Spitz nevus and its histologic simulators

Advances in Anatomic Pathology

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 209-221

  Mooi, Wolter J ^a  

^a NETHERLANDS CANCER INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Atypical Spitz tumor; Differential diagnosis; Senescence; Spitz nevus; Spitzoid melanoma

Indexed keywords

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; MELANOMA; NEVUS; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; SKIN TUMOR;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; MELANOMA; NEVUS, EPITHELIOID AND SPINDLE CELL; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 85047687723     PISSN: 10724109     EISSN: 15334031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00125480-200207000-00001     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Brunck J. Ueber einen metastasierenden, aber klinisch gutartig verlaufenden Naevus mit blasig entarleten Naevuszellen and über deren Genese. Arch Dermatol Syph 1953;196:170-175.
2. Yagawa K, Nakamura K. Autopsy case of widely metastasized juvenile malignant melanoma arised from "nevus pigmentosus." Gann 2000;45:278-280.
3. Okun MR. Melanoma resembling spindle and epithelioid cell nevus. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:1416-1420. (Pubitemid 10181626)
4. Peters MS, Goellner JR. Spitz nevi and malignant melanomas of childhood and adolescence. Histopathology 1986;10:1289-1302. (Pubitemid 17219491)
5. Chan GS, Choy C, Ng WK, Chan KW. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma on the buttock of an 18-year-old girl: differentiation from desmoplastic nevus. Am J Dermatopathol 1999;21:170-173. (Pubitemid 29162878)
6. Barnhill RL, Argenyi ZB, From L, et al. Atypical Spitz nevi/tumors: lack of consensus for diagnosis, discrimination from melanoma, and prediction of outcome. Hum Pathol 1999;30:513-520. (Pubitemid 29218042)
7. Smith KJ, Barrett TL, Skelton HG, III et al. Spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevi with atypia and metastasis (malignant Spitz nevus). Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:931-939. (Pubitemid 19258503)
8. Spitz S. Melanomas of childhood. Am J Pathol 1948;24:591-609.
9. Allen AC, Spitz S. Malignant melanoma: a clinico-pathologic analysis of the criteria for diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer 1953;6:1-45.
10. Kernen JA, Ackerman LV. Spindle cell nevi and epithlioid cell nevi (so-called juvenile melanomas) in children and adults: a clinicopathologic study of 27 cases. Cancer 1960;13:612-625.
11. Dellon AL, Farmer ER. Pigmented Spitz nevus in an adult. Ann Plast Surg 1988;20:128-132. (Pubitemid 18086931)
12. Dal Pozzo V, Benelli C, Restano L, et al. Clinical review of 247 case records of Spitz nevus (epithelioid cell and/or spindle cell nevus). Dermatology 1997;194:20-25. (Pubitemid 27047327)
13. Reed RJ, Ichinose H, Clark WH, Jr., Mihm MC, Jr. Common and uncommon melanocytic nevi and borderline melanomas. Semin Oncol 1975;2:119-147.
14. Barnhill RL, Barnhill MA, Berwick M, Mihm MC, Jr. The histologic spectrum of pigmented spindle cell nevus: a review of 120 cases with emphasis on atypical variants. Hum Pathol 1991;22:52-58.
15. Sau P, Graham JH, Helwig EB. Pigmented spindle cell nevus: a clinicopathologic analysis of ninety-five cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:565-571. (Pubitemid 23104230)
16. Barr RJ, Morales RV, Graham JH. Desmoplastic nevus: a distinct histologic variant of mixed spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevus. Cancer 1980;46:557-564. (Pubitemid 10036652)
17. Suster S. Hyalinizing spindle and epithelioid cell nevus. A study of five cases of a distinctive histologic variant of Spitz's nevus. Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16:593-598. (Pubitemid 24371855)
18. Diaz-Cascajo C, Borghi S, Weyers W. Angiomatoid Spitz nevus: a distinct variant of desmoplastic Spitz nevus with prominent vasculature. Am J Dermatopathol 2000;22:135-139. (Pubitemid 30185835)
19. Busam KJ, Barnhill RL. Pagetoid Spitz nevus. Intraepidermal Spitz tumor with prominent pagetoid spread. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:1061-1067.
