Dynamical Evolutionary Psychology: Individual Decision Rules and Emergent Social Norms

Psychological Review

Volumn 110, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 3-28

  Kenrick, Douglas T ^a   Li, Norman P ^a   Butner, Jonathan ^a,b  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; PSYCHOLOGY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; CULTURE; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; PSYCHOLOGY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 85047688481     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.3     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Agosta, W. C. (1992). Chemical communication. New York: Scientific American.
2. Alcock, J. (1998a). Animal behavior: An evolutionary approach (6th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
3. Alcock, J. (1998b). Unpunctuated equilibrium in the Natural History essays of Stephen Jay Gould. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19, 321-336.
4. Alcock, J. (2001). The triumph of sociobiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Baer, D., & McEachron, D. L. (1982). A review of selected sociobiological principles: Application to hominid evolution I: The development of group social structure. Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 5, 69-90.
6. Bailey, J. M., Gaulin, S., Agyei, Y., & Gladue, B. A. (1994). Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1081-1093.
7. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). The adapted mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Baron, R. M., & Misovich, S. J. (1999). On the relationship between social and cognitive modes of organization. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 586-605). New York: Guilford Press.
9. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
10. Bell, A. P., & Weinberg, M. S. (1978). Homosexualities: A study of diversity in men and women. New York: Simon & Schuster.
11. Bossard, J. H. S. (1932). Residential propinquity as a factor in marriage selection. American Journal of Sociology, 38, 219-224.
12. Brechner, K. C. (1977). An experimental analysis of social traps. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 552-564.
13. Brehm, S. S. (1992). Intimate relationships (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
14. Brewer, M. B., & Lui, L. N. (1989). The primacy of age and sex in the structure of person categories. Social Cognition, 3, 262-274.
15. Bugental, D. B. (2000). Acquisition of the algorithms of social life: A domain-based approach. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 187-219.
16. Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994). Some neo-Darwinian rules for altruism: Weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 773-789.
17. Buss, D. M. (1995). Evolutionary psychology: A new paradigm for psychological science. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 1-30.
18. Buss, D. M. (1999). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of mind, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
19. Buss, D. M., Haselton, M. G., Shackelford, T. K., Bleske, A. L., & Wakefield, J. C. (1998). Adaptations, expatations, and spandrels. American Psychologist, 53, 533-548.
20. Buss, D. M., & Kenrick, D. T. (1998). Evolutionary social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 4th ed., pp. 982-1026). New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. Buss, D. M., Larsen, R. J., Westen, D., & Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology. Psychological Science, 2, 204-232.
22. Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204-232.
23. Caporael, L. R., & Baron, R. M. (1997). Groups as the mind's natural environment. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 317-344). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., & Cavalli-Sforza, F. (1995). The great human diasporas: The history of diversity and evolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
25. Cialdini, R. B. (1995). A full-cycle approach to social psychology. In G. C. Brannigan & M. R. Merrens (Eds.), The social psychologists: Research adventures (pp. 52-73). New York: McGraw-Hill.
26. Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 163-228). New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Barkow, J. H. (1992). Introduction: Evolutionary psychology and conceptual integration. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 3-18). New York: Oxford University Press.
28. Crawford, C. (1998). The theory of evolution in the study of human behavior: An introduction and overview. In C. Crawford & D. L. Krebs (Eds.), Handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 3-42). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Crawford, C. B., & Anderson, J. L. (1989). Sociobiology: An environmentalist discipline. American Psychologist, 44, 1449-1459.
30. Crawford, C., & Krebs, D. L. (1998). Handbook of evolutionary psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. Crook, J. H., & Crook, S. J. (1988). Tibetan polyandry: Problems of adaptation and fitness. In L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff-Mulder, & P. Turke (Eds.), Human reproductive behavior: A Darwinian perspective (pp. 97-114). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
32. Cunningham, M. R., Druen, P. B., & Barbee, A. P. (1997). Angels, mentors, and friends: Tradeoffs among evolutionary, social, and individual variables in physical appearance. In J. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 109-141). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Daly, M. (1989). Parent-off spring conflict and violence in evolutionary perspective. In R. W. Bell & N. J. Bell (Eds.), Sociobiology and the social sciences (pp. 25-44). Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.
