Opportunistic mycoses in the immunocompromised host: Experience at a cancer center and review

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 14, Issue , 1992, Pages S43-S53

  Anaissie, Elias ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; GENACONAZOLE; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; ITRACONAZOLE; MICONAZOLE; SAPERCONAZOLE;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ASPERGILLOSIS; CANCER; CANDIDIASIS; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG COMBINATION; FUSARIUM; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOMODULATION; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MYCOSIS; NEUTROPENIA; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; TRICHOSPORON BEIGELII;

HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; MYCOSES; NEOPLASMS; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS;

EID: 85047696806     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/clinids/14.Supplement_1.S43     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Freireich EJ, Keating M, Cabanillas F, et al. The hematologic malignancies: leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Cancer 1984; 54:2741-51.
2. Estey EH, Keating MJ, McCredie KB, Bodey GP, Freireich EJ. Causes of remission induction failure in acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1982;60:309-15.
3. Meunier-Carpentier F, Kiehn TE, Armstrong D. Fungemia in the immunocompromised host. Am J Med 1981;71:363-70.
4. Bodey GP. Fungal infections complicating acute leukemia. J Chronic Dis 1966;19:667-87.
5. Walsh TJ, Pizzo A. Treatment of systemic fungal infections: recent progress and current problems. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988;7:460-75.
6. Rinaldi MG. Emerging opportunists. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1989;3:53-64.
7. Anaissie E, Kantarjian H, Ro J, et al. The emerging role of fusarium infections in patients with cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988; 67:77-83.
8. Stefanini M, Allegra S. Pulmonary mucormycosis in acute histiocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1957;256:1026.
9. Mirsky FIS, Cuttner J. Fungal infection in acute leukemia. Cancer 1972;30:348-52.
10. Rotstein C, Cummings KM, Nicolaou AL, et al. Nosocomial infection rates at an oncology center. Infect Control 1984;5:289-94.
11. Robinson GV, Tegtmeier BR, Zaia JA. Brief report: nosocomial infection rates in a cancer treatment center. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1984;5:289-94.
12. Horn R, Wong B, Kiehn TE, Armstrong D. Fungemia in a cancer hospital: changing frequency, earlier onset, and results of therapy. Rev Infect Dis 1985;7:646-55.
13. Weber JD, Rutala WA. Epidemiology of hospital-acquired fungal infections. In: Holmberg K, Meyer RD, eds. Diagnosis and therapy of systemic fungal infections. New York: Raven Press, 1989:1-24.
14. Myerwitz RL, Pazin GJ, Allen CM. Disseminated candidiasis. Changes in incidence, underlying disease and pathology. Am J Clin Pathol 1977;68:29-38.
15. Harvey RL, Myers JP. Nosocomial fungemia in a large community teaching hospital. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:2117-20.
16. Horan TC, White JW, Jarvis WR, et al. Nosocomial infection surveillance. 1984. MMWR 1986;35:17-29SS.
17. Hunter RVP, Lieberman PH, Collings HS. Aspergillosis in a cancer hospital. Cancer 1964;17:747-56.
18. Baker RD. Leukopenia and therapy in leukemia as factors predisposing to fatal mycoses: mucormycosis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1962;37:358-73.
19. Meyer RD, Young LS, Armstrong D, Yu B. Aspergillosis complicating neoplastic disease. Am J Med 1973;54:6-15.
20. Fisher BD, Armstrong D, Yu B, Gold JWM. Invasive aspergillosis: progress in early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 1981;71:571-7.
21. Carbone PP, Sabestin SM, Sidransky H, Frei E. Secondary aspergillosis. Ann Intern Med 1964;60:556-67.
22. Young RC, Bennett JE, Vogel CL, Carbone PP, DeVita VT. Aspergillosis: the spectrum of the disease in 98 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1970;49:147-73.
23. Bodey GP, Vartivarian S. Aspergillosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989;8:413-37.
24. Gerson SL, Talbot GH, Lusk E, Hurwitz S, Strom BL, Cassileth PA. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in adult acute leukemia: clinical clues to its diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 1985;3:1109-16.
25. Lehrer RI, Cline MJ. Leukocyte candidacidal activity and resistance to systemic candidiasis in patients with cancer. Cancer 1971;27:1211-7.
26. Diamond RD, Krzesicki R, Wellington J. Damage to pseudohyphal forms of Candida albicans by neutrophils in the absence of serum in vitro. J Clin Invest 1978;61:349-59.
