUYST, L., VANDAMME, E. J. (1992), Influence of the carbon source on nisin production in Lactococcus lactis subspp. lactis batch fermentations, J. Gen. Microbiol. 138, 571-578.
44. DE VUYST, L., VANDAMME, E. J. (1993), Nisin, a lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis subspp. lactis: properties, biosynthesis, fermentation and applications, in: Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiology, Genetics and Applications (DE VUYST, L., VANDAMME, E., Eds.), pp. 151-221. London: Chapman and Hall.
45. DODD, H. M, GASSON, M. J. (1994), Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria, in: Genetics and Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria (GASSON, M. J., DE Vos, W. M., Eds.), pp. 211-251. London: Chapman and Hall.
46. DODD, H. M, HORN, N., GASSON, M. J. (1990), Analysis of the genetic determinant for production of the peptide antibiotic nisin, J. Gen. Microbiol. 136, 555-566.
47. DODD, H. M., HORN, N., SWINDELL, S., GASSON, M. J. (1991), Physical and genetic analysis of the chromosomally located transposon Tn5301, responsible for nisin biosynthesis, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 231-242. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
48. DRIESSEN, A. J. M., VAN DEN HOOVEN, H. W., KUIPER, W., VAN DE KAMP, M. M., SAHL, H.-G., KONINGS, R. N. H, KONINGS, W. N. (1995), Mechanistic studies of lantibiotic-induced per-meabilization of phospholipid vesicles, Biochemistry 34, 1606-1614.
49. DUNKLEY, E. A., JR., CLEJAN, S., GUFFANTI, A. A., KRULWICH, T. A. (1988), Large decreases in membrane phosphatidylethanolamine and di-phosphatidylglycerol upon mutation to duramycin resistance do not change the protonophore resistance of Bacillus subtilis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 943, 13-18.
50. ENGELKE, G., GUTOWSKI-ECKEL, Z., HAMMEL-MANN, M., ENTIAN, K.-D. (1992), Biosynthesis of the lantibiotic nisin: genomic organization and membrane localization of the NisB protein, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 3730-3743.
51. ENGELKE, G., GUTOWSKI-ECKEL, Z., KIESAU, P., SIEGERS, K., HAMMELMANN, M., ENTIAN, K.-D. (1994), Regulation of nisin biosynthesis and immuntiy in Lactococcus lactis 6F3, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 814-825.
52. ENTIAN, K.-D., KALETTA, C. (1991), Isolation and characterization of the cinnamycin structural gene, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 303-308. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
53. ERSFELD-DREBEN, H., SAHL, H.-G., BRANDIS, H. (1984), Plasmid involvement in production of and immunity to the staphylococcin-like peptide Pep5, J. Gen. Microbiol. 130, 3029-3035.
54. FATH, M. J., KOLTER, R. (1993), ABC transporters: bacterial exporters, Microbiol. Rev. 57, 995-1017.
55. FREDENHAGEN, A., FENDRICH, G., MÄRKI, F., MARKI, W., GRUNER, J., RASCHDORF, F, PETER, H. H. (1990), Duramycins B and C, two new lanthionine-containing antibiotics as inhibitors of phospholipase A2, J. Antibiot. 43, 1403-1412.
56. FREDENHAGEN, A., MÄRKI, F., FENDRICH, G., MÄRKI, W, GRUNER, J., VAN OOSTRUM, J., RASCHDORF, F., PETER, H. H. (1991), Duramycin B and C, two new lanthionine-containing antibiotics as inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and structural revision of duramycin and cinnamycin, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 131-140. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
57. FREUND, S., JUNG, G. (1992), Lantibiotics: an overview and conformational studies on gallidermin and Pep5, in: Bacteriocins, Microcins and Lantibiotics (JAMES, R., LAZDUNSKI, C, PATTUS, F., Eds.), pp. 75-92. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
58. FREUND, S., JUNG, G., GUTBROD, O., FOLKERS, G., GIBBONS, W. A., ALLGAIER, H., WERNER, R. (1991a), The solution structure of the lantibiotic gallidermin, Biopolymers 31, 803-811.
59. FREUND, S., JUNG, G., GUTBROD, O., FOLKERS, G., GIBBONS, W. A. (1991b), The three-dimensional solution structure of gallidermin determined by NMR-based molecular graphics, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H. -G., Eds.), pp. 91-102. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
60. FREUND, S., JUNG, G., GIBBONS, W. A., SAHL, H.-G. (1991c), NMR and circular dichroism studies on Pep5, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 103-112. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
61. GAO, T., ABEE, T., KONINGS, W. N. (1991), Mechanism of the peptide antibiotic nisin in liposomes and cytochrome c oxidase-containing pro-teoliposomes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 2164-2170.
62. GARCIA-GARCERA, M. G. J., ELFERINK, M. G. L., DRIESSEN, A. J. M., KONINGS, W. N. (1993), In vitro pore-forming activity of the lantibiotic nisin: role of proton motive force and lipid composition, Eur. J. Biochem. 212, 417-422.
