Modeling emissions for three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry transport models

Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association

Volumn 68, Issue 8, 2018, Pages 763-800

  Matthias, Volker ^a   Arndt, Jan A ^a   Aulinger, Armin ^a   Bieser, Johannes ^a   Denier van der Gon, Hugo ^b   Kranenburg, Richard ^b   Kuenen, Jeroen ^b   Neumann, Daniel ^c   Pouliot, George ^d   Quante, Markus ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b TNO   (Netherlands)

^c LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR BALTIC SEA RESEARCH   (Germany)

^d U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; EMISSION CONTROL; HEALTH RISKS; LAND USE;

CHEMISTRY TRANSPORT MODEL; EMISSION INVENTORIES; METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION; RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS; SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS; SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONS; SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTIONS; TRAFFIC OBSERVATIONS;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY;

AMMONIA; CARBON; CARBON MONOXIDE; NITRATE; NITROGEN OXIDE; SULFATE; SULFUR DIOXIDE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR MONITORING; AIR POLLUTANT; AIR POLLUTION; AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; AIR QUALITY; ATMOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; COMBUSTION; ENERGY YIELD; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FIELD EMISSION; GREENHOUSE GAS; LAND USE; LEAF AREA; LIGHTNING; PARTICULATE MATTER; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEA; SOIL; TRAFFIC; VOLCANO; WILDFIRE; ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; PROCEDURES; THEORETICAL MODEL;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMANS; MODELS, THEORETICAL;

EID: 85047238052     PISSN: 10962247     EISSN: 21622906     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1424057     Document Type: Review

References (282)

1. Abou-Senna, H., E., Radwan, K., Westerlund, and C.D., Cooper. 2013. Using a traffic simulation model (VISSIM) with an emissions model (MOVES) to predict emissions from vehicles on a limited-access highway. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 63 (7): 819–831. doi:10.1080/10962247.2013.795918.
2. Adolph, D., U., Hansen, and J.G., Kim. 1997. Temporal emission modelling for large point sources in Europe. Proceedings of Eurotrac Symposium ’96–Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, Vol 2: Emissions, Deposition, Laboratory Work and Instrumentation, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, March 25–29. Edited by Patricia M. Borrell and Peter Borrell, 93–96.
3. Alam, A., G., Ghafghazi, and M., Hatzopoulou. 2014. Traffic emissions and air quality near roads in dense urban neighborhood using microscopic simulation for evaluating effects of vehicle fleet, travel demand, and road network changes. Transp. Res. Rec. 2427 (2427): 83–92. doi:10.3141/2427-09.
4. Allen, D.J., K.E., Pickering, R.W., Pinder, B.H., Henderson, K.W., Appel, and A., Prados. 2012. Impact of lightning-NO on eastern United States photochemistry during the summer of 2006 as determined using the CMAQ model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 (4): 1737–1758. doi:10.5194/acp-12-1737-2012.
5. Amann, M., I., Bertok, J., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, C., Heyes, L., Höglund-Isaksson, Z., Klimont, B., Nguyen, M., Posch, P., Rafaj, et al. 2011. Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in Europe: Modeling and policy applications. Environ. Model. Softw. 26:1489–14501. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.012.
6. Amann, M., I., Bertok, J., Cofala, F., Gyarfas, C., Heyes, Z., Klimont, W., Schöpp, and W., Winiwarter. 2005. Baseline scenarios for the clean air for Europe (CAFE) programme. Final Report 79. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).
7. Amann, M., J., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, C., Heyes, Z., Klimont, P., Rafaj, P., Purohit, W., Schoepp, and W., Winiwarter. 2012. Future emissions of air pollutants in Europe—Current legislation baseline and the scope for further reductions. TSAP Report #1. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
8. Amann, M., Z., Klimont, and F., Wagner. 2013. Regional and global emissions of air pollutants: Recent trends and future scenarios. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 38 (1): 31–55. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-052912-173303.
9. Andreae, M.O., and P.J., Crutzen. 1997. Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry. Science 276 (5315): 1052–1058. doi:10.1126/science.276.5315.1052.
10. Andreae, M.O., and P., Merlet. 2001. Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15 (4): 955–966. doi:10.1029/2000GB001382.
11. Appel, K.W., S.L., Napelenok, K.M., Foley, H.O.T., Pye, C., Hogrefe, D.J., Luecken, J.O., Bash, S.J., Roselle, J.E., Pleim, H., Foroutan, et al. 2017. Description and evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system version 5.1. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 (4): 1703–1732. doi:10.5194/gmd-10-1703-2017.
