메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2018, Pages

Simulated cold bias being improved by using MODIS time-varying albedo in the Tibetan Plateau in WRF model

Author keywords

albedo; application of remote sensing products; climate modelling; Tibetan Plateau; WRF

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE MODELS; RADIOMETERS; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SNOW; SOLAR RADIATION;

EID: 85047470981     PISSN: 17489318     EISSN: 17489326     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aab44a     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (76)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 85047481988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment on the accuracy of the GLASS albedo products over the Tibetan Plateau
    • Chen A, Hu S, Bian L and Liu Y 2015 An assessment on the accuracy of the GLASS albedo products over the Tibetan Plateau Acta Meteorol. Sin. 73 1114-20
    • (2015) Acta Meteorol. Sin. , vol.73 , pp. 1114-1120
    • Chen, A.1    Hu, S.2    Bian, L.3    Liu, Y.4
  • 2
    • 84857677624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed G Forrest, G Collatz, B Meeson, S Los, E Brown de Colstoun and D Landis (Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center) ISLSCP II NOAA 5 year average monthly snow-free albedo from AVHRR ISLSCP Initiative II Collection
    • Csiszar I A 2009 Data set ed G Forrest, G Collatz, B Meeson, S Los, E Brown de Colstoun and D Landis (Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center) ISLSCP II NOAA 5 year average monthly snow-free albedo from AVHRR ISLSCP Initiative II Collection
    • (2009) Data Set
    • Csiszar, I.A.1
  • 3
    • 79955446270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
    • Dee D P et al 2011 The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137 553-97
    • (2011) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.137 , Issue.656 , pp. 553-597
    • Dee, D.P.1
  • 4
    • 84884935842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Tibetan Plateau summer monsoon in the CMIP5 simulations
    • Duan A, Hu J and Xiao Z 2013 The Tibetan Plateau summer monsoon in the CMIP5 simulations J. Clim. 26 7747-66
    • (2013) J. Clim. , vol.26 , pp. 7747-7766
    • Duan, A.1    Hu, J.2    Xiao, Z.3
  • 5
    • 80755130487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent weakening trend in the spring sensible heat source over the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the Asian summer monsoon
    • Duan A, Li F, Wang M and Wu G 2011 Persistent weakening trend in the spring sensible heat source over the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the Asian summer monsoon J. Clim. 24 5671-82
    • (2011) J. Clim. , vol.24 , pp. 5671-5682
    • Duan, A.1    Li, F.2    Wang, M.3    Wu, G.4
  • 6
    • 84865621537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weather and climate effects of the Tibetan Plateau
    • Duan A et al 2012 Weather and climate effects of the Tibetan Plateau Adv. Atmos. Sci 29 978-92
    • (2012) Adv. Atmos. Sci , vol.29 , pp. 978-992
    • Duan, A.1
  • 7
    • 85010338573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land surface albedo and vegetation feedbacks enhanced the millennium drought in south-east Australia
    • Evans J P, Meng X and McCabe M F 2017 Land surface albedo and vegetation feedbacks enhanced the millennium drought in south-east Australia Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 21 409-22
    • (2017) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 409-422
    • Evans, J.P.1    Meng, X.2    McCabe, M.F.3
  • 8
    • 24944557010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal to century scale trends in North American snow extent in coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models
    • Frei A and Gong G 2005 Decadal to century scale trends in North American snow extent in coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 18502
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32 , pp. 18502
    • Frei, A.1    Gong, G.2
  • 9
    • 84862801877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change in China in the 21 st century as simulated by a high resolution regional climate model
    • Gao X, Shi Y, Zhang D and Giorgi F 2012 Climate change in China in the 21 st century as simulated by a high resolution regional climate model Sci. Bull. 57 1188-95
    • (2012) Sci. Bull. , vol.57 , pp. 1188-1195
    • Gao, X.1    Shi, Y.2    Zhang, D.3    Giorgi, F.4
  • 10
