LIDAR applications to fisheries monitoring problems

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Volumn 53, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 1459-1468

  Gauldie, R W ^a   Sharma, S K ^a   Helsley, C E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APPLICATIONS; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; FISHERY MONITORING; LIDAR; STOCK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 85047678447     PISSN: 0706652X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/f96-070     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Ackerman, R.K. 1994. Airborne detector lays bare murderous undersea mines. Signal, 18(10): 21-24.
2. Ackleson, S.G. (Editor), 1995. Advances in ocean optics: issues of closure. Reprinted from J. Geophys. Res. 100(C7). American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
3. Adams, T., and Koerber, B. 1995. Investigation of an underwater range-gated imaging system. In Recent advances in marine science and technology 1994. Edited by O. Bellwood, H. Choat, and N. Saxena. James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia, pp. 23-33.
4. Ahlstrom, A.H. 1959. Vertical distribution of pelagic fish eggs and larvae off California and Baja California. Fish. Bull. 60: 107-146.
5. Anderson-Engels, S., Berg, R., Svanberg, S., and Jarlman, O. 1990. Time-resolved transillumination for medical diagnostics. Opt. Lett. 15: 1179-1181.
6. Anonymous. 1988. How to fish. The Economist, Dec. 10, 1988. pp. 95-98.
7. Anonymous. 1991. TALC experiment proves feasibility of air-to-underwater laser communications. Laser Focus World, 27(8): 9.
8. Apresyan, L.A., and Vlasov, D.V. 1989. Dispersive distortion of return pulses in laser sounding of the upper ocean. Trans. USSR Acad. Sci. 307: 237-240.
9. Backus, R.H. 1987. Georges Bank. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
10. Bass, M., Van Stryland, E.W., Williams, D.R., and Wolfe, W.L. 1995. Handbook of optics. McGraw-Hill, New York.
11. Berg, R., Anderson-Engels, S., Jarlman, O., and Svanberg, S. 1991. Tumor detection using time-resolved light transillumination. In Future trends in biomedical applications of lasers. Edited by L.O. Svaasand. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1525: 59-67.
12. Berjott, M., Marx, J., and Alix, A.J.P. 1987. Determination of the secondary structure of proteins from the Raman amide I band: the reference intensity profiles method. J. Raman Spectrosc. 18: 289-300.
13. Berrien, P.L., Naplin, N.A., and Pennington, M.R. 1981. Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, egg production and spawning population estimates for 1977 in the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank and middle Atlantic Bight. Rapp. P.-V. Reun. Con. Int. Explor. Mer, 178: 279-288.
14. Bidigare, R.R., Morrow, J.H., and Keifer, D.A. 1989. Derivative analysis of spectral absorption by photosynthetic pigments in the western Sargasso Sea. J. Mar. Res. 47: 323-341.
15. Boerner, W.-M., Van, W.-L., and Kostinski, A.B. 1989. Optimization procedures for scattering matrices in the coherent and partially coherent cases. In International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Vancouver, B.C., July 10-14, 1989. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society, N.Y. pp. 941-944.
16. Bohren, C.F. 1995. Scattering by particles. In Handbook of optics. Vol. 1. Edited by M. Bass, E.W. van Stryland, D.R. Williams and W.L. Wolfe. McGraw-Hill, New York.
17. Bohren, C.F., and Singham, S.B. 1991. Back scattering by nonspherical particles: a review of methods and suggested new approaches. J. Geophys. Res., Part C, 96: 5269-5277.
18. Briston, M.D., Nielsen, E., Bundy, D., and Furtek, R. 1981. Use of water Raman emission to correct airborne laser fluorosensor data for effects of water optical alternation. Appl. Opt. 20: 2889-2906.
19. Brown, O.B., and Gordon, H.R. 1973. Two component Mie scattering models of Sargasso Sea particles. Appl. Opt. 12: 2461-2471.
20. Brown, O.B., and Gordon, H.R. 1974. Size-refractive index distribution of clear coastal water particulates from light scattering. Appl. Opt. 13: 2874-2881.
21. Carder, K.L., Steward, R.G., and Peacock, T.G. 1988. Spectral transmissometer and radiometer: design and initial results. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 925: 189-195.
22. Carraba, M., Spencer, K., Rich, C., and Rauli, R. 1990. The utilization of a holographic Bragg diffraction filter for Rayleigh line rejection in Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 44: 1558-1664.
