Immune-enhancing enteral formulas: Are they beneficial in critically ill patients

Nutrition in Clinical Practice

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 51-62

  Barton, Richard G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT;

CRITICAL ILLNESS; ELEMENTAL DIET; ENTERIC FEEDING; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; STANDARD;

ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; CRITICAL ILLNESS; ENTERAL NUTRITION; FOOD, FORMULATED; HUMANS;

EID: 85047689181     PISSN: 08845336     EISSN: 19412452     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/011542659701200251     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Cuthbertson DP. Further observations on the disturbance of metabolism caused by injury, with particular reference to the dietary requirements of fracture cases. Br J Surg 1935-36;23:505-20.
2. Elwyn DH. Nutritional requirements of adult surgical patients. Crit Care Med 1980;8:9.
3. Long CL, Schaffel N, Geiger JW,et al.Metabolic response to injury and illness: Estimation of energy and protein needs from indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance. JPEN 1979;3:452.
4. Nelson KM, Long CL. Physiological basis for nutrition in sepsis. NCP 1989;4:615.
5. Cerra FB, Siegel JH, Colman B,et al.Septic autocannibalism, a failure of exogenous nutritional support. Ann Surg 1980;192:570-9.
6. Shaw JHF, Wildbore M, Wolfe RR. Whole body protein kinetics in severely septic patients. Ann Surg 1987;205:288-94.
7. Long CL, Jeevanaudan M, Kinney JM. Whole body protein synthesis and catabolism in septic man. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:1340.
8. Wilmore DW. Homeostasis: Bodily changes in trauma and surgery In: Sabiston DL, ed. Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1986.
9. Pomposelli JJ, Flores EA, Bistrian BR. Role of biochemical mediators in clinical nutrition and surgical metabolism. JPEN 1988;12:212-8.
10. Wilmore DW, Smith RJ, O'Dwyer ST,et al.The gut: A central organ after surgical stress. Surgery 1988;104:917-23.
11. Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN,et al.TEN vs TPN following major abdominal trauma-Reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 1989;29:916-22.
12. Moore FA, Feliciano DV, Andrassy RJ,et al.Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. The results of a metaanalysis. Ann Surg 1991;216:172-83.
13. Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TC,et al.Enteral versus parenteral feeding: Effects on septic morbidity after blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 1992;215:503-13.
14. Moncada S, Higgs H. The L-arginine-Nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 1993;329:2003-12.
15. Barbul A. Arginine: Biochemistry, physiology, and therapeutic implications. JPEN 1986;10:227-38.
16. Daly JM, Reynolds J, Thom A,et al.Immune and metabolic effects of arginine in the surgical patient. Ann Surg 1988;208:512-23.
17. Kirk SJ, Barbul A. Role of arginine in trauma, sepsis, and immunity. JPEN 1990; 14:226S-29S.
18. Barbul A, Rettura G, Levenson SM,et al.Arginine: A thymotropic and wound healing promoting agent. Surg Forum 1977;28:101-3.
19. Rettura G, Padawer J, Barbul A,et al.Supplemental arginine increases thymic cellularity in normal and murine sarcoma virus-inoculated mice and increases the resistance to murine sarcoma virus tumor. JPEN 1979;3:409-16.
20. Barbul A, Wasserkrug HL, Sisto DA,et al.Thymic stimulatory actions of arginine. JPEN 1980;4:446-9.
21. Barbul A, Rettura G, Levenson SM,et al.Thymotrophic actions of arginine, ornithine, and growth hormone, abstracted. Fed Proc 1978;37:264.
22. Barbul A, Rettura G, Wasserkrug HL,et al.Arginine stimulates lymphocyte immune responses in healthy humans. Surgery 1981; 90:244-50.
23. Madden HP, Breslin RJ, Wasserkrug HL. Stimulation of T-cell immunity by arginine enhances survival in peritonitis. J Surg Res 1988;44:658-63.
24. Nirgiotis JG, Hennessey PJ, Andrassy RJ. The effects of an arginine-free enteral diet on wound healing and immune function in the postsurgical rat. J Pediatr Surg 1991:26:936-41.