12. Arneth, A., S.P., Harrison, S., Zaehle, K., Tsigaridis, S., Menon, P.J., Bartlein, J., Feichter, A., Korhola, M., Kulmala, D., O’Donnell, et al. 2010. Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system. Nat. Geosci. 3 (8): 525–532. doi:10.1038/ngeo905.
13. Arnold, S.R., D.V., Spracklen, J., Williams, N., Yassaa, J., Sciare, B., Bonsang, V., Gros, I., Peeken, A. C., Lewis, S., Alvain, et al. 2009. Evaluation of the global oceanic isoprene source and its impacts on marine organic carbon aerosol. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9 (4): 1253–1262. doi:10.5194/acp-9-1253-2009.
14. Atkinson, R., and J., Arey. 2003. Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds. Chem. Rev. 103 (12): 4605–4638. doi:10.1021/cr0206420.
15. Aulinger, A., V., Matthias, and M., Quante. 2011. An approach to temporally disaggregate benzo(a)pyrene emissions and their application to a 3D eulerian atmospheric chemistry transport model. Water Air Soil Pollut. 216 (1–4): 643–655. doi:10.1007/s11270-010-0559-x.
16. Aulinger, A., V., Matthias, M., Zeretzke, J., Bieser, M., Quante, and A., Backes. 2016. The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region—Part 1: Current emissions and concentrations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (2): 739–758. doi:10.5194/acp-16-739-2016.
17. Backes, A., A., Aulinger, J., Bieser, V., Matthias, and M., Quante. 2016. Ammonia emissions in Europe, part I: Development of a dynamical ammonia emission inventory. Atmos. Environ. 131:55–66. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.041.
18. Bash, J.O., K.R., Baker, and MR., Beaver. 2016. Evaluation of improved land use and canopy representation in BEIS v3.61 with biogenic VOC measurements in California. Geosci. Model Dev. 9 (6): 2191–2207. doi:10.5194/gmd-9-2191-2016.
19. Bergström, R., H.A.C., Denier van der Gon, A.S.H., Prévôt, K.E., Yttri, and D., Simpson. 2012. Modelling of organic aerosols over Europe (2002–2007) using a volatility basis set (VBS) framework: Application of different assumptions regarding the formation of secondary organic aerosol. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12:8499–8527. doi:10.5194/acp-12-8499-2012.
20. Bieser, J., A., Aulinger, V., Matthias, M., Quante, and P., Builtjes. 2011a. SMOKE for Europe—Adaptation, modification and evaluation of a comprehensive emission model for Europe. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 (1): 47–68. doi:10.5194/gmd-4-47-2011.
21. Bieser, J., A., Aulinger, V., Matthias, M., Quante, and H.A.C., Denier van der Gon. 2011b. Vertical emission profiles for Europe based on plume rise calculations. Environ. Pollut. 159 (10): 2935–2946. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.030.
22. Blanchard, D. C., 1964. Sea-to-air transport of surface active material. Science 146 (3642): 396–397. doi:10.1126/science.146.3642.396.
23. Blanchard, D.C., and A.H., Woodcock. 1980. The production, concentration, and vertical distribution of the sea-salt aerosol. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 338 (1): 330–347. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb17130.x.
24. Briggs, G.A., 1969. US Army Environmental Center critical review series TID25075. Oak Ridge, TN: U.S. Army Environmental CenterTechnical Information Center.
25. Briggs, G.A., 1971. Some recent analyses of plume rise observation. In Proceedings of the second international clean air congress, [Place], [Dates], ed. H.M., Englun and W.T., Beery, 1029–1032. New York: Academic Press.
26. Briggs, G.A., 1972. Discussion on chimney plumes in neutral and stable surroundings. Atmos. Environ. 6:507–510. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(72)90120-5.
27. Briggs, G.A., 1975. Plume rise predictions. In Lectures on airpollution and environment impact analysis, Chapter 3, 59–111.
28. Briggs, G.A., 1984. Plume rise and buoyancy effects in atmospheric sciences and power production. DOE/TIC-27601 (DE 84005177). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy.
29. BSC. 2017. The NMMB/BSC-Dust model. Barcelona, Spain: Barcelona Dust Forecast Center. https://dust.aemet.es/methods/the-nmmb-bsc-dust-model (accessed November 1, 2017).