23. Cecchi, G., and Raimondi, V. 1995. Remote Raman spectra for monitoring of water column temperature. In 1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Vol. 3. Edited by T.I. Stein. IEEE Publication, Piscataway, N.J. pp. 1741-1743.
24. Churnside, J.H., and McGillivray, P.A. 1991. Optical properties of several Pacific fishes. Appl. Opt. 21: 2925-2927.
25. Clark, C.W. 1991. Economic biases against sustainable development. In Ecological economics: the science and management of sustainability. Edited by R. Costanza. Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 329-330.
26. Clark, R.J.H., Rodley, G.A., Drake, A.F., Church, R.A., and Zagalsky, P.P. 1990. The carotenoproteins of the starfish, Linckia laevigata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): a resonance Raman and circular dichroism study. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part A, 95: 847-853.
27. Cochran, W.G. 1977. Sampling techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
28. Cook, R.M., Kunzlik, P.A., and Fryer, R.J. 1991. On the quality of North Sea cod stock forecasts. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 48: 1-13.
29. Dal, S., Young, J.P., Begun, G.M., and Mamantov, G. 1992. Temperature measurement by observation of the Raman spectrum of diamond. Appl. Spectrosc. 46: 375-377.
30. Davis, J.P., Keck, T., and Umehara, M.J. 1990. Imaging display method for airborne oceanographic LIDAR. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1302: 591-596.
31. Denman, K.L., and Abbott, M.R. 1988. Time evolution of surface chlorophyll patterns from cross-spectrum analysis of satellite color images. J. Geophys. Res., Part B, 93: 6789-6798.
32. Dickey, T.D. 1988. Recent advances and future direction in multi-disciplinary in situ oceanographic measurement systems. In Toward a theory of biological-physical interactions in the world ocean. Edited by B.J. Rothschild. Kluwer Academic, The Hague, the Netherlands, pp. 555-598.
33. Dickey, T.D. 1990. Physical-optical-biological scales relevant to recruitment in large marine ecosystems. In Large marine ecosystems: patterns, processes and yields. Edited by K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander, and B.D. Gold. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. pp. 82-98.
34. Dickey, T.D. 1991. The emergence of concurrent high-resolution physical and bio-optical measurements in the upper ocean and their applications. Rev. Geophys. 29: 383-413.
35. Dickey, T.D., and Siegel, D.A. 1993. Bio-optics in U.S. JGOFS. Report of the bio-optics workshop, 17-18 June 1991, Boulder, Colo. Planning report No. 18. U.S. JGOFS, NOAA.
36. Dickey, T.D., Hartung, E., and Marra, J. 1986. The Biowatt bio-optical and physical moored measurement program. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67: 650.
37. Dickey, T.D., Marra, J., Granata, T., Langdon, C., Hamilton, M., Wiggert, J., Siegel, D., and Bratkovich, A. 1991. Concurrent high-resolution bio-optical and physical time series observations in the Sargasso Sea during the spring of 1987. J. Geophys. Res. 96: 8643-8664.
38. Dubinsky, R.N. 1988. LIDAR moves toward the 21st century. Lasers Optronics, 7: 92-106.
39. Evans, R. 1981. Comments on the use of water temperature to delimit tropical tuna distributions. In Collected scientific papers of the ICCAT. Vol. 15. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna, Madrid, Spain, pp. 49-56.
40. Felkner, C., Worthy, B., Christon, T., Chaisson, C., and Kurtz, J. 1989. Laser/microbe bioassay system. In Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment. Vol. 12. Edited by U.M. Cowgill and L.R. Williams. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. pp. 95-103.
41. Fiedler, P.C., and Bernard, H.J. 1987. Tuna aggregation and feeding near fronts observed in satellite imagery. Cont. Shelf Res. 7: 871-881.
42. 2. Appl. Phys. Lett. 20: 250-257.
43. Fournier, G.R., Bonnier, D., Forand, J.L., and Pace, P.W. 1994. LUCIE-laser enhanced underwater camera. Sea Technol. 35(12): 55-59.
44. Francis, R.I.C.C. 1981. Stratified random trawl surveys of deep-water demersal fish stocks around New Zealand. Fish. Res. Div. Occas. Publ. (N.Z.) No. 32.
45. Fredriksson, K., Galle, B., Nyström, B., Svanberg, S., and Oström, B. 1979. Marine laser probing: results from a field test. Report No. GIPR-245. Göteborg Institute of Physics, Goteberg, Sweden.
