State naloxone access laws are associated with an increase in the number of naloxone prescriptions dispensed in retail pharmacies

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Volumn 189, Issue , 2018, Pages 37-41

  Xu, Jing ^a   Davis, Corey S ^b   Cruz, Marisa ^a   Lurie, Peter ^c  

^a CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

^b Network for Public Health Law   (United States)

^c Center for Science in the Public Interest   (United States)

Author keywords

Law; Naloxone; Opioids; Overdose; Public health

Indexed keywords

BUPRENORPHINE; NALOXONE; OPIATE; NARCOTIC ANTAGONIST;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHILD; DRUG INTOXICATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LAW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; OPIATE ADDICTION; OUTPATIENT; PHARMACY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG UTILIZATION; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS; DRUG UTILIZATION; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS; PHARMACIES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85048721770     PISSN: 03768716     EISSN: 18790046     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.020     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Beletsky, L., Rich, J.D., Walley, A.Y., Prevention of fatal opioid overdose. JAMA 308 (2012), 1863–1864.
2. Davis, C., Carr, D., State legal innovations to encourage naloxone dispensing. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 57 (2017), S180–S184.
3. American Society of Anesthesiologists, American Society of Anesthesiologists Announces a Committee to Address Opioid Abuse and Encourages Co-Prescribing of Naloxone. Retrieved from, 2016 https://asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2016/03/american-society-of-anesthesiologists-announces-a-committee-to-address-opioid-abuse.
4. Ashton, H., Hassan, Z., Intranasal naloxone in suspected opioid overdose. Emerg. Med. J. 23 (2006), 221–223.
5. Bachyrycz, A., Shrestha, S., Bleske, B.E., Tinker, D., Bakhireva, L.N., Opioid overdose prevention through pharmacy-based naloxone prescription program: innovations in health care delivery. Subst. Abuse 38 (2017), 55–60.
6. Bird, S.M., Parmar, M.K., Strang, J., Take-home naloxone to prevent fatalities from opiate-overdose: protocol for Scotland's public health policy evaluation, and a new measure to assess impact. Drugs 22 (2015), 66–76.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER). 2016, National Center for Health Statistics http://wonder.cdc.gov/.
8. Centers for Disease Control Prevention, Increases in Fentanyl Drug Confiscations and Fentanyl-Related Overdose Fatalities. Retrieved from, 2015 https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00384.asp.
9. Centers for Disease Control Prevention, CDC WONDER. Data Are from the Multiple Causes of Death Files. Retrieved from, 2017 https://wonder.cdc.gov/.
10. Chamberlain, J.M., Klein, B.L., A comprehensive review of naloxone for the emergency physician. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 12 (1994), 650–660.
11. Cicero, T.J., Ellis, M.S., Surratt, H.L., Kurtz, S.P., The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years. JAMA Psychiatry 71 (2014), 821–826.
12. Clark, A.K., Wilder, C.M., Winstanley, E.L., A systematic review of community opioid overdose prevention and naloxone distribution programs. J. Addict. Med. 8 (2014), 153–163.
13. Davis, C.S., Carr, D., Legal changes to increase access to naloxone for opioid overdose reversal in the United States. Drug. Alcohol. Depend. 157 (2015), 112–120.
14. Davis, C., Webb, D., Burris, S., Changing law from barrier to facilitator of opioid overdose prevention. J. Law Med. Ethics 41 (2013), 33–36.
15. Davis, C.S., Walley, A.Y., Bridger, C.M., Lessons learned from the expansion of naloxone access in Massachusetts and North Carolina. J. Law Med. Ethics 43 (2015), 19–22.
16. Dick, A.W., Pacula, R.L., Gordon, A.J., Sorbero, M., Burns, R.M., Leslie, D., Stein, B.D., Growth in buprenorphine waivers for physicians increased potential access to opioid agonist treatment, 2002-11. Health Aff. 34 (2015), 1028–1034.
17. Green, T.C., Gilbert, M., Counterfeit medications and fentanyl. JAMA Intern. Med. 176 (2016), 1555–1557.
18. Green, T.C., Bowman, S.E., Zaller, N.D., Ray, M., Case, P., Heimer, R., Barriers to medical provider support for prescription naloxone as overdose antidote for lay responders. Subst. Use Misuse 48 (2013), 558–567.