20. Harvell JD, Meehan SA, LeBoit PE. Spitz's nevi with halo reaction: a histopathologic study of 17 cases. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:611-619. (Pubitemid 27515698)
21. Yasaka N, Furue M, Tamaki K. Histopathologic evaluation of halo phenomenon in Spitz nevus. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;17:484-486.
22. Spatz A, Peterse S, Fletcher CD, Barnhill RL. Plexiform spitz nevus: an intradermal spitz nevus with plexiform growth pattern. Am J Dermatopathol 1999;21:542-546.
23. Helwig, EB. Seminar on skin neoplasms and dermatoses. In: Conference Proceedings of the Twentieth Seminar of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists. Chicago: American Society of Clinical Pathologists; 1955:63-67.
24. Paniago-Pereira C, Maize JC, Ackerman AB. Nevus of large spindle and/or epithelioid cells (Spitz's nevus). Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1811-1823. (Pubitemid 9092453)
25. McWhorter HE, Woolner LB. Pigmented nevi, juvenile melanomas, and malignant melanomas in children. Cancer 1954;7:564-585.
26. Palazzo JP, Duray PH. Congenital agminated Spitz nevi: immunoreactivity with a melanoma-associated monoclonal antibody. J Cutan Pathol 1988;15:166-170.
27. Harris MN, Hurwitz RM, Buckel LJ, Gray HR. Congenital Spitz nevus. Dermatol Surg 2000;26:931-935.
28. Nakagawa S, Kumasaka K, Kato T, et al. Spitz nevus arising on congenital compound nevus pigmentosus. Int J Dermatol 1995;34:863-864.
29. Coskey RJ, Mehregan A. Spindle cell nevi in adults and children. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:535-536.
30. Weedon D, Little JH. Spindle and epithelioid cell nevi in children and adults. A review of 211 cases of the Spitz nevus. Cancer 1977;40:217-225. (Pubitemid 8160525)
31. Banba K, Fujioka A, Takasu H, et al. Spitz nevus on the palmar surface. J Dermatol 2000;27:333-336. (Pubitemid 30431749)
32. Allen AC. Juvenile melanomas of children and adults and melanocarcinomas of children. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:325-335.
33. Echevarria R, Ackerman LV. Spindle and epithelioid cell nevi in the adult. Clinicopathologic report of 26 cases. Cancer 1967;20:175-189.
34. Argenziano G, Scalvenzi M, Stalbano S, et al. Dermatoscopic pitfalls in differentiating pigmented Spitz nevi from cutaneous melanomas. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:788-793.
35. Pellacani G, Cesinaro AM, Seidenari S. Morphological features of Spitz nevus as observed by digital videomicroscopy. Acta Derm Venereol 2000;80:117-121.
36. Sabroe RA, Vaingankar NV, Rigby HS, Peachey RD. Agminate Spitz nevi occurring in an adult after the excision of a solitary Spitz nevus-report of a case and review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996;21:197-200. (Pubitemid 26308846)
37. Paties CT, Borroni G, Rosso R, Vassallo G. Relapsing eruptive multiple Spitz nevi or metastatic spitzoid malignant melanoma? Am J Dermatopathol 1987;9:520-527. (Pubitemid 18014641)
38. Hamm H, Happle R, Brocker EB. Multiple agminate Spitz nevi: review of the literature and report of a case with distinctive immunohistologic features. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:511-522. (Pubitemid 18066492)
39. Aloi F, Tomasini C, Pippione M. Agminated Spitz nevi occurring within a congenital speckled lentiginous nevus. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;17:594-598. (Pubitemid 26010186)
40. Betti R, Inselvini E, Palvarini M, Crosti C. Agminated intradermal Spitz nevi arising on an unusual speckled lentiginous nevus with localized lentiginosis: a continuum? Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19:524-527. (Pubitemid 27467508)
41. Schaffer JV, Orlow SJ, Lazova R, Bolognia JL. Speckled lentiginous nevus: within the spectrum of congenital melanocytic nevi. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:172-178. (Pubitemid 32163668)
42. Dawe RS, Wainwright NJ, Evans AT, Lowe JG. Multiple widespread eruptive Spitz nevi. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:872-874. (Pubitemid 28231532)
43. Onsun N, Saracoglu S, Demirkesen C, et al. Eruptive widespread Spitz nevi: can pregnancy be a stimulating factor? J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:866-867. (Pubitemid 29230346)
44. Merot Y. Transepidermal elimination of nevus cells in spindle and epithelioid cell (Spitz) nevi [letter]. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1441-1442.