34. Daly, M., Salmon, C., & Wilson, M. (1997). Kinship: The conceptual hole in psychological studies of social cognition and close relationships. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 265-296). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1983). Sex, evolution, and behavior (2nd ed.). Boston: Willard Grant Press.
36. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
37. Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
38. Dawkins, R. (1982). The extended phenotype. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
39. Dawkins, R. (1986). The blind watchmaker. New York: Norton.
40. Diamond, J. (1997). Guns, germs, and steel. New York: Norton.
41. Dijkstra, P., & Buunk, B. P. (1998). Jealousy as a function of rival characteristics: An evolutionary perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1158-1166.
42. Draper, P., & Belsky, J. (1990). Personality development in evolutionary perspective. Journal of Personality, 58, 141-162.
43. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1972). Similarities and differences between cultures in expressive movements. In R. A. Hinde (Ed.), Non-verbal communication (pp. 297-312). London: Cambridge University Press.
44. Emlen, S. T., Wrege, P. H., & DeMong, N. J. (1995). Making decisions in the family: An evolutionary perspective. American Scientist, 83, 148-157.
45. Endler, N. S., & Magnusson, D. (1976). Interactional psychology and personality. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
46. Essock-Vitale, S. M., & McGuire, M. T. (1985). Women's lives viewed from an evolutionary perspective. II: Patterns of helping. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 155-173.
47. Essock-Vitale, S. M., & McGuire, M. T. (1989). Social and reproductive histories of depressed and anxious women. In R. W. Bell & N. Bell (Eds.), Sociobiology and the social sciences (pp. 105-118). Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.
48. Fiske, A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99, 689-723.
49. Fiske, A. P., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). The cultural matrix of social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 915-982). New York: McGraw-Hill.
50. Gangestad, S. W., & Simpson, J. A. (1990). Toward an evolutionary history of female sociosexual variation. Journal of Personality, 58, 69-96.
51. Gangestad, S. W., & Simpson, J. A. (2000). The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 573-587.
52. Garcia, J., & Koelling, R. A. (1966). Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 4, 123-124.
53. Gardner, H. (1985). The mind's new science: A history of the cognitive revolution. New York: Basic Books.
54. Geary, D. C. (1998). Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
55. Geary, D. C. (2000). Evolution and proximate expression of human paternal investment. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 55-77.
56. Glass, A. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1986). Cognition (2nd ed.). New York: Random House.
57. Goodwin, B. (1994). How the leopard changed its spots. New York; Scribner.
58. Graziano, W. G., Jensen-Campbell, L. A., Todd, M., & Finch, J. F. (1997). Interpersonal attraction from an evolutionary perspective: Women's reactions to dominant and prosocial men. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.). Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 141-168). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
59. Griffin, D. R. (1958). Listening in the dark. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
60. Gross, M. R. (1996). Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: Diversity within sexes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 92-98.
61. Gutierres, S. E., Kenrick, D. T., & Partch, J. J. (1999). Beauty, dominance, and the mating game: Contrast effects in self-assessment reflect gender differences in mate selection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1126-1135.
62. Guttentag, M., & Secord, P. F. (1983). Too many women? The sex ratio question, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
63. Haley, M. P., Deutsch, C. J., & LeBoeuf, B. J. (1994). Size, dominance, and copulatory success in male elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris. Animal Behaviour, 48, 1249-1260.
64. Hamilton, W. D. (1964a). The genetical evolution of social behaviour: I. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1-16.
65. Hamilton, W. D. (1964b). The genetical evolution of social behaviour: II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 17-52.
66. Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 917-924.
67. Hastie, R., & Park, B. (1986). The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line. Psychological Review, 93, 258-268.
68. Hazan, C., & Diamond, L. M. (2000). The place of attachment in human mating. Review of General Psychology, 4, 186-204.
69. Hettema, J., & Kenrick, D. T. (1992). Models of person-situation interactions. In G. V. Caprara & G. L. vanHeck (Eds.), Modern personality psychology: Critical reviews and new directions (pp. 393-417). New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
70. Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1993). Hunter-gatherers of the New World. In P. W. Sherman & J. Alcock (Eds.), Exploring animal behavior (pp. 154-160). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
71. Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1996). Ache life history. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine deGruyter.