    • 84897623228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in Moisture Flux over the Tibetan Plateau during 1979-2011 and possible mechanisms
    • Gao Y, Cuo L and Zhang Y 2014 Changes in Moisture Flux over the Tibetan Plateau during 1979-2011 and possible mechanisms J. Clim. 27 1876-93
    • (2014) J. Clim. , vol.27 , pp. 1876-1893
    • Gao, Y.1    Cuo, L.2    Zhang, Y.3
  • 11
    • 84925403495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of WRF mesoscale climate simulations over the Tibetan Plateau during 1979-2011
    • Gao Y, Xu J and Chen D 2015a Evaluation of WRF mesoscale climate simulations over the Tibetan Plateau during 1979-2011 J. Clim. 28 2823-41
    • (2015) J. Clim. , vol.28 , pp. 2823-2841
    • Gao, Y.1    Xu, J.2    Chen, D.3
  • 12
    • 84925397448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aridity changes in the Tibetan Plateau in a warming climate
    • Gao Y et al 2015b Aridity changes in the Tibetan Plateau in a warming climate Environ. Res. Lett. 10 034013
    • (2015) Environ. Res. Lett. , vol.10 , Issue.3
    • Gao, Y.1
  • 13
    • 84928957126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of snow-albedo feedback in higher elevation warming over the Himalayas Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia
    • Ghatak D, Sinsky E and Miller J 2014 Role of snow-albedo feedback in higher elevation warming over the Himalayas Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia Environ. Res. Lett. 9 114008
    • (2014) Environ. Res. Lett. , vol.9 , Issue.11
    • Ghatak, D.1    Sinsky, E.2    Miller, J.3
  • 14
    • 85008955635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of temperature and precipitation in China in the last 30 years by using the RegCM4
    • Gong C, Duan H and Li Y 2015 Simulation of temperature and precipitation in China in the last 30 years by using the RegCM4 J. Arid Meteorol. 33 379-85
    • (2015) J. Arid Meteorol. , vol.33 , pp. 379-385
    • Gong, C.1    Duan, H.2    Li, Y.3
  • 15
    • 84880312353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground conditions in the Tibetan Plateau 1981-2010
    • Guo D and Wang H 2013 Simulation of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground conditions in the Tibetan Plateau 1981-2010 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 5216-30
    • (2013) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , vol.118 , pp. 5216-5230
    • Guo, D.1    Wang, H.2
  • 16
    • 84923379459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon radiative forcing over the Tibetan Plateau
    • He C et al 2014 Black carbon radiative forcing over the Tibetan Plateau Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 7806-13
    • (2014) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.41 , pp. 7806-7813
    • He, C.1
  • 17
    • 84979889417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of CMIP5 models over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
    • Hu Q, Jiang D and Fan G 2014 Evaluation of CMIP5 models over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 38 924-38
    • (2014) Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 924-938
    • Hu, Q.1    Jiang, D.2    Fan, G.3
  • 18
    • 85025170615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of absorbing aerosol deposition on snow albedo reduction over the southern Tibetan plateau based on satellite observations
    • Lee W et al 2016 Impact of absorbing aerosol deposition on snow albedo reduction over the southern Tibetan plateau based on satellite observations Theor. Appl. Clim. 129 1-10
    • (2016) Theor. Appl. Clim. , vol.129 , pp. 1-10
    • Lee, W.1
  • 19
    • 84973546896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating biases in simulated land surface albedo from CMIP5 global climate models
    • Li Y et al 2016 Evaluating biases in simulated land surface albedo from CMIP5 global climate models J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121 6178-90
    • (2016) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , vol.121 , pp. 6178-6190
    • Li, Y.1
  • 20
    • 84905164088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verifications of surface air temperature and precipitation from CMIP5 model in Northern Hemisphere and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
    • Li Z et al 2013 Verifications of surface air temperature and precipitation from CMIP5 model in Northern Hemisphere and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Plateau Meteorol. 32 921-8