30. Byun, D., and K.L., Schere. 2006. Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Appl. Mech. Rev. 59 (1–6): 51–77. doi:10.1115/1.2128636.
31. Byun, D.W., and Ching, S., (Eds.). 1999. Science algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. EPA/600/R-99/030. Research Triangle Park, NC: US EPA.
32. Cardelino, C., 1998. Daily variability of motor vehicle emissions derived from traffic counter data. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 48 (7): 637–645. doi:10.1080/10473289.1998.10463709.
33. Carter, W. P. L., 1988. Documentation for the SAPRC atmospheric photochemical mechanism preparation and emissions processing programs for implementation in airshed models. Appendix C. Riverside, CA: California Air Resource Board.
34. Carter, W.P.L., 2010. Development of the SAPRC-07 chemical mechanism. Atmos. Environ. 44 (40): 5324–5335. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.026.
35. Carter, W.P.L., and G., Heo. 2013. Development of revised SAPRC aromatics mechanisms. Atmos. Environ. 77:404–414. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.021.
36. Cavalli, F., M.C., Facchini, S., Decesari, L., Emblico, M., Mircea, N.R., Jensen, and S., Fuzzi. 2006. Size-segregated aerosol chemical composition at a boreal site in southern Finland, during the QUEST project. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6:993–1002. doi:10.5194/acp-6-993-2006.
37. Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). 2017. A Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) for historical emissions. http://www.globalchange.umd.edu/ceds/ (accessed November 9, 2017).
38. Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP). 2017. Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections. http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_home/ceip_intro/ (accessed November 2, 2017).
39. Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ). 2017. CMAQ model. https://www.epa.gov/cmaq (accessed November 9, 2017).
40. Chen, D.S., Y.H., Zhao, P., Nelson, Y., Li, X.T., Wang, Y., Zhou, J.L., Lang, and X.R., Guo. 2016a. Estimating ship emissions based on AIS data for port of Tianjin, China. Atmos. Environ. 145:10–18. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.086.
41. Chen, S., S., Bekhor, and D.M., Broday. 2016b. Aggregated GPS tracking of vehicles and its use as a proxy of traffic-related air pollution emissions. Atmos. Environ. 142:351–359. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.015.
42. Churkina, G., F., Kuik, B., Bonn, A., Lauer, R., Grote, K., Tomiak, and T.M., Butler. 2017. Effect of VOC emissions from vegetation on air quality in Berlin during a heatwave. Environmental Science & Technology 51 (11): 6120–6130.
43. Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ). 2017. CMAQ model. https://www.epa.gov/cmaq (accessed November 9, 2017).
44. Corbett, J.J., D.A., Lack, J.J., Winebrake, S., Harder, J.A., Silberman, and M., Gold. 2010. Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10:9689–9704. doi:10.5194/acp-10-9689-2010.
45. Corbett, J.J., J.J., Winebrake, E.H., Green, P., Kasibhatla, V., Eyring, and A., Lauer. 2007. Mortality from ship emissions: A global assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (24): 8512–8518. doi:10.1021/es071686z.
46. Crippa, M., G., Janssens-Maenhout, F., Dentener, D., Guizzardi, K., Sindelarova, M., Muntean, R., van Dingenen, and C., Granier. 2016. Forty years of improvements in European air quality: Regional policy-industry interactions with global impacts. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (6): 3825–3841. doi:10.5194/acp-16-3825-2016.
47. Curci, G., M., Beekmann, R., Vautard, G., Smiatek, R., Steinbrecher, J., Theloke, and R., Friedrich. 2009. Modelling study of the impact of isoprene and terpene biogenic emissions on European ozone levels. Atmos. Environ. 43 (7): 1444–1455. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.070.
48. Davidson, E.A., and W., Kingerlee. 1997. A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 48 (1–2): 37–50. doi:10.1023/A:1009738715891.
49. de Leeuw, G., E.L., Andreas, M.D., Anguelova, C.W., Fairall, E.R., Lewis, C.D., O’Dowd, M., Schulz, and S.E., Schwartz. 2011. Production flux of sea spray aerosol. Rev. Geophys. 49 (2). doi:10.1029/2010RG000349.
50. de Leeuw, G., F.P., Neele, M., Hill, M.H., Smith, and E., Vignati. 2000. Production of sea spray aerosol in the surf zone. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 105 (D24): 29397–29409. doi:10.1029/2000JD900549.