25. Gonce SJ, Peck MD, Alexander JW,et al.Arginine supplementation and its effect on established peritonitis in guinea pigs. JPEN 1990;14:237-44.
26. Saito H, Trocki O, Wang SI,et al.Metabolic and immune effects of dietary arginine supplementation after burn. Arch Surg 1987;122:784-9.
27. Barbul A, Lazarou SA, Efron DT,et al.Arginine enhances wound healing and lymphocyte response in humans. Surgery 1990;108:331-7.
28. Carver JD, Cox WI, Barness LA. Dietary nuclentide effects upon murine natural killer cell activity and macrophage activation. JPEN 1990;14:18-22.
29. VanBuren CT, Rudolph FB, Kulkarni AD. Reversal of immunosuppression induced by a protein free diet: Comparison of nucleotides, fish oil and arginine. Crit Care Med 1990;18(Suppl):S114-17.
30. Rudolph FB, Kulkarni AD, Schandie VB,et al.Involvement of dietary nucleotides in T lymphocyte function. Adv Exp Med 1984;165B:175-8.
31. Fanslow WC, Kulkarni AD, Van Buren C,et al.Effect of nucleotide restriction and supplementation on resistance to experimental murine candidiasis. JPEN 1988;12:49-52.
32. Kulkarni AD, Fanslow WC, Rudolph FB,et al.Effect of dietary nucleotides on response to bacterial infections. JPEN 1986;10:169-71.
33. Pizzini RP, Kumar S, Kulkarni AD,et al.Dietary nucleotides reverse malnutrition and starvation induced immunosuppression [abstract]. Surg Infection Society 1989:50.
34. Adjei AA, Takamine FT, Yokoyama H,et al.The effects of oral RNA and intraperitoneal nucleoside-nucleotide administration on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. JPEN 1993;17:148-52.
35. Kinsella JE, Lokesh B. Dietary lipids, eicosanoids and the immune system. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: S94-113.
36. Cathcart ES, Leslie CA, Meydani SN,et al.A fish oil diet retards experimental amyloidosis, modulates lymphocyte function, and decreases macrophage arachidonate metabolism in mice. J Immunol 1987;139:1850-4.
37. Catheart ES, Mortensen RF, Leslie CA,et al.A fish oil diet inhibits amyloid P component (AP) acute phase responses in arthritis in susceptible mice. J Immunol 1987;139:89-91.
38. Leslie CA, Gonnerman WA, Ullman MD,et al.Dietary fish oil modulates macrophage fatty acids and decreases arthritis susceptibility in mice. J Exp Med 1985;162:1336-49.
39. Robinson DR, Prickett JD, Polisson R,et al.The protective effect of dietary fish oil on murine lupus. Prostaglandins 1985;30:51-75.
40. Bittiner SB, Tucker WF, Cartwright I,et al.A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet 1988;1:378-80.
41. Kremer JM, Jubiz W, Michalek A,et al.Fish oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis: A double blinded, controlled, crossover study. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:497-503.
42. Billiar TA, Bankey PE, Svingen BA,et al.Fatty acid intake and Kupffer cell function: Fish oil alters eicosanoid and monokine production to endotoxin stimulation. Surgery 1988;104:343-9.
43. Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE,et al.The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononucleur cells. N Engl J Med 1989;320:265-71.
44. Dinarello CA, Cannon JG, Wolff SM,et al.Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin-1. J Exp Med 1986;163:1433-50.
45. Alexander JW, Saito H, Trocki O,et al.The importance of lipid type in the diet after burn injury. Ann Surg 1986;204:1-8.
46. Trocki O, Heyd TJ, Waymack JP,et al.Effects of fish oil on postburn metabolism and immunity. JPEN 1987; 11: 521-8.
47. Teo TC, DeMichele SJ, Selleck KM,et al.Administration of structured lipid composed of MCT and fish oil reduces net protein catabolism in enterally fed burned rats. Ann Surg 1989;210:100-7.
48. Mascioli EA, Iwasa Y, Trimbo S,et al.Effect of a menhaden oil diet on survival to endotoxin in guinea pigs. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:277-82.
49. Barton RG, Wells CL, Carlson A,et al.Dietary omega-3 fatty acids decrease mortality and kupffer cell prostaglandin E2 production in a rat model of chronic sepsis. J Trauma 1991;31:768-74.