    • (2013) Plateau Meteorol. , vol.32 , pp. 921-928
    • Li, Z.1
  • 22
    • 0034505741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades
    • Liu X and Chen B 2000 Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades Int. J. Climatol. 20 1729-42
    • (2000) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.20 , pp. 1729-1742
    • Liu, X.1    Chen, B.2
  • 23
    • 84879058988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A statistics-based temporal filter algorithm to map spatiotemporally continuous shortwave albedo from MODIS data
    • Liu N et al 2013 A statistics-based temporal filter algorithm to map spatiotemporally continuous shortwave albedo from MODIS data Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 17 2121-9
    • (2013) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. , vol.17 , pp. 2121-2129
    • Liu, N.1
  • 24
    • 84890571982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evaluation of the long-term GLASS albedo product
    • Liu Q et al 2013 Preliminary evaluation of the long-term GLASS albedo product Int. J.Digit. Earth 6 69-95
    • (2013) Int. J.Digit. Earth , vol.6 , pp. 69-95
    • Liu, Q.1
  • 25
    • 84977965392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study progresses of the Tibet Plateau climate system change and mechanism of its impact on East Asia
    • Ma Y et al 2014 Study progresses of the Tibet Plateau climate system change and mechanism of its impact on East Asia Adv. Earth Sci. 29 207-15
    • (2014) Adv. Earth Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 207-215
    • Ma, Y.1
  • 26
    • 66449104098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulations of the atmospheric and land conditions over the Jinta oasis in northwestern China with satellite-derived land surface parameters
    • Meng X et al 2009 Numerical simulations of the atmospheric and land conditions over the Jinta oasis in northwestern China with satellite-derived land surface parameters J. Geophys. Res. 114 D06114
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Meng, X.1
  • 27
    • 84895001972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of inter-annually varying albedo on regional climate and drought
    • Meng X, Evans J P and McCabe M F 2014a The influence of inter-annually varying albedo on regional climate and drought Clim. Dyn. 42 787-803
    • (2014) Clim. Dyn. , vol.42 , pp. 787-803
    • Meng, X.1    Evans, J.P.2    McCabe, M.F.3
  • 28
    • 84897974926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of observed vegetation changes on land-atmosphere feedbacks during drought
    • Meng X, Evans J P and McCabe M F 2014b The impact of observed vegetation changes on land-atmosphere feedbacks during drought J. Hydrometeorol. 15 759-76
    • (2014) J. Hydrometeorol. , vol.15 , pp. 759-776
    • Meng, X.1    Evans, J.P.2    McCabe, M.F.3
  • 29
    • 84889028008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of summer air temperature and precipitation over Tibetan Plateau with regional climate model RegCM3
    • Qu P, Yang M, Guo D and Chen C 2009 Simulation of summer air temperature and precipitation over Tibetan Plateau with regional climate model RegCM3 Plateau Meteorol. 28 738-43
    • (2009) Plateau Meteorol. , vol.28 , pp. 738-743
    • Qu, P.1    Yang, M.2    Guo, D.3    Chen, C.4
  • 30
    • 84891038057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved direct-estimation algorithm for mapping daily land-surface broadband albedo from MODIS data
    • Qu Y et al 2013 Improved direct-estimation algorithm for mapping daily land-surface broadband albedo from MODIS data IEEE. Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 52 907-19
    • (2013) IEEE. Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 907-919
    • Qu, Y.1
  • 31
    • 84959574787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved meteorology from an updated WRF/CMAQ modeling system with MODIS vegetation and albedo
    • Ran L et al 2016 Improved meteorology from an updated WRF/CMAQ modeling system with MODIS vegetation and albedo J. Geophys. Res. 121 2393-415
    • (2016) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.121 , pp. 2393-2415
    • Ran, L.1
  • 32
    • 0022164037 scopus 로고
    • Maximum surface albedo of seasonally snow-covered lands in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Robinson R and Kukla G 1985 Maximum surface albedo of seasonally snow-covered lands in the Northern Hemisphere J. Cli. Appl. Meteor. 24 402-11