63. GARRIDO, M. C, HERRERO, M., KOLTER, R., MORRENO, P. (1988), The export of the DNA replication inhibitor microcin B17 provides immunity for the host cell, EMBO J. 7, 1853-1862.
64. GASSON, M. J. (1984), Transfer of sucrose fermenting ability, nisin resistance and nisin production into Lactococcus lactis 712, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 21, 7-10.
65. GILMORE, M. S., SEGARRA, R. A., BOOTH, M. C, BOGIE, C. P., HALL, L. R., CLEWELL, D. B. (1994), Genetic structure of the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pADl-encoded cytolytic toxin system and its relationship to lantibiotic determinants, J. Bacteriol. 176, 7335-7344.
66. GIREESH, T., DAVIDSON, B. E., HILLIER, A. J. (1992), Conjugal transfer in Lactococcus lactis of a 68-kilobase-pair chromosomal fragment containing the structural gene for the peptide bacte-riocin nisin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 1670-1676.
67. GOODMAN, M., PALMER, D. E., MIERKE, D., RO, S., NUNAMI, K., WAKAMIYA, T., FUKASE, K., HORIMOTO, S., KlTAZAWA, M., FUJITA, H., KUBO, A., SHIBA, T. (1991), Conformations of nisin and its fragments using synthesis, NMR and computer simulations, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 59-75. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
68. GROSS, E. (1977), α, β-Unsaturated and related amino acids in peptides and proteins, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 86, 131-153.
69. GROSS, E., MORELL, J. L. (1971), The structure of nisin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 4634-4635.
70. GROSS, E., KILTZ, H. H., NEBELIN, E (1973), Subtilin. VI. Die Struktur des Subtilins. Hoppe-Sey-ler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 354, 810-812.
71. GUTOWSKI-ECKEL, G., KLEIN, C, SIEGERS, K., BOHM, K., HAMMELMANN, M., ENTIAN, K.-D. (1994), Growth phase-dependent regulation and membrane localization of SpaB, a protein involved in biosynthesis of the lantibiotic subtilin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 1-11.
72. HANSEN, J. N. (1993), Antibiotics synthesized by posttranslational modification, Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 47, 535-564.
73. HANSEN, J. N., CHUNG, Y. J., LIU, W., STEEN, M. T. (1991), Biosynthesis and mechanism of action of nisin and subtilin, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 287-302. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
74. HAYASHI, F., NAGASHIMA, K., TERUI, Y., KAWA-MURA, Y., MATSUMOTO, K., ITAZAKI, H. (1990), The structure of PA48009: the revised structure of duramycin, J. Antibiot. 43, 1421-1430.
75. HIGGINS, C. F. (1992), ABC-transporters: from microorganisms to man, Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 8, 67-113.
76. HORN, N., SWINDELL, S., DODD, H. M., GASSON, M. J. (1991), Nisin biosynthesis genes are encoded by a novel conjugative transposon, Mol. Gen. Genet. 228, 129-135.
77. HÖRNER, T., UNGERMANN, V., ZÄHNER, H., FIEDLER, H.-P., UTZ, R., KELLNER, R., JUNG, G. (1990), Comparative studies on the fermentative production of lantibiotics by staphylococci, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32, 511-517.
78. HOWELL, T. H., FIORELLINI, J. P., BLACKBURN, P., PROJAN, S. J., DE LA HARPE, J., WILLIAMS, R. C. (1993), The effect of a mouthrinse based on nisin, a bacteriocin, on developing plaque and gingivitis in beagle dogs, J. Clin. Periodontal. 20, 335-339.
79. HURST, A. (1966), Biosynthesis of the antibiotic nisin by whole Streptococcus lactis organisms, J. Gen. Microbiol. 44, 209-220.
80. HURST, A. (1981), Nisin, Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 27, 85-123.
81. HYNES, W. L, FERRETTI, J. J., TAGG, J. R. (1993), Cloning of the gene encoding streptococcin A-FF22, a novel lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and determination of its nucleotide sequence, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 1969-1971.
82. INGRAM, L. (1969), Synthesis of the antibiotic nisin: formation of lanthionine and β-methyllan-thionine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 184, 216-219.
83. INGRAM, L. (1970), A ribosomal mechanism for synthesis of peptides related to nisin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 224, 263-265.
84. JACK, R. W., SAHL, H.-G. (1995), Unique postradiational modifications involved in lantibiotic biosynthesis, Trends Biotechnol. 13, 269-278.
85. JACK, R. W., TAGG, J. R. (1991), Isolation and partial structure of streptococcin A-FF22, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 171-179. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
86. JACK, R. W., TAGG, J. R. (1992), Factors affecting the production of the group A Streptococcus bacteriocin SA-FF22, J. Med. Microbiol. 36, 132-138.
87. JACK, R. W., CARNE, A., METZGER, J., STEVA-NOVIĆ, S., SAHL, H.-G., JUNG, G., TAGG, J. R. (1994a), Elucidation of the structure of SA-FF22, a lanthionine-containing antibacterial peptide produced by Streptococcus pyogenes strain FF22, Eur. J. Biochem. 220, 455-462.