72. Hoffman, L. W., & Manis, J. D. (1978). Influences of children on marital interaction and parental satisfactions and dissatisfactions. In R. M. Lerner & G. B. Spanier (Eds.), Child influences on marital and family interaction (pp. 165-213). New York: Academic Press.
73. Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
74. Hrdy, S. H. (1999). Mother Nature: A history of mothers, infants, and natural selection. New York: Pantheon.
75. Huguet, P., Latané, B., & Bourgeois, M. (1998). The emergence of a social representation of human rights via interpersonal communication: Empirical evidence for the convergence of two theories. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 831-846.
76. Janicki, M., & Krebs, D. L. (1998). Evolutionary approaches to culture. In C. Crawford & D. L. Krebs (Eds.), Handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 163-208). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
77. Kauffman, S. (1995). At home in the universe: The search for the laws of self-organization and complexity. New York: Oxford University Press.
78. Kenrick, D. T. (1987). Gender, genes, and the social environment: A biosocial interactionist perspective. In P. Shaver & C. Hendrick (Eds.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 14-43). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
79. Kenrick, D. T. (1994). Evolutionary social psychology: From sexual selection to social cognition. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 75-122). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
80. Kenrick, D. T. (1995). Evolutionary theory versus the confederacy of dunces. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 56-61.
81. Kenrick, D. T., & Dantchik, A. (1983). Interactionism, idiographics, and the social psychological invasion of personality. Journal of Personality, 51, 275-285.
82. Kenrick, D. T., & Funder, D. C. (1988). Profiting from controversy: Lessons of the person-situation debate. American Psychologist, 43, 23-24.
83. Kenrick, D. T., Gabrielidis, C., Keefe, R. C., & Cornelius, J. (1996), Adolescents' age preferences for dating partners: Support for an evolutionary model of life-history strategies. Child Development, 67, 1499-1511.
84. Kenrick, D. T., Groth, G. E., Trost, M. R., & Sadalla, E. K. (1993). Integrating evolutionary and social exchange perspectives on relationships: Effects of gender, self-appraisal, and involvement level on mate selection criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 951-969.
85. Kenrick, D. T., & Keefe, R. C. (1992). Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 75-133.
86. Kenrick, D. T., Keefe, R. C., Bryan, A., Barr, A., & Brown, S. (1995). Age preferences and mate choice among homosexuals and heterosexuals: A case for modular psychological mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1166-1172.
87. Kenrick, D. T., Maner, J. K., Burner, J., Li, N. P., Becker, D. V., & Schaller (2002). Dynamic evolutionary psychology: Mapping the domains of the new interactionist paradigm. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 347-356.
88. Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., & Cialdini, R. B. (2002). Social psychology: Unraveling the mystery (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
89. Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Zierk, K. L., & Krones, J. M. (1994). Evolution and social cognition: Contrast effects as a function of sex, dominance, and physical attractiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 210-217.
90. Kenrick, D. T., Sadalla, E. K., Groth, G., & Trost, M. R. (1990). Evolution, traits, and the stages of human courtship: Qualifying the parental investment model. Journal of Personality, 58, 97-116.
91. Kenrick, D. T., Sadalla, E. K., & Keefe, R. C. (1998). Evolutionary cognitive psychology. In C. Crawford & D. Krebs (Eds.) Handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 485-514). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
92. Kenrick, D. T., & Trost, M. R. (1987). A biosocial model of relationship formation. In K. Kelley (Ed.), Females, males, and sexuality: Theories and research (pp. 59-100). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
93. Kenrick, D. T., & Trost, M. R. (1997). The evolutionary psychology of relationships. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 151-177). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
94. Killingback, T., & Doebeli, M. (1996). Spatial evolutionary game theory: Hawks and Doves revisited. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B263, 1135-1144.
95. Krebs, D. L., & Denton, K. (1997). Social illusions and self-deception: The evolution of biases in social perception. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 21-48). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
96. Lancaster, J. B. (1976). Primate behavior and the emergence of human culture. New York: Holt.
97. Latané, B. (1996). Dynamic social impact: The creation of culture by communication. Journal of Communication, 46, 13-25.