50. Barton RG, Cerra FB, Wells CL. Effect of a diet deficient in essential fatty acids on the translocation of intestinal bacteria. JPEN 1992;16:122-8.
51. Peck MD, Alexander JW, Ogle CK,et al.The effect of dietary fatty acids on response to pseudomonas infection in burned mice. J Trauma 1990;30:445-52.
52. Peck MD, Ogle CK, Alexander JW. Composition of fat in enteral diets can influence outcome in experimental peritonitis. Ann Surg 1991;214:74-82.
53. Kenler AS, Swails WS, Driscoll DF,et al.Early enteral feeding in postsurgical cancer patients: Fish oil structured lipid-based polymeric formula versus a standard polymeric formula. Ann Surg 1996;223:316-33.
54. Goldstein L, Schrock H, Cha C-J. Relationship of muscle glutamine production to renal ammonia metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 1980;8:509-10.
55. Souba WW, Wilmore DW. Postoperative alterations of ateriovenous exchange of amino acids across the gastrointestinal tract. Surgery 1983;94:342-50.
56. Miller BM, Cersosimo E, McRae J, et al.Interorgan relationships of alanine and glutamine during fasting in the conscious dog. J Surg Res 1983; 35:310-8.
57. Cersosimo E, Williams PE, Radosevich PM,et al.Role of glutamine in adaptions in nitrogen metabolism during fasting. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: E622-8.
58. Welbourne TC, Phromphetcharat V, Givens G,et al.Regulation of interorganal glutamine flow in metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: E457-63.
59. Finch LR, Hird FJR. The uptake of amino acids by isolated segments of rat intestine. I. A survey of factors affecting the measurement of uptake. Biochem Biophys Acta 1960;43:268-77.
60. Addae SK, Lotspeich WD. Relation between glutamine utilization and production in metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol 1968;215:269-77.
61. Neptune EM. Respiration and oxidation of various substrates by ileum in vitro. Am J Physiol 1965;209:329-32.
62. Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE. Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine. J Biol Chem 1974;249:5070-9.
63. Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE. Identification of ketone bodies and glutamine as the major respiratory fuels in vivo for postabsorptive rat small intestine. J Biol Chem 1978;253:69-76.
64. Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE. Respiratory fuels and nitrogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fed rats: Quantitative importance of glutamine, glutamate and asparatate. J Biol Chem 1980;255:107-12.
65. Newsholme EA, Newsholme P, Curi R,et al.A role for muscle in the immune system and its importance in surgery, trauma, sepsis and burns. Nutrition 1988;4:261-8.
66. McKeehan WI. Glycolsis, glutaminolysis and cell proliferation. Cell Biol Int Rep 1982;6:635-50.
67. Hartmann F, Plauth M. Intestinal glutamine metabolism. Metabolism 1989;38(Suppl 1):18-24.
68. Newsholme EA, Newsholme P, Curi R. The role of the citric acid cycle in cells of the immune system and its importance in sepsis, trauma and burns. Biochem Soc Symp 1988;54:145-62.
69. Newsholme P, Newsholme EA. Rates of utilization of glucose, glutamine and oleate and formation of end-products by mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture. Biochem J 1989;261:211-8.
70. Krebs H. Special Lecture: Glutamine metabolism in the animal body. In: Mora J, Palacios R, eds. Glutamine: metabolism, enzymology, and regulation. New York: Academic Press, 1980:319-29.
71. Lacey JM, Wilmore DW. Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid? Nutrition Reviews 1990; 48:297-309.
72. Wang X-D, Jacobs DO, O'Dwyer ST,et al.Glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition prevents mucosal atrophy following massive bowel resection. Surg Forum 1988;39:44-6.
73. Smith RJ, O'Dwyer ST, Wang X-D,et al.Glutamine nutrition and the gastrointestinal tract. In: The gastrointestinal response to injury, starvation, and enteral nutrition: Report of the Eighth Ross Conference on Medical Research. Columbus OH: Ross Laboratories, 1988:76-8.
74. O'Dwyer SO, Smith RJ, Hwang TL,et al.Maintenance of small bowel mucosa with glutamine enriched parenteral nutrition. JPEN 1989;13:579-85.