88. JACK, R. W., BENZ, R., TAGG, J. R., SAHL, H.-G. (1994b), The mode of action of SA-FF22 a lantibiotic isolated from Streptococcus pyogenes strain FF22, Eur. J. Biochem. 219, 699-705.
89. JACK, R. W., TAGG, J. R., RAY, B. (1995), Bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria, Microbiol. Rev. 59, 171-200.
90. JACK, R. W., BIERBAUM, G., HEIDRICH, C, SAHL, H.-G. (in press), The genetics of lantibiotic biosynthesis, BioEssays.
91. JANSEN, E. F., HIRSCHMANN, D. J. (1944), Subtilin -an antibacterial product of Bacillus subtilis: culturing conditions and properties, Arch. Biochem. 4, 297-304.
92. JUNG, G. (1991a), Lantibiotics -ribosomally synthesized biologically active polypeptides containing sulphide rings and a, --didehydroamino acids, Angew. Chem. (Int. Edn. Engl.) 30, 1051-1068.
93. JUNG, G. (1991b), Lantibiotics: a survey, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 1-34. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
94. KALETTA, C, ENTIAN, K.-D. (1989), Nisin, a peptide antibiotic: cloning and sequencing of the nisA gene and posttranslational processing of its peptide product, J. Bacteriol. 171, 1597-1601.
95. KALETTA, C, ENTIAN, K.-D., KELLNER, R., JUNG, G., REIS, M., SAHL, H.-G. (1989), Pep5, a new lantibiotic: structural gene isolation and prepeptide sequence, Arch. Microbiol. 152, 16-19.
96. KALETTA, C, ENTIAN, K.-D., JUNG, G. (1991a), Prepeptide sequence of cinnamycin (Ro 09-0198): the first structural gene of a duramycin-type lantibiotic, Eur. J. Biochem. 199, 411-415.
97. KALETTA, C, KLEIN, C, SCHNELL, N., ENTIAN, K.-D. (1991b), An operon-like structure of the genes involved in subtilin biosynthesis, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 309-319. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
98. KATZ, E., DEMAIN, A. L. (1977), The peptide antibiotics of Bacilllus: chemistry, biogenesis and possible functions, Bacteriol. Rev. 41, 499-474.
99. KELLNER, R., JUNG, G., HÖRNER, T., ZÄHNER, H., SCHNELL, N., ENTIAN, K.-D., GÖTZ, F. (1988), Gallidermin, a new lanthionine-containing polypeptide antibiotic, Eur. J. Biochem. 177, 53-59.
100. KELLNER, R., JUNG, G., JOSTEN, M., KALETTA, C, ENTIAN, K.-D., SAHL, H.-G. (1989), Pep5: structure elucidation of a large lantibiotic, Angew. Chem. 28, 616-619.
101. KELLNER, R., JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G. (1991), Structure elucidation of the tricyclic lantibiotic Pep5 containing eight positively charged amino acids, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 141-158. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
102. KESSLER, H., STEUERNAGEL, S., GILLESSEN, D., KAMIYAMA, T. (1987), Complete sequence determination and localization of one imino and three sulphide bridges of the nonadecapeptide Ro 09-0198 by homonuclear 2D-NMR spectroscopy: the DQF-RELAYED-NOESY-experi-ment, Helv. Chim. Acta 70, 726-741.
103. KESSLER, H., STEUERNAGEL, S., WILL, M., JUNG, G., KELLNER, R., GILLESSEN, D., KAMIYAMA, T. (1988), The structure of the polycylic nonadecapeptide Ro 09-0198, Helv. Chim. Acta 71, 1924-1929.
104. KESSLER, H., SEIP, S., WEIN, T., STEUERNAGEL, S., WILL, M. (1991), Structure of cinnamycin (Ro 09-0198) in solution, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 141-158. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
105. KETTENRING, J., MALABARABA, A., VEKEY, K., CAVALLERI, B. (1990), Sequence determination of actagardine, a novel lantibiotic, by homonuclear 2D NMR spectroscopy, J. Antibiot. 43, 1082-1088.
106. KLEIN, C, ENTIAN, K.-D. (1994), Genes involved in self-protection against the lantibiotic subtilin produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 2793-2801.
107. KLEIN, C, KALETTA, C, SCHNELL, N., ENTIAN, K.-D. (1992), Analysis of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the lantibiotic subtilin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 132-142.
108. KLEIN, C, KALETTA, C, ENTIAN, K.-D. (1993), Biosynthesis of the lantibiotic subtilin is regulated by a histidine kinase/response regulator system, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 296-303.
109. KLEINKAUF, H., VON DÖHREN, H. (1986) Peptide antibiotics, in: Biotechnology, 1st Edn., Vol. 4 (REHM, H. J., REED, G., Eds.), pp. 283-307, Weinheim: VCH.