98. Latané, B., & Bourgeois, M. J. (1996). Experimental evidence for dynamic social impact: The emergence of subcultures in electronic groups. Journal of Communication, 46, 35-47.
99. Latané, B., & L'Herrou, T. (1996). Spatial clustering in the conformity game: Dynamic social impact in electronic groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1218-1230.
100. Latané, B., & Liu, J. H. (1996). The intersubjective geometry of social space. Journal of Communication, 46, 26-34.
101. Latané, B., & Nowak, A. (1994). Attitudes as catastrophes: From dimensions to categories with increasing involvement. In R. R. Vallacher & A. Nowak (Eds.), Dynamical systems in social psychology (pp. 219-249). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
102. Latané, B., Nowak, A., & Liu, J. (1994). Measuring emergent social phenomena: Dynamism, polarization and clustering as order parameters of social systems. Behavioral Science, 39, 1-24.
103. Lewin, R. (1993). Complexity: Life at the edge of chaos. London: J. M. Dent.
104. Li, N. P., Bailey, J. M., Kenrick, D. T., & Linsenmeier, J. A. (2002). The necessities and luxuries of mate preferences: Testing the tradeoffs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 947-955.
105. Lumsden, C. J., & Wilson, E. O. (1981). Genes, mind, and culture: The coevolutionary process, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
106. Martindale, C. (1991). Cognitive psychology: A neural-network approach, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
107. McWilliams, S., & Howard, J. A. (1993). Solidarity and hierarchy in cross-sex friendships. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 191-202.
108. Michael, R. T., Gagnon, J. H., Laumann, E. O., & Kolata, G. (1994). Sex in America: A definitive survey. Boston: Little Brown.
109. Mikach, S. M., & Bailey, J. M. (1999). What distinguishes women with unusually high numbers of sex partners? Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 141-150.
110. Miller, L. C., & Fishkin, S. A. (1997). On the dynamics of human bonding and reproductive success: Seeking windows on the adapted-for human-environmental interface. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 197-237). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
111. Moghaddam, F. M., Taylor, D. M., & Wright, S. C. (1993). Social psychology in cross-cultural perspective. New York: Freeman.
112. Mook, D. G. (1983). In defense of external invalidity. American Psychologist, 38, 379-387.
113. Neidert, G. P., & Linder, D. E. (1990). Avoiding social traps: Some conditions that maintain adherence to restricted consumption. Social Behaviour, 5, 261-284.
114. Neuberg, S. L., Smith, D., & Asher, T. (2000). Why people stigmatize: Toward a biocultural framework. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, & J. G. Hull, (Eds.), Social psychology of stigma. New York: Guilford Press.
115. Nowak, A., Szamrej, J., & Latané, B. (1990). From private attitude to public opinion: A dynamic theory of social impact. Psychological Review, 97, 362-376.
116. Nowak, A., & Vallacher, R. R. (1998). Dynamical social psychology. New York: Guilford.
117. Nowak, A., Vallacher, R. R., Tesser, A., & Borkowski, W. (2000). Society of self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure. Psychological Review, 107, 39-61.
118. Nowak, M. A., & May, R. M. (1992, October 29). Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature, 359, 826-829.
119. Panksepp, J. (1982). Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 407-467.
120. Pinker, S. (1997). How the mind works. New York: Norton.
121. Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotions: Theory, research, and experience (Vol. 1, pp. 3-33). New York: Academic Press.
122. Price, R. H., & Bouffard, D. L. (1974). Behavioral appropriateness and situational constraint as dimensions of social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 579-586.
123. Rasmussen, D. R. (1981). Pair bond strength and stability and reproductive success. Psychological Review, 88, 274-290.
124. Rausch, H. L. (1977). Paradox, levels, and junctures in person-environment systems. In D. Magnusson & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology (pp. 287-304). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
125. Ridley, M. (2000). Genome: The autobiography of a species in 23 chapters. New York: HarperCollins.
126. Sadalla, E. K., Kenrick, D. T., & Vershure, B. (1987). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 730-738.
127. Schaller, M., & Latané, B. (1996). Dynamic social impact and the evolution of social representations: A natural history of stereotypes. Journal of Communication, 46, 64-71.