51. di Giuseppe, F., S., Rémy, F., Pappenberger, and F., Wetterhall. 2017. Improving the forecast of biomass burning emissions with the fire weather index. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 56:2789–2799. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0405.1.
52. Diehl, T., A., Heil, M., Chin, X., Pan, D., Streets, M., Schultz, and S., Kinne. 2012. Anthropogenic, biomass burning, and volcanic emissions of black carbon, organic carbon, and SO2 from 1980 to 2010 for hindcast model experiments. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 12 (9): 24895–24954. doi:10.5194/acpd-12-24895-2012.
53. Drewniak, B.A., P.K., Snyder, A.L., Steiner, T.E., Twine, and D.J., Wuebbles. 2014. Simulated changes in biogenic VOC emissions and ozone formation from habitat expansion of Acer rubrum (red maple). Environ. Res. Lett. 9:014006. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/1/014006.
54. Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). 2017. Global emissions. EDGAR v4.3.1 (January 2016). http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=431 (accessed October 13, 2017).
55. Emissions of atmospheric Compounds & Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD). 2017. Emissions of atmospheric Compounds and Compilation of Ancillary Data. http://eccad.aeris-data.fr/ (accessed October 3, 2017).
56. Engelstaedter, S., I., Tegen, and R., Washington. 2006. North African dust emissions and transport. Earth-Sci. Rev. 79 (1–2, November):73–100. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.004.
57. European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP). 2017. Officially reported emission data. http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_home/webdab_emepdatabase/reported_emissiondata/ (accessed November 1, 2017).
58. European Monitoring and Evaluation Program–Chemistry transport model (EMEP CTM). 2017. EMEP model code including time profiles. https://github.com/metno/emep-ctm/tree/tools (accessed November 9, 2017).
59. European Environment Agency. 2016a. The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR). www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/member-states-reporting-art-7-under-the-european-pollutant-release-and-transfer-register-e-prtr-regulation-13 (accessed November1, 2017).
60. European Environment Agency. 2016b. Air quality in Europe—2016 report. EEA-Report 28. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
61. European Environment Agency. 2016c. EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016. Technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories. EEA-Report 21. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
62. Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants (ECLIPSE). 2013. ECLIPSE V4a global emission fields. http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/air/ECLIPSEv4a.html (accessed November 1, 2017).
63. Evan, A.T., S., Fiedler, C., Zhao, L., Menut, K., Schepanski, C., Flamant, and O., Doherty. 2015. Derivation of an observation-based map of North African dust emission. Aeolian Res. 16:153–162. doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.01.001.
64. Eyring, V., H.W., Kohler, J., van Aardenne, and A., Lauer. 2005. Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 50 years. J. Geophys. Res. 110:D17305. doi:10.1029/2004JD005619.
65. Fehr, T., H., Holler, and H., Huntrieser. 2004. Model study on pro duction and transport of lightning-produced NOx in a EULINOX supercell storm. J. Geophys. Res. 109:D09102. doi:10.1029/2003JD003935.
66. Flaounas, M., V., Kotroni, K., Lagouvardos, M., Klose, C., Flamant, and T.M., Giannaros. 2017. Sensitivity of the WRF-Chem (V3.6.1) model to different dust emission parametrisation: Assessment in the broader Mediterranean region. Geoscientific Model Development, 10 (8): 2925–2945.
67. Foroutan, H., J., Young, S., Napelenok, L., Ran, K.W., Appel, R.C., Gilliam, and J.E., Pleim. 2017. Development and evaluation of a physics-based windblown dust emission scheme implemented in the CMAQ modeling system. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 9 (1): 585–608. doi:10.1002/2016MS000823.
68. Fountoukis, C., A.G., Megaritis, K., Skyllakou, P.E., Charalampidis, C., Pilinis, H.A.C., Denier van der Gon, M., Crippa, F., Canonaco, C., Mohr, A.S.H., Prévôt, et al. 2014. Organic aerosol concentration and composition over Europe: Insights from comparison of regional model predictions with aerosol mass spectrometer factor analysis. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14:9061–9076. doi:10.5194/acp-14-9061-2014.
69. Freitas, S.R., K.M., Longo, M.F., Alonso, M., Pirre, V., Marecal, G., Grell, R., Stockler, R.F., Mello, and M.S., Gacita. 2011. PREP-CHEM-SRC-1.0: A preprocessor of trace gas and aerosol emission fields for regional and global atmospheric chemistry models. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 (2): 419–433. doi:10.5194/gmd-4-419-2011.