27. Diamond RD, Clark RA, Haudenchild CC. Damage to Candida albicans hyphae and pseudohyphae by the myeloperoxidase system and oxidative products of neutrophil metabolism in vivo. J Clin Invest 1980;66:908-17.
28. Cech P, Lehrer RI. Heterogeneity of human neutrophil phagolysosomes: functional consequences for candidacidal activity. Blood 1984;64:147-51.
29. Schaffner A, Douglas H. Selective protection against conidia by mononuclear and against mycelia by polymorphonuclear phagocytes in resistance to Aspergillus. Observations on these two lines of defense in vivo and in vitro with human mouse phagocytes. J Clin Invest 1982;69:617-31.
30. Gerson SL, Talbot GH, Hurwitz S, et al. Prolonged granulocytopenia: the major risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:345-51.
31. Gustafson TL, Schaffner W, Lavely GP, Stratton CW, Johnson HK, Hutcheson RH Jr. Invasive aspergillosis in renal transplant recipients: correlation with corticosteroid therapy. J Infect Dis 1983; 148:230-8.
32. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Saral R. Candida tropicalis: a major pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Ann Intern Med 1979;91:539-43.
33. Blinkhorn RJ, Adelstein D, Spagnuolo PJ. Emergence of a new opportunistic pathogen, Candida lusitaniae. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:236-40.
34. Christenson JC, Guruswamy A, Mukway G, Rettig PJ. Candida lusitaniae: an emerging human pathogen. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987;6:755-7.
35. Guinet R, Chanas J, Goullier A, Bonnefoy G, Ambroise-Thomas P. Fatal septicemia due to amphotericin B-resistant Candida lusitaniae. J Clin Microbiol 1983;18:443-4.
36. Sanchez PJ, Cooper BH. Candida lusitaniae: sepsis and meningitis in a neonate. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987;6:758-61.
37. Walsh TJ, Merz WG. Pathologic features in the human alimentary tract associated with invasiveness of Candida tropicalis. Am J Clin Pathol 1986;85:498-502.
38. Merz WG, Karp JE, Schron D, Saral R. Increased incidence of fungemia caused by Candida krusei. J Clin Microbiol 1986;24:581-4.
39. Dick JD, Merz WG, Saral R. Incidence of polyene-resistant yeasts recovered from clinical specimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;18:158-63.
40. Dick JD, Rosengard BR, Merz WG, et al. Fatal disseminated candidiasis due to amphotericin B resistant Candida guilliermondii. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:67-8.
41. Pappagianis D, Collins MS, Hector R, Remington J. Development of resistance to amphotericin B in Candida lusitaniae infecting a human. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979;16:123-6.
42. Maksymiuk AW, Thongrasert S, Hopfer R, Luna M, Fainstein V, Bodey GP. Systemic candidiasis in cancer patients. Am J Med 1984;77:20-7.
43. Anaissie E, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, et al. Fluconazole therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with leukemia and prior amphotericin B therapy. Am J Med 1991;91:142-50.
44. Bodey GP, DeJongh D, Isassi A, Freireich EJ. Hypersplenism due to disseminated candidiasis in a patient with acute leukemia. Cancer 1969;26:417-20.
45. Haron E, Feld R, Tuffnell P, Patterson B, Hasselback R, Matlow A. Hepatic candidiasis: an increasing problem in immunocompromised patients. Am J Med 1987;83:17-26.
46. Thaler M, Pastakia B, Shawker TH, O'Leary T, Pizzo PA. Hepatic candidiasis in cancer patients: the evolving picture of the syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:88-100.
47. Lewis JH, Patel HR, Zimmerman HJ. The spectrum of hepatic candidiasis. Hepatology 1982;2:479-87.
48. Johnson JD, Raff MJ. Fungal splenic abscess. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:1987-93.
49. Johnson TL, Barnett JL, Appleman HD, Nostrant T. Candida hepatitis: histopathologic diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1988;12:716-20.
50. Tashjian LS, Abramson JS, Peacock JE Jr. Focal hepatic candidiasis: a distinct clinical variant of candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Rev Infect Dis 1984;6:689-703.
51. Crislip MA, Edwards JE. Candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1989;1:103-33.
52. Bodey GP, Anaissie EJ. Chronic systemic candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989;8:855-7.
53. Kauffman CA, Bradley SF, Ross SC, Weber DR. Hepatosplenic candidiasis: successful treatment with fluconazole. Am J Med 1991;90:137-41.