110. KLEINKAUF, H., VON DÖHREN, H. (1987), Biosynthesis of peptide antibiotics, Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 41, 259-289
111. KLEINKAUF, H., VON DÖHREN, H. (1990), Non-ri-bosomal biosynthesis of peptide antibiotics, Eur. J. Biochem. 192, 1-15.
112. KOGLER, H., BAUCH, M., FEHLHABER, H.-W., GRIESINGER, C, SCHUBERT, W., TEETZ, V. (1991), NMR-spectroscopic investigations on mersacidin, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 159-170. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
113. KORDEL, M., BENZ, R., SAHL, H.-G. (1988), Mode of action of the staphylococcin-like peptide Pep5: voltage-dependent depolarization of bacterial and artificial membranes, J. Bacteriol. 170, 84-88.
114. KOZAK, W., RAJCHERT-TRZPIL, M., ZAJDEL, J., DOBZANSKI, W. T. (1974), The effect of proflav-in, ethidium bromide and elevated temperature on the appearance of nisin-negative clones in ni-sin-producing strains of Streptococcus lactis, J. Gen. Microbiol. 83, 295-302.
115. KUIPERS, O. P., ROLLEMA, H. S., YAP, W. M. G. J., BOOT, H. J., SIEZEN, R. J., DE VOS, W. M. (1992), Engineering dehydrated amino acid residues in the antimicrobial peptide nisin, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 24340-24346.
116. KUIPERS, O. P., BEERTHUYZEN, M. M., SIEZEN, R. J., DE Vos, W. M. (1993a), Characterization of the nisin gene cluster nisABTCIPR of Lactococcus lactis: requirement of expression of nisA and nisi genes for development of immunity, Eur. J. Biochem. 216, 281-292.
117. KUIPERS, O. P., ROLLEMA, H. S., DE VOS, W. M., SIEZEN, R. J. (1993b), Biosynthesis and secretion of a precursor of nisin Z by Lactococcus lactis directed by the leader peptide of the homologous lantibiotic subtilin from Bacillus subtilis, FEBS Lett. 330, 23-27.
118. KUPKE, T., STEVANOVIC, S., SAHL, H.-G., GÖTZ, F. (1992), Purification and characterziation of EpiD, a flavoprotein involved in the biosynthe-sis of the lantibiotic epidermin, J. Bacteriol. 174, 5354-5361.
119. KUPKE, T., STEVANOVIĆ, S., OTTENWÄLDER, B., METZGER, J. W., JUNG, G., GÖTZ, F. (1993), Purification and characterization of EpiA, the peptide substrate for posttranslational modifications involved in epidermin biosynthesis, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 112, 43-48.
120. KUPKE, T., KEMPTER, C, GNAU, V., JUNG, G., GÖTZ, F. (1994), Mass spectroscopic analysis of a novel enzymatic reaction: oxidative decarboxylation of the lantibiotic precursor peptide EpiA catalyzed by the flavoprotein EpiD, J Biol. Chem. 269, 5653-5659.
121. KUPKE, T., KEMPTER, C, JUNG, G., GÖTZ, F. (1995), Oxidative decarboxylation of peptides catalyzed by flavoprotein EpiD: determination of substrate specificity using peptide libraries and neutral loss mass spectrometry, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 11282-11289.
122. LIAN, L.-Y., CHAN, W. C, MORLEY, S. D., ROBERTS, G. C. K., BYCROFT, B. W., JACKSON, D. (1991), NMR studies of the solution structure of nisin A, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 43-58. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
123. LIAN, L.-Y., CHAN, W. C, MORLEY, S. D., ROBERTS, G. C. K., BYCROFT, B. W., JACKSON, D. (1992), Solution structures of nisin and its two major degradation products determined by NMR, Biochem. J. 283, 413-420.
124. LINNETT, P. E., STROMINGER, J. L. (1973), Additional inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis, An-timicrob. Agents Chemother. 4, 231-236.
125. Liu, W., HANSEN, J. N. (1992), Enhancement of the chemical and antimicrobial properties of subtilin by site-directed mutagenesis, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25078-25085.
126. MALABARABA, A., LANDI, M., PALLANZA, R., CAVALLERI, B. (1985), Physicochemical and biological properties of actagardine and some acid hydrolysis products, J. Antibiot. 38, 1506-1511.
127. MALABARABA, A., PALLANZA, R., BERTI, M., CAVALLERI, B. (1990), Synthesis and biological activity of some amide derivatives of the lantibiotic actagardine, J. Antibiot. 43, 1089-1097.
128. MARKI, F., FRANSON, R. (1986), Endogenous suppression of neutral-active and calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 879, 149-156.
129. MÄRKI, F., HÄNNI, E., FREDENHAGEN, A., VAN OOSTRUM, J. (1991), Mode of action of the lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotics duramycin, duramycin B, duramycin C and cinnamycin as direct inhibitors of phospholipase A2, Biochem. Pharmacol. 42, 2027-2035.