46. Frysinger, G.S., Asher, W.E., Korenowski, G.M., Barger, W.R., Klusty, M.A., Frew, N.M., and Nelson, R.K. 1992. Study of ocean oil slicks by non-linear processes: 1. Second-harmonic generation. J. Geophys. Res., Part C, 97: 5253-5269.
47. Gaikov, V.Z., and Fedoseev, Y.P. 1986. The influence of temperature and biotic factors on vertical distribution of big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean. In Collected scientific papers of the ICCAT. Vol. 25. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna, Madrid, Spain, pp. 113-118.
48. Garcia-Diaz, C., Valle-Gomez, S., and DC La Torre, B.H. 1986. Preliminary hydrobioclimate of the skipjack and blackfin tuna in Cuban waters. In Proceedings of the ICCAT Conference on the International Skipjack Year Program. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna, Madrid, Spain, pp. 91-93.
49. Gill, D., Kilponen, R.G., and Rimai, L. 1971. Resonance Raman scattering of laser radiation by vibrational modes of carotenoid pigment in intact plant tissue. Nature (London), 227: 743-745.
50. Gillbro, T., and Cogdell, R.J. 1989. Carotenoid fluorescence. Chem. Phys. Lett. 158: 312-316.
51. Gilligan, L.H. 1988. Range gated underwater viewing. In Underwater imaging. Edited by D. Holloway. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 980: 36-41.
52. Haimbach, S.P., Mesick, H.C., Byrnes, H.J., and Hickman, G.D. 1988. Optical bathymetry for the U.S. Navy: a field measurement program. Ocean optics IX. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 925: 214-221.
53. Hauser, J.W., and Sissenwine, M.P. 1991. The uncertainty in estimates of the production of larval fish derived from samples of larval abundance. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 48: 23-32.
54. Hebden, J.C., and Kruger, R.A. 1990. Transillumination imaging performance: a time of flight imaging system. Med. Phys. 17: 351-356.
55. Hebden, J.C., Kruger, R.A., and Wong, K.S. 1991. Time-resolved imaging through a highly scattering medium. Appl. Opt. 30: 788-794.
56. Hemly, R.J., Bell, P.M., and Mao, H.K. 1987. Laser techniques in high-pressure geophysics. Science (Washington, D.C.), 237: 605-612.
57. Ho, P.P., Baldeck, P., Wong, K.S., Yoo, K.M., Lee, D., and Alfano, R.R. 1989. Time dynamics of photon migration in semiopaque random media. Appl. Opt. 28: 2304-2310.
58. Hoge, F.E. 1983. Oil film thickness using air-borne laser-induced fluorescence back-scatter. Appl. Opt. 22: 33-3318.
59. Hoge, F.E., and Swift, R.N. 1982. Delineation of estuarine fronts in the German Bight using airborne laser-induced water Raman backscatter and fluorescence of water column constituents. Int. J. Remote Sens. 3: 475-495.
60. Hoge, F.E., Swift, R.N., and Frederick, E.B. 1980. Water depth measurement using an airborne pulsed neon laser system. Appl. Opt. 19: 871-883.
61. Hoge, F.E., Swift, R.N., and Frederick, E.B. 1981. Airborne simultaneous spectroscopic detection of laser induced water Raman backscatter and fluroescence from chlorophyll-a and other naturally occurring pigments. Appl. Opt. 20: 3197-3205.
62. Holmes, N.C., Mellis, W.J., and Graham, W.B. 1985. Spontaneous Raman scattering from shocked water. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55: 2433-2436.
63. Holoubek, J. 1991. Small-angle light scattering from an anisotropic sphere: the Mueller matrix approach. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 29: 1057-1068.
64. Houde, E.D. 1990. Mini-symposium on reproductive variability: implications for the dynamics and well-being offish stocks. J. Cons. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 47: 248-253.
65. Hover, G.L. 1993. Evaluating technologies of oil spill surveillance. Sea Technol. 34(7): 45-53.
66. Jerlov, M.G. 1976. Marine optics. 2nd ed. Elsevier Scientific Publications, New York.
67. Johnson, M.L., and Nicol, M. 1987. The ammonia-water phase diagram and its applications for icy satellites. J. Geophys. Res., Part B, 92: 6339-6349.
68. Jolly, G.M., and Hampton, I. 1990. A stratified random transect design for acoustic surveys of fish stocks. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1283-1291.