54. Bodey GP, Luna M. Skin lesions associated with disseminated candidiasis. JAMA 1974;229:1466-8.
55. Kressel B, Szewczyk C, Tuazon CU. Early clinical recognition of disseminated candidiasis by muscle and skin biopsy. Arch Intern Med 1978;138:429-33.
56. Jarowski C, Fialk MA, Murray HW, et al. Fever, rash, and muscle tenderness. A distinctive clinical presentation of disseminated candidiasis. Arch Intern Med 1978;138:544-6.
57. Balandran L, Rothschild H, Pugh N, Seabury J. A cutaneous manifestation of systemic candidiasis. Ann Intern Med 1973;78:400-3.
58. Fine JD, Miller JA, Harrist TJ, Haynes HA. Cutaneous lesions in disseminated candidiasis mimicking ecthyma gangrenosum. Am J Med 1981;70:1133-5.
59. Eppes SC, Troutman JL, Gutman LT. Outcome of treatment of candidemia in children whose central catheters were removed or retained. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:99-104.
60. Dato VM, Dajani AS. Candidemia in children with central venous catheters: role of catheter removal and amphotericin B therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9:309-14.
61. Guggenbichler JP, Koller J, Allerberger F. The influence of third-generation cephalosporins on the aerobic intestinal flora. Infection 1985;13(suppl 1):S137.
62. Knothe H, Dette GA, Shah PM. Impact of injectable cephalosporins on the gastrointestinal microflora: observations in healthy volunteers and hospitalized patients. Infection 1985;13(suppl 1):S 129.
63. Rose HD, Kurup VP. Colonization of hospitalized patients with yeastlike organisms. Sabouraudia 1977; 15:251.
64. Odds FC, Evans EG. Distribution of pathogenic yeast and humoral antibodies to Candida among hospital inpatients. J Clin Pathol 1980;33:750-6.
65. Chitale A, Bhende Y. The incidence of Candida albicans in throat and feces of healthy persons and patients on antibiotic therapy. J Postgrad Med 1965; 11:30.
66. Stone HH, Geheber CE, Kolb LD, et al. Alimentary tract colonization by Candida albicans. J Surg Res 1973;14:273.
67. Stone HH, Kolb LD, Currie CA, et al. Candida sepsis: pathogenesis and principles of treatments. Ann Surg 1974; 179:697.
68. Krause W, Matheis H, Wulf K. Fungaemia and funguria after oral administration of Candida albicans. Lancet 1969; 1:598.
69. Deitch EA, Berg R, Specian R. Endotoxin promotes the translocation of bacteria from the gut. Arch Surg 1987; 122:185-90.
70. Rinaldi MG. Invasive aspergillosis. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5:1061-77.
71. Arnow PM, Anderson RL, Mainous PD, et al. Pulmonary aspergillosis during hospital renovation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 1 18:49-53.
72. Lentino JR, Rosenkranz MA, Michaels JA, et al. Nosocomial aspergillosis: a retrospective review of airborne disease secondary to road construction and contaminated air conditioners. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:430-7.
73. Opal SM, Asp AA, Cannady PB, Morse PL, Burton LJ, Hammer PG II. Efficacy of infection control measures during a nosocomial outbreak of disseminated aspergillosis associated with hospital construction. J Infect Dis 1986;153:634-7.
74. Sarubbi FA, Kopf HB, Wilson MB, et al. Increased recovery of Aspergillus fluvus from respiratory specimens during hospital construction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;125:33-8.
75. Aisner J, Schimpff SC. Bennett JE, et al. Aspergillus infections in cancer patients: association with fireproofing materials in a new hospital. JAMA 1976;235:411-2.
76. Gage AA, Dean DC, Schimert G, et al. Aspergillus infection after cardiac surgery. Arch Surg 1977;101:384-7.
77. Kyriakides GK, Zinneman HH, Hall WH, et al. Immunologic monitoring and aspergillosis in renal transplant patients. Am J Surg 1976;131:246-52.
78. Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections. Current topics in medical mycology. Vol 2. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988:305-7.
79. Conversations in infection control: invasive fungal disease. Stuart Pharmaceuticals 1985;6:1-12.
80. Rhame FS, Streifel A, Stevens P, et al. Endemic Aspergillus airborne spore levels are a major risk factor for aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant patients (abstract no 147). In: Program and abstracts of the 25th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1985.