128. Schelling, T. (1971). The ecology of micromotives. The Public Interest, 25, 61-98.
129. Schroeder, D. A. (1995). An introduction to social dilemmas. In D. A. Schroeder (Ed.), Social dilemmas: Perspectives on individuals and groups (pp. 1-14). Westport, CT: Praeger.
130. Schutte, N. A., Kenrick, D. T., & Sadalla, E. K. (1985). The search for predictable settings: Situational prototypes, constraint, and behavioral variation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 121-128.
131. Scott, J. P. (1980). The functions of emotions in behavioral systems: A systems theory analysis. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotions: Theory, research, and experience (Vol. 1, pp. 35-56). New York: Academic Press.
132. Seligman, M. E. P., & Hager, J. L. (1972). Biological boundaries of learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
133. Sella, G., & Lachmann, M. (2000). On the dynamic persistence of cooperation: How lower individual fitness induces higher survivability. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 206, 465-485.
134. Shepard, R. N. (1992). The perceptual organization of colors: An adaptation to regularities of the terrestrial world? In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 495-532). New York: Oxford University Press.
135. Shepher, J. (1971). Mate selection among second-generation kibbutz adolescents and adults: Incest avoidance and negative imprinting. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1, 293-307.
136. Sherman, P. W. (1981). Kinship, demography, and Belding's ground squirrel nepotism. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 8, 604-606.
137. Sherry, D. P., & Schacter, D. L. (1987). The evolution of multiple memory systems. Psychological Review, 94, 439-454.
138. Simpson, J. A., & Gangestad, S. W. (1991). Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 870-883.
139. Singh, D. (1993). Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 293-307.
140. Snyder, M., & Ickes, W. (1985). Personality and social behavior. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 3rd ed., pp. 883-848). New York: Random House.
141. Stevens, L. E., & Fiske, S. T. (1995). Motivation and cognition in social life: A social survival perspective. Social Cognition, 13, 189-214.
142. Symons, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford.
143. Symons, D. (1992). On the use and misuse of Darwinism in the study of human behavior. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 137-159). New York: Oxford University Press.
144. Tesser, A., & Achee, J. (1994). Aggression, love, conformity, and other social psychological catastrophes. In R. R. Vallacher & A. Nowak (Eds.), Dynamical systems in social psychology (pp. 96-109). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
145. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990). On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation. Journal of Personality, 58, 17-67.
146. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). The psychological foundations of culture. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 19-136). New York: Oxford University Press.
147. Townsend, J. M. (1992). Measuring the magnitude of sex differences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 115.
148. Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
149. Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971 (pp. 136-179). Chicago: Aldine.
150. Trivers, R. L. (1974). Parent-off spring conflict. American Zoologist, 14, 249-264.
151. U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Marriage and divorce data, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce.
152. van Gelder, T. (1998). The dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 615-666.
153. Waldrop, M. M. (1992). Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos. New York: Touchstone.
154. Weiner, J. (1999). Time, love, memory: A great biologist and his quest for the origins of behavior. New York: Knopf.
155. White, G. M. (1980). Conceptual universals in interpersonal language. American Anthropologist, 82, 759-781.
156. Wiggins, J. S., & Broughton, R. (1985). The interpersonal circle: A structural model for the integration of personality research. In R. Hogan & W. H. Jones (Eds.), Perspectives in personality (Vol. 1, pp. 1-48). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
157. Wilcoxon, H., Dragoin, E., & Kral, P. (1971, February 26). Illness-induced aversions in rats and quail: Relative salience of visual and gustatory cues. Science, 171, 826-828.
158. Wilkinson, G. S. (1988). Reciprocal altruism in bats and other mammals. Ethology and Sociobiology, 9, 85-100.
159. Wilkinson, G. S. (1990). Food sharing in vampire bats. Scientific American, 262, 76-82.
160. Wilson, D. S. (1997). Incorporating group selection into the adaptationist program: A case study involving human decision making. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 345-386). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
161. Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
162. Wilson, E. O. (1992). The diversity of life. New York: Norton.
163. Wilson, E. O. (1998). Consilience: The unity of knowledge. New York: Knopf.
164. Wolfram, S. (1986). Theory and applications of cellular automata. Singapore: World Scientific.
165. Zeeman, E. C. (1976). Catastrophe theory. Scientific American, 4, 65-70, 75-83.