    • (1985) J. Cli. Appl. Meteor. , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 402-411
    • Robinson, R.1    Kukla, G.2
  • 33
    • 84944729026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR (Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research) A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3
    • Skamarock W et al 2008 Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR (Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research) A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3
    • (2008) Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR
    • Skamarock, W.1
  • 34
    • 84878126488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the global climate models in the CMIP5 over the Tibetan Plateau
    • Su F et al 2013 Evaluation of the global climate models in the CMIP5 over the Tibetan Plateau J. Clim. 26 3187-208
    • (2013) J. Clim. , vol.26 , pp. 3187-3208
    • Su, F.1
  • 35
    • 84873628062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of turbulent fluxes using the flux-variance method over an alpine meadow surface in the eastern Tibetan Plateau
    • Wang S et al 2013 Estimation of turbulent fluxes using the flux-variance method over an alpine meadow surface in the eastern Tibetan Plateau Adv. Atmos. Sci. 30 411
    • (2013) Adv. Atmos. Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 411
    • Wang, S.1
  • 36
    • 77953519662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of snow albedo in land models for weather and climate studies
    • Wang Z and Zeng X 2010 Evaluation of snow albedo in land models for weather and climate studies J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. 49 363-80
    • (2010) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.49 , pp. 363-380
    • Wang, Z.1    Zeng, X.2
  • 37
    • 84901921355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-lagged impact of spring sensible heat over the Tibetan Plateau on the summer rainfall anomaly in East China: Case studies using the WRF model
    • Wang Z, Duan A and Wu G 2014 Time-lagged impact of spring sensible heat over the Tibetan Plateau on the summer rainfall anomaly in East China: case studies using the WRF model Clim. Dyn. 42 2885-98
    • (2014) Clim. Dyn. , vol.42 , pp. 2885-2898
    • Wang, Z.1    Duan, A.2    Wu, G.3
  • 38
    • 84865604477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting Asian monsoon formation and change associated with Tibetan Plateau forcing: I. Formation
    • Wu G et al 2012 Revisiting Asian monsoon formation and change associated with Tibetan Plateau forcing: I. Formation Clim. Dyn. 39 1169-81
    • (2012) Clim. Dyn. , vol.39 , pp. 1169-1181
    • Wu, G.1
  • 39
    • 76049123264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers
    • Xu B et al 2009 Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106 22114-8
    • (2009) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.106 , pp. 22114-22118
    • Xu, B.1
  • 40
    • 85018517705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of the water cycle in the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau Acta Meteorol
    • Xu X, Zhao T, Lu C and Shi X 2014 Characteristics of the water cycle in the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau Acta Meteorol Sinica 72 1079-95
    • (2014) Sinica , vol.72 , pp. 1079-1095
    • Xu, X.1    Zhao, T.2    Lu, C.3    Shi, X.4
  • 41
    • 77954130638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upgrades to the reliability ensemble averaging method for producing probabilistic climate-change projections
    • Xu Y, Gao X and Giorgi F 2010 Upgrades to the reliability ensemble averaging method for producing probabilistic climate-change projections Clim. Res. 41 61-81
    • (2010) Clim. Res. , vol.41 , pp. 61-81
    • Xu, Y.1    Gao, X.2    Giorgi, F.3
  • 42
    • 84890489538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent climate changes over the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on energy and water cycle: A review
    • Yang K et al 2014 Recent climate changes over the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on energy and water cycle: a review Glob. Planet. Change 112 79-91
    • (2014) Glob. Planet. Change , vol.112 , pp. 79-91
    • Yang, K.1
  • 43
    • 81555216792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of hydrological cycle to recent climate changes in the Tibetan Plateau
    • Yang K et al 2011 Response of hydrological cycle to recent climate changes in the Tibetan Plateau Clim. Change 109 517-34