81. Petheran IS, Seal R. Aspergillus prosthetic valve endocarditis. Thorax 1976;31:380-90.
82. Anaissie E, Bodey GP. Nosocomial fungal infections: old problems and new challenges. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1989;3:867-82.
83. Allo MD, Miller J, Townsend T, et al. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis associated with Hickman intravenous catheters. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1105-8.
84. Denning DW, Stevens DA. Antifungal and surgical treatment of invasive aspergillosis: review of 2, 121 cases. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12:1147-201.
85. Bodey GP. The emergence of fungi as major hospital pathogens. J Hosp Infect 1988; 11:411.
86. Merz WG, Karp JE, Hoagland M, Jett-Goheen M, Junkins JM, Hood AF. Diagnosis and successful treatment of fusariosis in the compromised host. J Infect Dis 1988;158:1046-55.
87. Anaissie E, Hachem R, Bodey GP. Comparative activities of fluconazole, itraconazole, saperconazole, SCH 39304, and amphotericin B against disseminated F. solani infection in mice (abstract no 288). In: Program and abstracts of the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1990.
88. Wong B, Bernard EM, Gold JWM, et al. Trichosporon infection in three patients with leukemia: evidence for a permissive role for excess iron (abstract no 7). In: Program and abstracts of the 22nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1982.
89. Walsh TJ, Melcher GP, Rinaldi MG, et al. Trichosporon beigelii. an emerging pathogen resistant to amphotericin B. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:1616-22.
90. Haron E, Anaissie E, Espinel-Ingroff A, Rolston K, Ho DH, Bodey GP. Susceptibility of Trichosporon beigelii to antifungal agents (abstract no 1525). In: Program and Abstracts of 28th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1988.
91. Walsh TJ, Lee JW, Melcher GP, Callendar D, Wu T, Pizzo PA. Experimental disseminated Trichosporon beigelii infection in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits: pathogenesis, immunodiagnosis, and antifungal therapy (abstract no PS3. 66). In: Program and abstracts of the XI Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). San Antonio, Texas: International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, 1991.
92. Anaissie E, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, et al. New spectrum of fungal infections in patients with cancer. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11:369-78.
93. Pizzo PA, Robichaud KJ, Gill FA, Witebsky FB. Empiric antibiotic and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia. Am J Med 1982;72:101-11.
94. Meunier F. Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Am J Med 1989;86:668-72.
95. Christiansen KJ, Bernard EM, Gold JWM, Armstrong D. Distribution and activity of amphotericin B in humans. J Infect Dis 1985;152:1037-43.
96. Collette N, Auwera V, Lopez AP, Heymans C, Meunier F. Tissue concentrations and bioactivity of amphotericin B in cancer patients treated with amphotericin B-deoxycholate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:362-8.
97. Armstrong D. Problems in the treatment of opportunistic fungal infections. In: Holmberg K, Meyer RD, eds. Diagnosis and therapy of systemic fungal infections. New York: Raven Press, 1989:149-58.
98. Bernard EM, Wong B, Armstrong D. Anaerobiasis decreases the susceptibility of Candida albicans to amphotericin B (abstract no 974). In: Program and abstracts of the 23rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1983.
99. Odds FC, ed. Candida peritonitis, hepatitis, and miscellaneous other forms of systemic candidosis. In: Candida and candidosis. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1988:196-205.
100. Komshian SV, Uwaydah AK, Sobel JD, Crane LR. Fungemia caused by Candida species and Torulopsis glabrata in the hospitalized patient: frequency, characteristics, and evaluation of factors influencing outcome. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11:379-90.
101. Lecciones J, Witebsky F, Marshall D, Gress J, Pizzo P, Walsh TJ. Catheter-associated fungemia in cancer patients: characteristics and clinical outcome (abstract no 68). In: Program and abstracts of the 29th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1989:112.
102. Powderly WG, Kobayashi GS, Herzig GP, Medoff G. Amphotericin B resistant yeast infection in severely immunocompromised patients. Am J Med 1988;84:826-32.
103. Bennett JE. Flucytosine. Ann Intern Med 1977;86:319-22.
104. Holt RJ, Newman RL. The antimycotic activity of 5-fluorocytosine. J Clin Pathol 1973;26:167-74.
105. Vandevelde AG, Mauceri AA, Johnson JE. 5-Fluorocytosine in the treatment of mycotic infection. Ann Intern Med 1972;77:43-51.