130. MEYER, H. E. (1994), Analyzing posttranslational protein modifications, in: Microcharacterization of Proteins (KELLNER, R., LOTTSPEICH, F., MEYER, H. E., Eds.). Weinheim: VCH.
131. MEYER, C, BIERBAUM, G., HEIDRICH, C, REIS, M., SULING, J., IGLESIAS-WIND, M. I., KEMPTER, C, MOLITOR, E., SAHL, H.-G. (1995), Nucleotide sequence of the lantibiotic Pep5 biosynthetic gene cluster and functional analysis of PepP and PepC: evidence for a role of PepC in thioether formation, Eur. J. Biochem. 232, 478-489.
132. MOLITOR, E., SAHL, H.-G. (1991), Applications of nisin: a literature survey, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 434-439. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
133. MØrTVEDT, C. I., NES, I. F. (1990), Plasmid-asso-ciated bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus sake, J. Gen. Microbiol. 136, 1601-1607.
134. MØRTVEDT, C. I., NISSEN-MEYER, J., SLETTEN, K., NES, I. F. (1991), Purification and amino acid sequence of lactocin S, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus sake L45, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1829-1834.
135. MSADEK, T., KUNST, F., RAPOPORT, G. (1993), Two component regulatory systems, in: Bacillus subtilis and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria (So-NENSHEIN, A., HOCH. L., LOSICK, R., Eds.), pp. 729-746. Washington, DC: ASM.
136. MULDERS, J. W. M., BOERRIGTER, I. J., ROLLEMA, H. S., SIEZEN, R. J., DE VOS, W. M. (1991), Identification and characterization of the lantibiotic nisin Z, a natural nisin variant, Eur. J. Biochem. 201, 581-584.
137. NAKANO, M. M., ZUBER, P. (1990), Molecular biology of antibiotic production in Bacillus, Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 10, 223-240.
138. NARUSE, N., TENMYO, O., TOMITA, K, KONISHI, M., MIYAKI, T., KAWAGUCHI, H., FUKASE, K., WAKAMIYA, T., SHIBA, T. (1989), Lanthiopep-tin, a new peptide antibiotic. Production, isolation and properties of lanthiopeptin, J. Antibiot. 42, 837-845.
139. NAVARRO, J., CHABOT, J., SHERRILL, K, ANEJA, R., ZAHLER, S. A., RACKER, E. (1985), Interaction of duramycin with artificial and natural membranes, Biochem. 24, 4645-4650.
140. NISHIKAWA, M., TESHIMA, T., WAKAMIYA, T., SHIBA, T., KOBAYASHI, Y., OKUBO, T., KYO-GOKU, Y., KIDO, Y. (1988), Chemistry of lantibiotics, in: Peptide Chemistry 1987 (SHIBA, T., SAKAKIBARA, S., Eds.), pp. 71-74. Osaka: Protein Research Foundation.
141. NISHIO, C, KŌMURA, S., KURAHASHI, K. (1983), Peptide antibiotic subtilin is synthesized via precursor proteins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 116, 751-758.
142. NOVAK, J., CAULFIELD, P. W., MILLER, E. J. (1994), Isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel lantibiotic mutacin from Streptococcus mutans, J. Bacteriol. 176, 4316-4320.
143. PALMER, D. E., MIERKE, D. F., PATTARONI, C, GOODMAN, M., WAKAMIYA, T., FUKASE, K., FUJITA, H., SHIBA, T. (1989), Interactive NMR and computer simulation studies of lanthionine-ring structures, Biopolymers 28, 397-408.
144. PARENTI, F., PAGANI, H., BERETTA, G. (1976), Gardimycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes. I. Description of the producer strain and fermentation studies, J. Antibiot. 24, 501-506.
145. PESCHEL, A., AUGUSTIN, J., KUPKE, T., STEVANOVIĆ, S., GÖTZ, F. (1993), Regulation of epidermin biosynthetic genes by EpiQ, Mol. Microbiol. 9, 31-39.
146. PIARD, J.-C, MURIANA, P. M., DESMAZEAUD M. J., KLAENHAMMER, T. R. (1992), Purification and partial characterization of lacticin 481, a lanthionine-containing bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subspp. lactis CNRZ 481, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 279-284.
147. PIARD, J.-C, KUIPERS, O. P., ROLLEMA, H. S., DESMAZEAUD, M. J., DE VOS, W. M. (1993), Structure, organization and expression of the let gene for lacticin 481, a novel lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis, J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16361-16368.
148. PUGSLEY, A. P. (1988), The immunity and lysis genes of ColN plasmid pCHAP4, Mol. Gen. Genet. 211, 335-341.
149. PUGSLEY, A. P. (1993), The complete general secretory pathway in Gram-negative bacteria, Microbiol. Rev. 57, 50-108.
150. RACKER, E., RIEGLER, C, ABDEL-GHANY, M. (1983), Stimulation of glycolysis by placental polypeptides and inhibition by duramycin, Cancer, Res. 44, 1364-1367.