    • (2011) Clim. Change , vol.109 , pp. 517-534
    • Yang, K.1
  • 44
    • 77958197920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost degradation and its environmental effects in the Tibetan Plateau: A review of recent research
    • Yang M et al 2010 Permafrost degradation and its environmental effects in the Tibetan Plateau: a review of recent research Earth Sci. Rev. 103 31-44
    • (2010) Earth Sci. Rev. , vol.103 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 31-44
    • Yang, M.1
  • 45
    • 84865803298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings
    • Yao T et al 2012 Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings Nat. Clim. Change 2 663-7
    • (2012) Nat. Clim. Change , vol.2 , pp. 663-667
    • Yao, T.1
  • 46
    • 84905248048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of alpine grassland on Qinghai-Tibetan plateau to climate warming and permafrost degradation: A modeling perspective
    • Yi S et al 2014 Responses of alpine grassland on Qinghai-Tibetan plateau to climate warming and permafrost degradation: a modeling perspective Environ. Res. Lett. 9 074014
    • (2014) Environ. Res. Lett. , vol.9 , Issue.7
    • Yi, S.1
  • 47
    • 84951161741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving Noah land surface model performance using near real time surface albedo and green vegetation fraction
    • Yin J et al 2016 Improving Noah land surface model performance using near real time surface albedo and green vegetation fraction Agric. Forest Meteorol. 218-219 171-83
    • (2016) Agric. Forest Meteorol. , vol.218-219 , pp. 171-183
    • Yin, J.1
  • 48
    • 84949428969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid warming in the Tibetan Plateau from observations and CMIP5 models in recent decades
    • You Q, Min J and Kang S 2016 Rapid warming in the Tibetan Plateau from observations and CMIP5 models in recent decades Int. J. Climatol. 36 2660-70
    • (2016) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.36 , pp. 2660-2670
    • You, Q.1    Min, J.2    Kang, S.3
  • 49
    • 84875731120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal variation of surface solar radiation in the Tibetan Plateau from observations reanalysis and model simulations
    • You Q et al 2013 Decadal variation of surface solar radiation in the Tibetan Plateau from observations reanalysis and model simulations Clim. Dyn. 40 2073-86
    • (2013) Clim. Dyn. , vol.40 , pp. 2073-2086
    • You, Q.1
  • 50
    • 84943819053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a high-resolution historical simulation over China: Climatology and extremes
    • Yu E, Sun J, Chen H and Xiang W 2015 Evaluation of a high-resolution historical simulation over China: climatology and extremes Clim. Dyn. 45 1-19
    • (2015) Clim. Dyn. , vol.45 , Issue.7-8 , pp. 1-19
    • Yu, E.1    Sun, J.2    Chen, H.3    Xiang, W.4
  • 51
    • 84946481462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of rainfall simulation on the steep edge of the Tibetan Plateau by using a finite-difference transport scheme in CAM5
    • Yu R, Li J, Zhang Y and Chen H 2015 Improvement of rainfall simulation on the steep edge of the Tibetan Plateau by using a finite-difference transport scheme in CAM5 Clim. Dyn. 45 2937-48
    • (2015) Clim. Dyn. , vol.45 , pp. 2937-2948
    • Yu, R.1    Li, J.2    Zhang, Y.3    Chen, H.4
  • 52
    • 77952780868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of climate over Qinghai Xizang Plateau utilizing RegCM3
    • Zhang D, Gao X, Bai H and Li D 2005 Simulation of climate over Qinghai Xizang Plateau utilizing RegCM3 Plateau Meteorol. 24 714-9
    • (2005) Plateau Meteorol. , vol.24 , pp. 714-719
    • Zhang, D.1    Gao, X.2    Bai, H.3    Li, D.4
  • 53
    • 33645403830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of regional climate change in China by RegCM4 pp
    • Zhang J 2013 Master's Thesis Numerical simulation of regional climate change in China by RegCM4 1-73 pp
    • (2013) Master's Thesis , pp. 1-73
    • Zhang, J.1
  • 54
    • 85045387577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer glacier in western Tien Shan: Concentrations and potential impact on albedo reduction
    • Zhang Y et al 2017 Light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer glacier in western Tien Shan: concentrations and potential impact on albedo reduction Sci. Cold. Arid Reg. 9 97-111
    • (2017) Sci. Cold. Arid Reg. , vol.9 , pp. 97-111
    • Zhang, Y.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.