45. Merot Y, Frenk E. Spitz nevus (large spindle cell and/or epithelioid cell nevus). Age-related involvement of the suprabasal epidermis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1989;415:97-101. (Pubitemid 19170557)
46. Kamino H, Flotte TJ, Misheloff E, et al. Eosinophilic globules in Spitz's nevi. New findings and a diagnostic sign. Am J Dermatopathol 1979;1:319-324. (Pubitemid 11172242)
47. Wesselmann U, Becker LR, Brocker EB, et al. Eosinophilic globules in Spitz nevi: no evidence for apoptosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1998;20:551-554. (Pubitemid 28549459)
48. Skelton HG, Miller ML, Lupton GP, Smith KJ. Eosinophilic globules in spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevi: composition and possible origin. Am J Dermatopathol 1998;20:547-550. (Pubitemid 28549458)
49. Kamino H, Jagirdar J. Fibronectin in eosinophilic globules of Spitz's nevi. Am J Dermatopathol 1984;6(Suppl):313-316. (Pubitemid 15204849)
50. Havenith MG, van Zandvoort EH, Cleutjens JP, Bosman FT. Basement membrane deposition in benign and malignant naevomelanocytic lesions: an immunohistochemical study with antibodies to type IV collagen and laminin. Histopathology 1989;15:137-146. (Pubitemid 19202235)
51. Arbuckle S, Weedon D. Eosinophilic globules in the Spitz nevus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7:324-327. (Pubitemid 12051511)
52. Howat AJ, Variend S. Lymphatic invasion in Spitz nevi. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:125-128. (Pubitemid 15146888)
53. Gartmann H. Der pigmentierte Spindelzellentumor. Z Hautkr 1981;56:862-876.
54. Sagebiel RW, Chinn EK, Egbert BM. Pigmented spindle cell nevus. Clinical and histologic review of 90 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1984;8:645-653. (Pubitemid 14068778)
55. Han MH, Koh KJ, Choi JH, et al. Pagetoid Spitz nevus: a variant of Spitz nevus. Int J Dermatol 2000;39:555-557.
56. Lee MW, Choi JH, Sung KJ, et al. Hyalinizing Spitz nevus. J Dermatol 2000;27:273-275.
57. Jin ZH, Kumakiri M, Ishida H, Kinebuchi S. A case of combined nevus: compound nevus and spindle cell Spitz nevus. J Dermatol 2000;27:233-237. (Pubitemid 30317946)
58. Burg G, Kempf W, Hochli M, et al. "Tubular" epithelioid cell nevus: a new variant of Spitz's nevus. J Cutan Pathol 1998;25:475-478. (Pubitemid 28474807)
59. Ziemer M, Diaz-Cascajo C, Kohler G, Weyers W. "Tubular Spitz's nevus" an artifact of fixation? J Cutan Pathol 2000;27:500-504.