19. Green, T.C., Dauria, E.F., Bratberg, J., Davis, C.S., Walley, A.Y., Orienting patients to greater opioid safety: models of community pharmacy-based naloxone. Harm Reduct. J., 12, 2015, 25.
20. Green, T.C., Case, P., Fiske, H., Baird, J., Cabral, S., Burstein, D., Schwartz, V., Potter, N., Walley, A.Y., Bratberg, J., Perpetuating stigma or reducing risk? Perspectives from naloxone consumers and pharmacists on pharmacy-based naloxone in 2 states. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 2003:57 (2017), S19–S27.
21. Gupta, R., Shah, N.D., Ross, J.S., The rising price of naloxone—risks to efforts to stem overdose deaths. N. Eng. J. Med. 375 (2016), 2213–2215.
22. Jones, C.M., Logan, J., Gladden, R.M., Bohm, M.K., Vital signs: demographic and substance use trends among heroin users-United States, 2002-2013. MMRW. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 64 (2015), 719–725.
23. Jones, C.M., Lurie, P.G., Compton, W.M., Increase in naloxone prescriptions dispensed in US retail pharmacies since 2013. Am. J. Public. Health 106 (2016), 689–690.
24. Levy, B., Paulozzi, L., Mack, K.A., Jones, C.M., Trends in opioid analgesic–prescribing rates by specialty, US, 2007–2012. Am. J. Prev. Med. 49 (2015), 409–413.
25. Lim, J.K., Bratberg, J.P., Davis, C.S., Green, T.C., Walley, A.Y., Prescribe to prevent: overdose prevention and naloxone rescue kits for prescribers and pharmacists. J. Addict. Med. 10 (2016), 300–308.
26. Long, J.S., Models for Categorical and Limit Dependent Variables. 1997, Sage Publications.
27. McClellan, C., Lambdin, B.H., Ali, M., Mutter, R., Davis, C., Wheeler, E., Pemberton, M., Kral, A.H., Opioid-overdose laws association with opioid use and overdose mortality. Addict. Behav., 2018 S0306-4603, 30138-2.
28. Michiels, C., Physiological and pathological responses to hypoxia. Am. J. Pathol. 164 (2004), 1875–1882.
29. Oliva, E.M., Nevedal, A., Lewis, E.T., McCaa, M.D., Cochran, M.F., Konicki, P.E., Davis, C.S., Wilder, C., Patient perspectives on an opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution program in the U.S. Department of veterans affairs. Subst. Abuse 37 (2016), 118–126.
30. Prescription Drug Abuse Policy System, Naloxone Overdose Prevention Laws. Retrieved from, 2017 http://pdaps.org/datasets/laws-regulating-administration-of-naloxone-1501695139.
31. Rudd, R.A., Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2010–2015. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 2016, 65.
32. Rudd, R.A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J.E., Matthew Gladden, R., Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. Am. J. Transpl. 16 (2016), 1323–1327.
33. Schwartz, R.P., Gryczynski, J., O'Grady, K.E., Sharfstein, J.M., Warren, G., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, S.G., Jaffe, J.H., Opioid agonist treatments and heroin overdose deaths in Baltimore, Maryland, 1995–2009. Am. J. Public Health 103 (2013), 917–922.
34. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Final Rule Expanding Access to Medication-Assisted Treatment. Retrieved from, 2016 https://blog.samhsa.gov/2016/07/11/final-rule-expanding-access-to-medication-assisted-treatment/.
35. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Buprenorphine. Retrieved at: 2017 https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/buprenorphine.
36. Symphony Health, PHAST Prescription Monthly. Retrieved from, 2017 https://symphonyhealth.com.
37. The White House, Presidential Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies. Retrieved from, 2017 https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-heads-executive-departments-agencies/.
38. Volkow, N.D., Frieden, T.R., Hyde, P.S., Cha, S.S., Medication-assisted therapies—tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N. Eng. J. Med. 370 (2014), 2063–2066.
39. Wermeling, D.P., Review of naloxone safety for opioid overdose: practical considerations for new technology and expanded public access. Ther. Adv. Drug. Saf. 6 (2015), 20–31.
40. Wheeler, E., Davidson, P.J., Jones, T.S., Irwin, K.S., Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone—United States, 2010. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 61, 2012, 101.
41. Wheeler, E., Jones, T.S., Gilbert, M.K., Davidson, P.J., Opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone to laypersons-United States, 2014. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 64 (2015), 631–635.