151. RAMSEIER, H. R. (1960), Die Wirkung von Nisin auf Clostridium butyricum, Arch. Microbiol. 37, 57-94.
152. RAUCH, P. J. G., DE VOS, W. M., (1992), Characterization of the novel nisin-sucrose conjugative transposon Tn5276 and its insertion in Lactococcus lactis, J. Bacteriol. 174, 1280-1287.
153. RAUCH, P. J. G., BEERTHUYZEN, M. M., DE VOS, W. M. (1990), Nucleotide sequence of IS904 from Lactococcus lactis subspp. lactis NIZO R5, Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 4253.
154. RAUCH, P. J. G., BEERTHUYZEN, M. M., DE VOS, W. M. (1991), Molecular analysis and evolution of conjugative transposons encoding nisin production and sucrose metabolism in Lactococcus lactis, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 243-249. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
155. REIS, M., SAHL, H.-G. (1991), Genetic analysis of the producer self-protection mechanism (immunity) against Pep5, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 320-331. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
156. REIS, M., ESCHBACH-BLUDAU, M., IGLESIAS-WIND, M. I., KUPKE, T., SAHL, H.-G. (1994), Producer immunity towards the lantibiotic Pep5: identification of the immunity gene pepl and localization and functional analysis of its gene product, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 4332-4338.
157. REISINGER, P. SEIDEL, H., TSCHESCHE, H., HAMMES, W. P. (1980), The effect of nisin on murein synthesis, Arch. Microbiol. 127, 187-193.
158. RINCE, A., DUFOUR, A., LE POGAM, S., THUAULT, D., BOURGEOIS, C. M., LE PENNEC, J. P. (1994), Cloning, expression and nucleotide sequence of genes involved in production of lactococcin DR, a bacteriocin from Lactococcus lactis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 1652-1657.
159. RINTALA, H., GRAEFFE, T., PAULIN, L., KALKKI-NEN, N., SARIS, P. E. J. (1993), Biosynthesis of nisin in the subtilin producer Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Biotechnol. Lett. 15, 991-996.
160. ROGERS, L. A., WHITTIER, E. O. (1928), Limiting factors in lactic fermentation, J. Bacteriol. 16, 211-214.
161. ROLLEMA, H. S., BOTH, P., SIEZEN, R. J. (1991), NMR and activity studies of nisin degradation products, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 123-130. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
162. Ross, K. F., RONSON, C. W., TAGG, J. R. (1993), Isolation and characterization of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its structural gene salA from Streptococcus salivarius 20P3, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 2014-2021.
163. RUHR, E., SAHL, H.-G. (1985), Mode of action of the peptide antibiotic nisin and influence on the membrane potential of whole cells and on artificial membrane vesicles, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27, 841-845.
164. SAHL, H.-G. (1985), Influence of the staphylococ-cin-like peptide Pep5 on membrane potential of bacterial cells and cytoplasmic membrane vesicles, J. Bacteriol. 162, 833-836.
165. SAHL, H.-G. (1991), Pore formation in bacterial membranes by cationic lantibiotics, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 347-358. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
166. SAHL, H.-G., BRANDIS, H. (1981), Production, purification and chemical properties of an antista-phylococcal agent produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis, J. Gen. Microbiol. 127, 377-384.
167. SAHL, H.-G., BRANDIS, H. (1983), Efflux of low Mr substances from the cytoplasm of sensitive cells caused by the staphylococcin-like agent Pep5, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. I. Abt. Orig. A. 252, 166-175.
168. SAHL, H.-G., KORDEL, M, BENZ, R. (1987), Voltage-dependent depolarization of bacterial membranes and artificial lipid bilayers by the peptide antibiotic nisin, Arch. Microbiol. 149, 120-124.
169. SAHL, H.-G., REIS, M., ESCHBACH, M., SZEKAT, C, BECK-SICKINGER, A. G., METZGER, J., STE-VANOVIĆ, S., JUNG, G. (1991), Isolation of Pep5 prepeptides in different stages of modification, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 332-346. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
170. SAHL, H.-G., JACK, R. W., BIERBAUM, G. (1995), Lantibiotics: Biosynthesis and biological activities of peptides with unique posttranslational modifications, Eur. J. Biochem. 230, 827-853.
171. SCHNELL, N., ENTIAN, K.-D., SCHNEIDER, U., GÖTZ, F., ZÄHNER, H., KELLNER, R., JUNG, G. (1988), Prepeptide sequence of epidermin, a ri-bosomally-synthesized antibiotic with four sulphide rings, Nature (London) 333, 276-278.
172. SCHNELL, N., ENGELKE, G., AUGUSTIN, J., ROSENSTEIN, R., GÖTZ, F., ENTIAN, K.-D. (1991), The operon-like organization of lantibiotic epidermin biosynthesis genes, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 269-276. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
173. SCHNELL, N., ENGELKE, G., AUGUSTIN, J., ROSENSTEIN, R., UNGERMANN, V., GÖTZ, F., ENTIAN, K.-D. (1992), Analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the lantibiotic epidermin, Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 57-68.