70. Freitas, S.R., K.M., Longo, and M.O., Andreae. 2006. Impact of including the plume rise of vegetation fires in numerical simulations of associated atmospheric pollutants. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 (17): L17808. doi:10.1029/2006GL026608.
71. Frost, G., J.P., Middleton, L., Tarrasón, C., Granier, A., Guenther, B., Cardenas, H., Denier van der Gon, G., Janssens-Maenhout, J.W., Kaiser, T., Keating, et al. 2013. New Directions: GEIA’s 2020 vision for better air emissions information. Atmos. Environ. 81:710–712. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.063.
72. Fuzzi, S., U., Baltensperger, K., Carslaw, S., Decesari, H., Denier van der Gon, M.C., Facchini, D., Fowler, I., Koren, B., Langford, U., Lohmann et al. 2015. Particulate matter, air quality and climate: Lessons learned and future needs. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15:8217–8299. doi:10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015.
73. Galle, B., M., Johansson, C., Rivera, Y., Zhang, M., Kihlman, C., Kern, T., Lehmann, U., Platt, S., Arellano, and S., Hidalgo. 2010. Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC)—A global network for volcanic gas monitoring: Network layout and instrument description. J. Geophys. Res. 115:D5. doi:10.1029/2009JD011823.
74. Gantt, B., M.S., Johnson, N., Meskhidze, J., Sciare, J., Ovadnevaite, D., Ceburnis, and C.D., O’Dowd. 2012. Model evaluation of marine primary organic aerosol emission schemes. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 (18): 8553–8566. doi:10.5194/acp-12-8553-2012.
75. Gantt, B., J.T., Kelly, and J.O., Bash. 2015. Updating sea spray aerosol emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0.2. Geosci. Model Dev. 8 (11): 3733–3746. doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3733-2015.
76. Gantt, B., and N., Meskhidze. 2013. The physical and chemical characteristics of marine primary organic aerosol: A review. Atmos. Chem. Phy. 13 (8): 3979–3996. doi:10.5194/acp-13-3979-2013.
77. Gery, M.W., G.Z., Whitten, J.P., Killus, and M.C., Dodge. 1989. A photochemical kinetics mechanism for urban and regional scale computer modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 94:12925–12956. doi:10.1029/JD094iD10p12925.
78. [GFASxxx]. 2017. Global fire assimilation system. Biomass burning emissions of carbon and various trace species based on assimilated Fire Radiative Power (FRP). http://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/catalogue/#/product/urn:x-wmo:md:int.ecmwf::copernicus:cams:prod:an:fire-radiative-power:pid324 (accessed November 9, 2017).
79. Giglio, L., J., Descloitres, C.O., Justice, and Y.J., Kaufman. 2003. An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS. Remote Sens. Environ. 87 (2–3, October):273–282. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00184-6.
80. Gillies, J.A., V., Etyemezian, H., Kuhns, D., Nikolic, and D.A., Gillette. 2005. Effect of vehicle characteristics on unpaved road dust emissions. Atmos. Environ. 39 (13): 2341–2347. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.064.
81. Ginoux, P., M., Chin, I., Tegen, J.M., Prospero, B., Holben, O., Dubovik, and S.J., Lin. 2001. Sources and distribution of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model. J. Geophys. Res. 106:20, 255–20, 273. doi:10.1029/2000JD000053.
82. Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS). 2017. Global fire assimilation system. Biomass burning emissions of carbon and various trace species based on assimilated Fire Radiative Power (FRP). http://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/catalogue/#/product/urn:x-wmo:md:int.ecmwf::copernicus:cams:prod:an:fire-radiative-power:pid324 (accessed November 9, 2017).
83. Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED). 2017. Global Fire Emissions Database, version 4.1 (GFEDv4), summary. https://daac.ornl.gov/VEGETATION/guides/fire_emissions_v4_R1.html (accessed November 6, 2017).
84. GMES. 2017. Copernicus monitoring and atmospheric composition and climate programme. http://www.gmes-atmosphere.eu/ (accessed November 9, 2017).
85. Goldsworthy, L., and B., Goldsworthy. 2015. Modelling of ship engine exhaust emissions in ports and extensive coastal waters based on terrestrial AIS data—An Australian case study. Environ. Model. Softw. 63:45–60. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.09.009.
86. Gong, S.L., 2003. A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub- and super-micron particles. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 17 (4): 1097. doi:10.1029/2003GB002079.