60. Fabrizi G, Massi G. Polypoid Spitz nevus: the benign counterpart of polypoid malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:128-132. (Pubitemid 30074484)
61. Toussaint S, Kamino H. Dysplastic changes in different types of melanocytic nevi. A unifying concept. J Cutan Pathol 1999;26:84-90. (Pubitemid 29086152)
62. Fabrizi G, Massi G. Spitzoid malignant melanoma in teenagers: an entity with no better prognosis than that of other forms of melanoma. Histopathology 2001;38:448-453. (Pubitemid 32863021)
63. Bhawan J, Cao SL. Amelanotic blue nevus: a variant of blue nevus. Am J Dermatopathol 1999;21:225-228. (Pubitemid 29256816)
64. Iwuagwu FC, Rigby HS, Payne F, Reid CD. Juvenile xanthogranuloma variant: a clinicopathologic case report and review of the literature. Br J Plast Surg 1999;52:591-593. (Pubitemid 29516038)
65. Singh GC, Calonje E, Fletcher CD. Epithelioid benign fibrous histiocytoma of skin: clinico-pathologic analysis of 20 cases of a poorly known variant. Histopathology 1994;24:123-129. (Pubitemid 24192273)
66. Zelger BG, Wambacher B, Steiner H, Zelger B. Cutaneous epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, epithelioid cell histiocytoma and Spitz nevus. Three separate epithelioid tumors in one patient. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:641-647. (Pubitemid 27515702)
67. Zelger B, Weinlich G, Steiner H, et al. Dermal and subcutaneous variants of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:235-241. (Pubitemid 27084065)
68. Evans MJ, Sanders DS, Grant JH, Blessing K. Expression of Melan-A in Spitz, pigmented spindle cell nevi, and congenital nevi: comparative immunohistochemical study. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000;3:36-39. (Pubitemid 30013076)
69. King R, Googe PB, Weilbaecher KN, et al. Microphthalmia transcription factor expression in cutaneous benign, malignant melanocytic, and nonmelanocytic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:51-57. (Pubitemid 32001832)
70. Bergman R, Dromi R, Trau H, et al. The pattern of HMB-45 antibody staining in compound Spitz nevi. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;17:542-546. (Pubitemid 26010177)
71. Bergman R, Azzam H, Sprecher E, et al. A comparative immunohistochemical study of MART-1 expression in Spitz nevi, ordinary melanocytic nevi, and malignant melanomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:496-500. (Pubitemid 30470361)
72. Kaleem Z, Lind AC, Humphrey PA, et al. Concurrent Ki-67 and p53 immunolabeling in cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms: an adjunct for recognition of the vertical growth phase in malignant melanomas? Mod Pathol 2000;13:217-222. (Pubitemid 30207505)
73. Kanter-Lewensohn L, Hedblad MA, Wejde J, Larsson O. Immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing Spitz nevi from malignant melanomas. Mod Pathol 1997;10:917-920. (Pubitemid 27431966)
74. Bergman R, Malkin L, Sabo E, Kerner H. MIB-1 monoclonal antibody to determine proliferative activity of Ki-67 antigen as an adjunct to the histopathologic differential diagnosis of Spitz nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:500-504. (Pubitemid 32199972)
75. Li LX, Crotty KA, McCarthy SW, et al. A zonal comparison of MIB1-Ki67 immunoreactivity in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. Am J Dermatopathol 2000;22:489-495. (Pubitemid 32054841)
76. Ewanowich C, Brynes RK, Medeiros L, et al. Cyclin D1 expression in dysplastic nevi: an immunohistochemical study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:208-210. (Pubitemid 32167471)
77. Pilch H, Gunzel S, Schaffer U, et al. Evaluation of DNA ploidy and degree of DNA abnormality in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions of the skin using video imaging. Cancer 2000;88:1370-1377. (Pubitemid 30155174)
78. Skowronek J, Warchol JB, Karas Z, Krenz RM. Significance of DNA ploidy measurements in Spitz nevi. Pol J Pathol 2000;51:45-50. (Pubitemid 30208186)
79. Bastian BC, Wesselmann U, Pinkel D, LeBoit PE. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Spitz nevi shows clear differences to melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:1065-1069. (Pubitemid 30013354)
80. Bastian BC, LeBoit PE, Pinkel D. Mutations and copy number increase of HRAS in Spitz nevi with distinctive histopathologic features. Am J Pathol 2000;157:967-972. (Pubitemid 32109388)