174. SCHULLER, F, BENZ, R., SAHL, H.-G. (1989), The peptide antibiotic subtilin acts by formation of voltage-dependent multi-state pores in bacterial and artificial membranes, Eur. J. Biochem. 182, 181-186.
175. SEARS, P. M., SMITH, B. S., STEWART, W. K., GONZALEZ, R. N., RUBINO, S. D., GUSIK, S. A., Ku-LISEK, E. S., PROJAN, S. J., BLACKBURN, P. (1992), Evaluation of a nisin-based germicidal formulation on teat skin of live cows, J. Dairy Sci. 75, 3185-3190.
176. SHETH, T. R., HENDERSON, R. M., HLADKY, S. B., CUTHBERT, A. W. (1992), Ion-channel formation by duramycin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1107, 179-185.
177. SHIBA, T., WAKAMIYA, T., FUKASE, K, SANO, A., SHIMBO, K., UEKI, Y. (1986), The chemistry of lanthionine-containing peptides, Biopolymers 25, S11-S19.
178. SHOTWELL, O. L., STODOLA, F. H., MICHAEL, W. R., LlNDENFELSER, L. A., DWORSCHAK, G., PRIDHAM, T. G. (1958), Antibiotics against plant disease. III. Duramycin, a new antibiotic from Streptomyces cinammonensis forma azaco-luta, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 3912-3915.
179. SIEGERS, K, ENTIAN, K.-D. (1995), Genes involved in immunity to the lantibiotic nisin produced by Lactococcus lactis 6F3, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 1082-1089.
180. SKAUGEN, M., NISSEN-MEYER, J., JUNG, G., STE-VANOVIĆ, S., SLETTEN, K., MORTVEDT-ABILD-GAARD, C. I., NES, I. (1994), In vivo conversion of L-serine to D-alanine in a ribosomally-synthe-sized polypeptide, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 27183-27185.
181. SLIJPERS, M., HILBERS, C. W., KONINGS, R. N. H., VAN DE VEN, F. J. M. (1989), NMR studies of lantibiotics: assignment of the ‘H-NMR spectrum of nisin and identification of interresidual contacts, FEBS Lett. 252, 22-28.
182. SOKOLOVE, P. M., WESTPHAL, P. A., KESTER, M. B., WIERWILE, R., VAN METER, K. S. (1989), Duramycin effects on the structure and function of heart mitochondria. I. Structural alterations and changes in membrane permeability, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 983, 15-22.
183. SOMMA, S., MERATI, W., PARENTI, F. (1977), Gar-damycin, a new antibiotic inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 11, 396-401.
184. SONG, H. Y., CRAMER, W. A. (1991), Membrane topography of ColEl gene products: the immunity protein, J. Bacteriol. 173, 2935-2943.
185. STEEN, M. T., CHUNG, Y. J., HANSEN, J. N. (1991), Characterization of the nisin gene as part of a polycistronic operon in the chromosome of Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1181-1188.
186. STEVENS, K. A., SHELDON, B. W., KLAPES, N. A., KLAENHAMMER, T. R. (1991), Nisin treatment for inactivation of Salmonella species and other Gram-negative bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 537, 3613-3615.
187. STOFFELS, G., NISSEN-MEYER, J., GUDMUNDS-DOTTIR, A., SLETTEN, K., HOLO, H., NES, I. F. (1992), Purification and characterization of a new bacteriocin isolated from a Carnobacterium spp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 1417-1422.
188. STOFFELS, G., GUDMUNDSDOTTIR, A., ABEE, T. (1994), Membrane-associated proteins encoded by the nisin gene cluster may function as a receptor for the lantibiotic carnocin UI49, Microbiology 140, 1443-1450.
189. STONE, D. K., XIE, X. S., RACKER, E. (1984), Inhibition of clathrin-coated vesicle acidification by duramycin, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2701-2703.
190. SUROVOY, A., WEIDELICH, D., JUNG, G. (1992), Electrospray mass spectroscopic analysis of me-tal-peptide complexes, in: Peptides 1992, Proceedings of the 22nd European Peptide Symposium (SCHNEIDER, C. H., EBERLE, A. N., Eds.), pp. 563-564. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishing BV.
191. TAGG, J. R., WANNAMAKER, L. W. (1978), Streptococcin A-FF22: nisin-like antibiotic substance produced by a group A Streptococcus, Antimi-crob. Agents Chemother. 14, 31-39.
192. TAGG, J. R., DAJANI, A. S., WANNAMAKER, L. W., GRAY, E. D. (1973a), Group A streptococcal bacteriocin: production, purification and mode of action, J. Exp. Med. 138, 1168-1183.
193. TAGG, J. R., READ, R. S. D., MCGIVEN, A. R. (1973b), Bacteriocin of group A Streptococcus: Partial purification and properties, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 4, 214-221.