75. Helton WS, Smith RJ, Rounds J,et al.Glutamine prevents pancreatic atrophy and fatty liver during elemental feeding. J Surg Res 1990;48:297-303.
76. Grant JP, Snyder PJ. Use of L-Glutamine in total parenteral nutrition. J Surg Res 1988;44:506-13.
77. Souba WW, Klimberg VS, Hautamaki RD,et al.Oral glutamine reduces bacterial translocation following abdominal radiation. J Surg Res 1990;48:1-5.
78. O'Dwyer ST, Scott T, Smith RJ,et al.5-Fluorouracil toxicity on small intestinal mucosa but not white blood cells is decreased by glutamine [abstract]. Clin Res 1987; 35:369A.
79. Fox AD, Kripke SA, DePaula J,et al.Effect of a glutamine-supplemented enteral diet on methotrexate induced enterocolitis. JPEN 1988;12:325-31.
80. Ardawi MSM. Effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition on septic rats. Clin Sci 1990;81:215-22.
81. Yoshida S, Leskiw MJ, Schluter MD,et al.Effect of total parenteral nutrition, systemic sepsis, and glutamine on gut mucosa in rats. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: E368-73.
82. Grant AP, Grant JP, Snyder PJ,et al.Effects of enteral feeding products on survival from Escherichia coli peritonitis. J Trauma 1994;37:778-85.
83. Caldwell MD. Local glutamine metabolism in wounds and inflammation. Metabolism 1989;38(Suppl):34-9.
84. Ardawi MSM. Glutamine and glucose metabolism in human peripheral lymphocytes. Metabolism 1988;37:99-103.
85. Kafkewitz D, Bendich A. Enzyme-induced asparagine and glutamine depletion and immune system function. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:1025-30.
86. Stehle P, Zander J, Mertes N,et al.Effect of parenteral glutamine peptide supplements on muscle glutamine loss and nitrogen balance after major surgery. Lancet 1989;1:231-3.
87. Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J, Ali R,et al.Addition of glutamine to total parenteral nutrition after elective abdominal surgery spares free glutamine in muscle, counteracts the fall in muscle protein synthesis, and improves nitrogen balance. Ann Surg 1989;209:455-61.
88. Wernerman J, Hammarqvist F, Ali MR,et al.Glutamine and ornithine-a-ketoglutarale but not branched-chain amino acids reduce the loss of muscle glutamine after surgical trauma. Metabolism 1989;38(Suppl):63-6.
89. Tremel H, Kienle B, Weilemann LS,et alGlutamine dipeptide supplemented TPN maintains intestinal function in the critically ill [abstract]. Clin Nutr 1992;11(Suppl):25.
90. Van Der Hulst RRW, Van Krell BK, Von Meyenfeldt MF,et al.Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet 1993;341:1363-5.
91. Ziegler TR, Young LS, Benfell K,et al.Clinical and metabolic efficacy of glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation. A randomized, double-blind controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:821-8.
92. Scheltinga MR, Young LS, Benfell K,et al.Glutamine-enriched intravenous feedings attenuate extracellular fluid expansion after a standard stress. Ann Surg 1991;214:385-95.
93. Schloerb PR, Amare M. Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine in bone marrow transplantation and other clinical applications (A randomized, doubleblind study). JPEN 1993;17:407-13.
94. Gottschlich MM, Jenkins M, Warden GD,et al.Differential effects of three enteral dietary regimens on selected outcome variables in burn patients. JPEN 1990;14:225-36.
95. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Does the formulation of enteral feeding products influence infectious morbidity and mortality rates in the critically ill patient? A critical review of the evidence. Crit Care Med 1994;22:1192-202.
96. Cerra FB, Lehmann S, Konstantinides N,et al.Improvement in immune function in ICU patients by enteral nutrition supplemented with arginine, RNA, and menhaden oil is independent of nitrogen balance. Nutrition 1991;7:193-9.
97. Daly JM, Lieberman MD, Goldfine J,et al.Enteral nutrition with supplemental arginine, RNA and omega-3 fatty acids in patients after operation: Immunologic, metabolic, and clinical outcome. Surgery 1992;112:56-67.