69. Kervern, G., and Gall, A.L. 1992. Imaging through scattering media: performance and technical concerns of range-gated equipment. In LIDAR for remote sensing. Edited by R.J. Becherer and C. Werner. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1714: 81-92.
70. Kim, H.H. 1977. Airborne bathymetric charting using pulsed blue-green lasers. Appl. Opt. 16: 46-56.
71. Kim, H.H., Cervenka, P.O., and Lankford, C.B. 1975. Development of an airborne laser bathymeter. NASA Tech. Note No. D-8079.
72. King, R.T.V., and Itzkan, I. 1976. Absolute oil fluorescence conversion efficiency. Appl. Opt. 15: 409-415.
73. Kitchen, J.C., and Zaneveld, J.R.V. 1990. On the non correlation of the vertical structure of light scattering and chlorophyll a in case I waters. J. Geophys. Res., Part B, 95: 20 237 -20 246.
74. Koechler, C., Verderbout, J., Bertolini, G., Gallotti, A., Zanzottera, E., Cavalcabo, G., and Fiorina, L. 1992. Determination of aquuatic parameters by a time-resolved laser fluorosensor operating from a helicopter. In LIDAR for remote sensing. Edited by R.J. Becherer and C. Werner. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1714: 93-107.
75. Kramer, D., Kalin, M.J., Stevens, E.G., Thrailkill, J.R., and Zweifel, J.R. 1972. Collecting and processing data on fish eggs and larvae in the California current region. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. No. 370.
76. Lapp, M., Goldman, L.M., and Penney, C.M. 1979. Fundamental data for Raman scattering measurements of species concentrations and temperature. In Joint Conference on Sensing of Environment Pollutants. AIAA paper No. 71-1084. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Palo Alto, Calif.
77. Leonard, D.A., and Sweeney, H.E. 1988. Remote sensing of ocean physical properties: a comparison of Raman and Brillouin techniques. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 92: 407-414.
78. Leonard, D.A., Caputo, B., and Johnson, R.L. 1977. Experimental remote sensing of subsurface temperature in natural ocean water. Geophys. Res. Lett. 4: 279-281.
79. Leonard, D.A., Caputo, B., and Hoge, F.E. 1979. Remote sensing of subsurface water temperature by Raman scattering. Appl. Opt. 18: 1732-1745.
80. Lillycrop, W.J., and Banic, J.R. 1993. Advancements in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Hydrographic Survey capabilities: the SHOALS system. Mar. Geodesy, 15: 177-185.
81. Lillycrop, W.J., and Estep, L.L. 1995. Generational advancements in coastal surveying, mapping. Sea Technol. 36(6): 10-16.
82. Liu, Z.-S. 1990. Estimate of maximum penetration depth of LIDAR in coastal water of the China Sea. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1302: 655-661.
83. Liu, Z.-S., Zhang, J.-L., Chen, W.-Z., Huang, X.-S., and Ma, J. 1991a. Raman LIDAR for measuring backscattering in the China Sea. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1558: 379-383.
84. Liu, Z.-S., Ma, J., Zhang, J.-L., and Chen, W.-Z. 1991b. New, simple method of extracting temperature of liquid water from Raman scattering. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1558: 306-316.
85. Ludwig, D., Hilbora, R., and Walters, C. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: lessons from history. Science (Washington, D.C.), 260: 17-36.
86. Maeda, M., Sibata, T., and Akiyoshi, H. 1990. Optimum wavelengths in solar-blind UV ozone LIDAR. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 29: 2843-2846.
87. Mao, H.K., Bell, P.M., and Hemley, R.J. 1985. Ultra high pressure: optical observations and Raman measurements of hydrogen and deuterium to 1.47 Mb. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55: 99-102.
88. Marshall, B.R., and Smith, R.C. 1990. Raman scattering and in-water ocean optical properties. Appl. Opt. 29: 71-84.
89. McLean, J.W. 1990. Modeling of ocean wave effects for LIDAR remote sensing. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1302: 480-491.
90. Measures, R.M. 1984. Laser remote sensing. Wiley-Interscience Publications, New York.
91. Measures, R.M. 1989. Laser remote sensing: searchlight on the environment. Endeavour, 13: 108-116.
92. Measures, R.M., Garlick, J., Houston, W.R., and Stephenson, D.G. 1975. Laser induced spectral signatures of relevance to environmental sensing. Can. J. Remote Sens. 1: 95-102.