106. Harder EJ, Hermans PE. Treatment of fungal infections with flucytosine. Arch Intern Med 1975;135:231-7.
107. Tassel D, Madoff MA. Treatment of Candida sepsis and Cryptococcus meningitis with 5-fluorocytosine. JAMA 1968;206:830-2.
108. Eilard T, Alestig K, Wahlen P. Treatment of disseminated candidiasis with 5-fluorocytosine. J Infect Dis 1974;130:155-9.
109. Firkin FC. Therapy of deep-seated fungal infections with 5-fluorocy-tosine. Aust N Z J Med 1974;4:462-467.
110. Saag MS, Dismukes WE. Azole antifungal agents: emphasis on new triazoles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:1-8.
111. Dismukes WE. Azole antifungal drugs: old and new. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:177-9.
112. Walsh TJ, Aoki S, Mechinaud F, et al. Effects of preventive, early, and late antifungal chemotherapy with fluconazole in different granulocytopenic models of experimental disseminated candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1990;161:755-60.
113. Perfect JR, Writh KA, Hobbs MM, Durack DT. Treatment of experimental ciyptococcal meningitis and disseminated candidiasis with SCH 39304. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:1735-40.
114. Fainstein V, Bodey GP, Elting L, Maksymiuk A, Keating M, McCre-die KB. Amphotericin B or ketoconazole therapy of fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31:11-5.
115. Walsh TJ, Rubin M, Hathorn J, et al. Amphotericin B versus highdose ketoconazole for empirical antifungal therapy among febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients: a prospective randomized study. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:765-71.
116. Wingard JR, Vaughn WP, Braine HG, Merz WG, Saral R. Prevention of fungal sepsis in patients with prolonged neutropenia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of intravenous miconazole. Am J Med 1987;83:1103-10.
117. Goodman J, Buell D, Gilbert G. Fluconazole prevents fungal infections in bone marrow transplantation: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial (abstract no PS3. 114). In: Program and abstracts of XI Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). San Antonio, Texas: International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, 1991.
118. Anaissie E, Reuben A, Cunningham K, Bodey GP. Randomized trial of fluconazole vs intravenous amphotericin B for antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with leukemia (abstract no 572). In: Program and abstracts of 30th Interscience Conference on Anti microbial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1990.
119. Karp JE, Burch PA, Merz WG. An approach to intensive antileukemia therapy in patients with previous invasive aspergillosis. Am J Med 1988;85:203-6.
120. Lopez-Berestein G. Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of systemic mycoses in patients with cancer. In: Holmberg K, Meyer RD, eds. Diagnosis and therapy of systemic fungal infections. New York: Raven Press, 1989:159-66.
121. Anaissie E, Paetznick V, Proffitt R, Adler-Moore J, Bodey GP. Comparison of the in vitro antifungal activity of free and liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B (Vestar, Inc). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991;10:1-4.
122. Bennett JE, Dismukes WE, Duma RJ, et al. A comparison of amphotericin B alone and combined with flucytosine in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 1979;301:126.
123. Schaffner A, Frick PG. The effect of ketoconazole on amphotericin B in a model of disseminated aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 1985;151:902-10.
124. Albert MM, Graybill JR, Rinaldi MG. Treatment of murine cryptococcal meningitis with an SCH 39304-amphotericin B combination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:1721-5.
125. Graybill JR, Williams DM, Van Cutsen W, Drutz DJ. Combination therapy of experimental histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis with amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1980;2:551-8.
126. Polak A, Scholer HJ, Wall M. Combination therapy of experimental candidiasis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis in mice. Chemotherapy 1982;28:461-79.
127. Sugar AM. Interactions of amphotericin B and SCH 39304 in the treatment of experimental murine candidiasis: lack of antagonism of a polyene-azole combination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:1669-71.
128. Sugar A, Goldani L, Picard M. Treatment of murine invasive candidiasis with amphotericin B and cilofungin: evidence for enhanced activity with combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:2128-30.
129. Hanson LH, Perlman AM, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Synergy between cilofungin and amphotericin B in a murine model of candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:1334-7.
130. Anaissie E, Wong E, Bodey GP, O'Brien S, Gutterman J, Vadhan S. Granulocyte-machrophage colony stimulating factor plus amphotericin B for disseminated mycoses in neutropenic cancer patients (abstract no 73). In: Program and abstracts of the 29th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1989.