98. Koretz RL. Immunonutrition [letter to the editor]. Surgery 1993;114:631.
99. Daly JM, Weintraub FN, Shou J,et al.Enteral nutrition during multimodality therapy in upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. Ann Surg 1995;221:327-38.
100. Jarstrand C, Berghem L, Lahnborg G. Human granulocyte and reticuloendothelial system function during Intralipid infusion. JPEN 1978;2:663.
101. Nordenstrom J, Jarstrand C, Wiernik A. Decreased chemotactic and random migration of leukocytes during Intralipid infusion. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2416.
102. Wiernik A, Jarstrand C, Julander I. The effect of Intralipid on mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:256-61.
103. Nugent KM. Intralipid effects on reticulo-endothelial function. J Leukocyte Biol 1984;36:123-32.
104. Hawley HP, Gordon GB. The effects of long chain free fatty acids on human neutrophil function. Lab Invest 1976;34:216-22.
105. English D, Roloff JS, Lukens JN,et al.Intravenous lipid emulsions and human neutrophil function. J Pediatr 1981;99:913-20.
106. Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B,et al.Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: Results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1995;23:436-49.
107. Kemen M, Senkal M, Homann H-H,et al.Early postoperative enteral nutrition with arginine, omega-3 fatty acid and ribonucleic acid-supplemented diet versus placebo in cancer patients: An immunological evaluation of Impact. Crit Care Med 1995;23:652-9.
108. Moore FA, Moore EE, Kudsk KA,et al.Clinical benefits of an immune-enhancing diet for early postinjury enteral feeding. J Trauma 1994;36:607-15.
109. Spaeth G, Gottwald T, Hirner A. Fibre is an essentialingredient of enteral diets to limit bacterial translocation in rats. Eur J Surg 1995;161:513-8.
110. Frankel W, Zhang W, Singh A,et al.Fiber: Affect on bacterial translocation and intestinal mucin content. World J Surg 1995;19:144-8.
111. Deitch EA, Xu D, Naruhn MB,et al.Elemental Diet and IV-TPN induced bacterial translocation is associated with loss of intestinal mucosal barrier against bacteria. Ann Surg 1995;221:299-307.
112. Shou J, Motyka LE, Daly JM. Intestinal microbial translocation: Immunologic consequences and effects of interleukin-4. Surgery 1994;116:868-76.
113. Deitch EA, Xu D, Qi L,et al.Elemental diet-induced immune suppression is caused by both bacterial and dietary factors. JPEN 1993;17:332-6.
114. Xu D, Qi L, Thirstrup C,et al.Elemental diet-induced bacterial translocation and immunosuppression is not reversed by glutamine. J Trauma 1993;35:8214.
115. Kudsk KA, Minard G, Croce MA,et al.A randomized trial of isonitrogenous enteral diets after severe trauma: An immune-enhancing diet reduces septic complications. Ann Surg 1996;224:531-43.
116. Schultz SG, Magnant CM, Richman MF,et al.Identifying the low-risk patient with penetrating colonic injury for selective use of primary repair. Surg, Gyn & Obst 1993;177:237-42.
117. Stone HH, Fabian TC. Management of perforating colon trauma: Randomization between primary closure and exteriorization. Ann Surg 1979;190:430-6.
118. Haygood FD, Polk HC. Gunshot wounds of the colon: A review of 100 consecutive patients, with emphasis on complications and their causes. Am J Surg 1976;131:213-8.
119. Demetriades D, Pantanowitz D, Charalambides D. Gunshot wounds of the colon: Role of primary repair. Ann Royal Coll Surg 1992;74:381-4.
120. Shannon FL, Moore EE. Primary repair of the colon: When is it a safe alternative? Surgery 1985;98:851-9.
121. Croce MA, Fabian TC, Stewart RM,et al.Correlation of Abdominal Trauma Index and Injury Severity Score with abdominal septic complications in penetrating and blunt trauma. J Trauma 1992;32:380-8.
122. Saffle JR, Wiebke G, Jennings K,et al.A randomized trial of immune enhancing enteral nutrition in burn patients [abstract]. Presented at the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma; 1996; Houston, TX.