93. Mendelssohn, R., and Roy, C.I. 1986. Environmental influences on the French, Ivory Coast, Senegalese and Moroccan tuna catches in the Gulf of Guinea. In Proceedings of the ICCAT Conference on the International Skipjack Year Program. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna, Madrid, Spain, pp. 170-188.
94. Mertens, L.E., and Replogle, F.S. 1977. Use of point spread and beam functions for analysis of imaging systems in water. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67: 1105-1117.
95. Messenger, H. 1991. Research reduces sizes of Raman spectrometers. Laser Focus World, 27: 145-150.
96. Murphree, D.L., Taylor, C.D., Owens, J.K., Ebersole, H.R., and McClendon, R.W. 1973. Mathematical modeling and system recommendations for the detection of fish by an airborne remote sensing laser. Report No. EIRS-ASE-74-2. Mississippi State University, State College, Miss.
97. Neill, W.H. 1979. Mechanisms offish distribution in heterothermal environments. Am. Zool. 19: 305-317.
98. Neill, W.H., and Galloway, B.J. 1989. "Noise" in the distributional responses of fish to environment: an exercise in deterministic modeling motivated by the Beaufort Sea experience. Biol. Pap. Univ. Alsk. 24: 123-130.
99. Neill, W.H., Fechhelm, R., Galloway, B.J., Bryan, J., and Anderson, S. 1983. Modeling movement and distribution of young Arctic cisco (Coregomis autumnalis) relative to temperature-salinity regimes of the Beaufort Sea near the Waterfiood Causeway, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Biol. Pap. Univ. Alsk. 21: 39-61.
100. Neville, R.A., and Gower, J.F.R. 1977. Passive remote sensing of phytoplankton via chlorophyll a fluorescence. J. Geophys. Res. 82: 3487-3493.
101. O'Neil, R.A., Buya-Bijunas, L., and Rayner, D.M. 1980. Field performance of a laser fluorosensor for the detection of oil spills. Appl. Opt. 19: 863-870.
102. Pelletier, M., and Reeder. R. 1991. Characterization of holographic band-reject filters designed for Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 45: 765-770.
103. Poole, L.R. 1981. Semi-analytic Monte Carlo radiative transfer model for an oceanographic LIDAR system. Appl. Opt. 20: 3653-3656.
104. Puppels, G., De Mol, F., Otto, C., Greve, J., Robertt-Nicoud, M., Amdt-Jovin, D., and Jovin, T. 1990. Studying single living cells and chromosomes by confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Nature (London), 347: 301-303.
105. Roithmayr, C.M. 1970. Airborne low-light sensor detects luminescing fish schools at night. Commcr. Fish. Rev. 32: 42-51.
106. -1) of All-trans and 15-cis isomers of b-carotene in the solid state and in solution: measurements with various laser lines from ultraviolet to red. J. Raman Spectrosc. 14: 299-309.
107. Salares, V.R., Young, N.M., Bernstein, H.J., and Carey, P.R. 1979. Mechanisms of spectral shifts in lobster carotenoproteins: the resonance Raman spectra of ovoverdin and the crustacyanin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 576: 176-191.
108. Sasaki, Y., Asanumia, I., and Muneyama, K. 1982. Studies on the optical properties of scawater. Calculation on the scattering of light by the Mie theory. Tech. Rep. Mar. Sci. Technol. Cent. 8: 81-90.
109. Schiel, D., and Richter, W. 1987. Use of Raman spectrometry in gas analysis. Z. Anal. Chem. 327: 335-337.
110. Schmalz, M.S. 1990. Rectification of refractively-distorted imagery acquired through the sea surface. An image algebra formulation. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1350: 209-230.
111. Schmitz-Peiffer, A., and Grassl, H. 1990. Remote sensing of coastal waters by airborne LIDAR and satellite radiometer. Part 1. A model study. Int. J. Remote Sens. 11: 2163-2184.
112. Schmitz-Peiffer, A., and Viehoff, T. 1990. Remote sensing of coastal waters by airborne LIDAR and satellite radiometer. Part 2. Measurements. Int. J. Remote Sens. 11: 2185-2204.
113. Schoen, C.L., Cooney, T., and Sharma, S. 1992. Long fiber-optic remote Raman probe for detection of weak scattering inorganics. Appl. Opt. 31: 7707-7715.
114. Schoen, C.L., Sharma, S., Helsley, C., and Owen, H. 1993. Performance of a holographic supernotch filter. Appl. Spectrosc. 47: 305-308.