194. TSAI, H.-J., SANDINE, W. E. (1987), Conjugal transfer of nisin plasmid genes from Streptococcus lactis 7962 to Leuconostoc dextranicum 181, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 352-357.
195. UNGERMANN, V., GOEKE, K., FIEDLER, H.-P., ZÄHNER, H. (1991), Optimization of fermentation and purification of gallidermin and epidermin, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 410-421. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
196. VAN BELKUM, M. J., KOK, J., VENEMA, G., HOLO, H., NES, I. F., KONINGS, W. N., ABEE, T. (1991), The bacteriocin lactococcin A specifically increases the permeability of lactococcal cytoplasmic membranes in a voltage-independent, protein-mediated manner, J Bacteriol. 173, 7934-7941.
197. VAN DE KAMP, M., HORSTINK, L. M., VAN DEN HOOVEN, H., KONING, R. N. H., HILBERS, C. W., FREY, A., SAHL, G.-G., METZGER, J., VAN DE VEN, F. J. M. (1995a), Sequence analysis by NMR spectroscopy of the peptide lantibiotic epilancin K7 from Staphylococcus epidermidis K7, Eur. J. Biochem. 227, 757-771.
198. VAN DE KAMP, M., VAN DE VEN, F. J. M., KONINGS, R. H. H., HILBERS, C. W., METZGER, J. W., JUNG, G., KUIPERS, O. P., BIERBAUM, G., SAHL, H.-G. (1995b), Elucidation of the primary structure of the peptide lantibiotic epilancin K7 from Staphylococcus epidermidis: cloning of the epilancin K7-encoding gene and Edman degradation of the mature peptide, Eur. J. Biochem. 230, 587-600.
199. VAN DE VEN, F. J. M., VAN DEN HOOVEN, H. W., KONINGS, R. N. H., HILBERS, C. W. (1991a), NMR-studies of lantibiotics: the structure of nisin in aqueous solution, Eur. J. Biochem. 202, 1181-1188.
200. VAN DE VEN, F. J. M., VAN DEN HOOVEN, H. W., KONINGS, R. N. H., HILBERS, C. W. (1991b), The spatial structure of nisin in aqueous solution, in: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics (JUNG, G., SAHL, H.-G., Eds.), pp. 35-2. Leiden: ESCOM Scientific Publishers BV.
201. VAN DER MEER, J. R., POLMAN, J., BEERTHUYZEN, M. M., SIEZEN, R. J., KUIPERS, O. P., DE VOS, W. M. (1993), Characterization of the Lactococcus lactis nisin A operon genes nisP encoding a subtilisin-like serine protease involved in precursor processing and nisR encoding a regulatory protein involved in nisin biosynthesis, J. Bacteriol. 175, 2578-2588.
202. VAN DER MEER, J. R., ROLLEMA, H. S., SIEZEN, R. J., BEERTHUYZEN, M. M., KUIPERS, O. P., DE Vos, W. M. (1994), Influence of amino acid substitutions in the nisin leader peptide on biosynthesis and secretion of nisin by Lactococcus lactis, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 3555-3562.
203. VOGEL, H., NILSSON, L., RIGLER, R., MEDER, S., BOHEIM, G., BECK, W., KURTH, H.-H., JUNG, G. (1993), Structural fluctuations between two conformational states of a transmembrane helical peptide are related to its channel-forming properties in planar lipid membranes, Eur. J. Biochem. 212, 305-313.
204. WAKAMIYA, T., UEKI, Y., SHIBA, T., KIDO, Y., MOTOKI, Y. (1985), The structure of ancovenin, a new peptide inhibitor of angiotensin I converting enzyme, Tetrahedron Lett. 26, 665-668.
205. WAKAMIYA, T., FUKASE, K, NARUSE, N., KONI-SHI, M., SHIBA, T. (1988), Lanthiopeptin, a new peptide effective against Herpes simplex virus: structural determination and comparison with Ro 09-0198, an immunopotentiating peptide, Tetrahedron Lett. 29, 4771-772.
206. WEIL, H.-P., BECK-SICKINGER, A. G., METZGER, J., STEVNANOVIĆ, S., JUNG, G., JOSTEN, M., SAHL, H.-G. (1990), Biosynthesis of the lantibiotic Pep5: Isolation and characterization of a prepeptide containing dehydroamino acids, Eur. J. Biochem. 194, 217-223.
207. ZIMMERMANN, N. (1995), Raumstrukturaufklarung der Lantibiotika Duramycin B, Duramycin C und Actagardin durch mehrdimensionale Kern-resonanzspektroskopie, PhD Thesis, University of Tubingen, Germany.
208. ZIMMERMANN, N., JUNG, G. (1995), The tetracyclic lantibiotic actagardine. ‘H-NMR and 13C-NMR assignments and revised primary structure, Eur. J. Biochem. 228, 786-797.
209. ZIMMERMANN, N., FREUND, S., FREDENHAGEN, A., JUNG, G. (1993), Solution structures of the lantibiotics duramycin B and C, Eur. J. Biochem. 216, 419-428.