115. Sharma, S.K. 1989. Applications of advanced Raman spectroscopic techniques in earth sciences. In Raman spectroscopy sixty years on. Edited by H.D. Bist, J.R. Durig, and J.F. Sullivan. Vib. Spectra Struct. 178: 513-568.
116. Sharma, S.K. 1990. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in earth and planetary sciences. In From mantle to meteorites: a Festschrift for Devendra Lal. Edited by K. Gopalan, V.K. Gaur, B.L.K. Somayajulu, and J.D. Macdougall. Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore, India, pp. 263-308.
117. Sharma, S.K., Mao, H.K., and Bell, P.M. 1980. Raman measurements of hydrogen in the pressure range 0.2-630 kbar at room temperature. Phys. Rev. Lett. 44: 886-888.
118. Sharma, S., Seki, A., Angel, S.M., and Garvis, D.G. 1990. Field testing of an optical fiber temperature sensor in a geothermal well. Geothermics, 19: 285-294.
119. Sharma, S., Gauldie, R., Helsley, C., and Schoen, C. 1995. Laser-induced Raman scattering and fluorescence in fish eggs. In Recent advances in marine science and technology. Edited by O. Bellwood, M. Coat, and N.S. Saxena. James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia, pp. 323-331.
120. Smith, P.E. 1972. The increase in spawning biomass of northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. Fish. Bull. 70: 849-874.
121. Smith, R.C., Booth, C.R., and Star, J.L. 1984. Oceanographic bio-optical profiling system. Appl. Opt. 23: 2791-2797.
122. Smith, R.C., Waters, K.J., and Baker, K.S. 1991. Optical variability and pigment biomass in the Sargasso Sea as determined using deep sea optical mooring data. J. Geophys. Res., Part B, 96: 8665-8686.
123. Sobron, F., Puebla, F., Rull, F., and Nielsen, O.F. 1991. Temperature dependence of the depolarized low-frequency Raman spectra of water. Chem. Phys. Lett. 185: 393-398.
124. Spinrad, R.W. 1986. A calibration diagram of specific beam attenuation. J. Geophys. Res., Part B, 91: 7761-7764.
125. Spiro, T.G., and Burke, J.M. 1976. Protein control of porphyrin conformation. Comparison of resonance. Raman spectra of heme proteins with mesoporphyrin IX analogues. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98: 5482-5489.
126. Squire, J.L. 1961. Aerial fish spotting in the United States commercial fisheries. Commer. Fish Rev. 23: 1-7.
127. Squire, J.L. 1972. Apparent abundance of some pelagic marine fishes off the southern and central California coast as surveyed by an airborne monitoring program. Fish. Bull. 70: 1005-1019.
128. Squire, J.L. 1978. Northern anchovy school shapes as related to problems in school size estimation. Fish. Bull. 76: 443-448.
129. Squire, J.L., and Krumboltz, H. 1981. Profiling pelagic fish schools using airborne optical lasers and other remote sensing techniques. Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 15: 27-31.
130. Steinvall, O., Klevebrant, H., Lexander, J., and Widen, A. 1981. Laser depth sounding in the Baltic Sea. Appl. Opt. 20: 3284-3286.
131. Stephenson, D.A. 1974. Raman cross-sections of selected hydrocarbons and freons. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 14: 1291-1301.
132. Swift, E., Van Keuren, J., Batchelder, H.P., Booth, C.R., and Li, C.P. 1988. Moored instrument to measure stimulated and natural oceanic bioluminescence. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 925: 76-86.
133. Tyler, J.E., and Preisendorfer, R.W. 1962. The sea. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
134. 18 fatty acids in the HCH-deformation and CH-stretching regions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 486: 217-227.
135. Vodacek, A., Hoge, F.E., Swift, R.N., Yungel, J.K., Peltzer, E.T., and Blough, N.V. 1995. The use of in situ and airborne fluorescence measurements to determine UV absorption coefficients and DOC concentrations in surface waters. Limnol. Oceanogr.40: 411-415.
136. Walrafen, G.E. 1964. Raman spectral studies of water structure. J. Chem. Phys. 40: 3249-3257.
137. Wang, Y., and McCreery, R. 1989. Evaluation of a diode laser/charge coupled device spectrometer for near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 61: 2647-2653.
138. Yentsch, C.M., and Yentsch, C.S. 1984. Emergence of optical instrumentation for measuring biological properties. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 22: 55-98.