87. Granier, C., B., Bessagnet, T., Bond, A., D’Angiola, H.D., van der Gon, G.J., Frost, A., Heil, J.W., Kaiser, S., Kinne, Z., Klimont, et al. 2011. Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980-2010 period. Clim. Change 109 (1–2): 163–190. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1.
88. Guenther, A., 2013. Biological and chemical diversity of biogenic volatile organic emissions into the atmosphere. ISRN Atmos. Sci. Article ID: 786290. doi:10.1155/2013/786290.
89. Guenther, A., C.N., Hewitt, D., Erickson, R., Fall, C., Geron, T., Graedel, P., Harley, L., Klinger, M., Lerdau, W. A., Mckay, et al. 1995. Global-Model of Natural Volatile Organic-Compound Emissions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 100 (D5): 8873–8892. doi:10.1029/94JD02950.
90. Guenther, A., T., Karl, P., Harley, C., Wiedinmyer, P.I., Palmer, and C., Geron. 2006. Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6:3181–3210. [Read Corrigendum first.] doi: 10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006.
91. Guenther, A.B., X., Jiang, C.L., Heald, T., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, L.K., Emmons, and X., Wang. 2012. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): An extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions. Geoscientific Model Development 5 (6): 1471–92. doi:10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012.
92. Guevara, M., F., Martínez, G., Arévalo, S., Gassó, and J.M., Baldasano. 2013. An improved system for modelling Spanish emissions: HERMESv2.0. Atmos. Environ. 81:209–222. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.053.
93. Guevara, M., A., Soret, G., Arevalo, F., Martinez, and J.M., Baldasano. 2014. Implementation of plume rise and its impacts on emissions and air quality modelling. Atmos. Environ. 99:618–629. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.029.
94. Hallquist, M., J.C., Wenger, U., Baltensperger, Y., Rudich, D., Simpson, M., Claeys, J., Dommen, N.M., Donahue, C., George, A.H., Goldstein, et al. 2009. The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: Current and emerging issues. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9 (14): 5155–5236. doi:10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009.
95. Haustein, K., C., Pérez, J.M., Baldasano, O., Jorba, S., Basart, R.L., Miller, Z., Janjic, T., Black, S., Nickovic, M.C., Todd, et al. 2012. Atmospheric dust modeling from meso to global scales with the online NMMB/BSC-Dust model—Part 2: Experimental campaigns in Northern Africa. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12:2933–2958. doi:10.5194/acp-12-2933-2012.
96. Haustein, K., R., Washington, J., King, G., Wiggs, D., Thomas, and L., Menut. 2014. Testing the performance of state-of-the-art dust emission schemes using DO4Models field data. Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. 7:5739–5789. doi:10.5194/gmdd-7-5739-2014.
97. Hawkins, D.M., 2004. The problem of overfitting, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 44:1–12. doi:10.1021/ci0342472.
98. Hemispheric Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants (HTAP). 2015. HTAP v2. http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/htap_v2/index.php?SECURE=123 (accessed November 1, 2017).
99. Hendriks, C., R., Kranenburg, J.J.P., Kuenen, B., van den Bril, V., Verguts, and M., Schaap. 2016. Ammonia emission time profiles based on manure transport data improve ammonia modelling across north western Europe. Atmos. Environ. 131:83–96. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.043.
100. Henschel, S., and G., Chan. 2013. Health risks of air pollution in European Hrapie project. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization.
101. Hoelzemann, J.J., M.G., Schultz, G.P., Brasseur, C., Granier, and M., Simon. 2004. Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data. J. Geophys. Res. 109 (D14): D14S04. doi:10.1029/2003JD003666.
102. Hoesly, R.M., S.J., Smith, L., Feng, Z., Klimont, G., Janssens-Maenhout, T., Pitkanen, J.J., Seibert, L., Vu, R.J., Andres, et al. 2018. Historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the Community Emission Data System (CEDS). Geoscientific Model Development, 11(1):369. doi:10.5194/gmd-2017-43.
103. Houyoux, M.R., 1998. Technical report: Plume rise algorithm summary for the Sparse Matrix Operator Modeling System (SMOKE). ENV 98TR004eTR0v1. 0. Prepared for North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
104. Houyoux, M.R., J.M., Vukovich, C.J., Coats, N.J.M., Wheeler, and P.S., Kasibhatla. 2000. Emission inventory development and processing for the Seasonal Model for Regional Air Quality (SMRAQ) project. J. Geophys. Res. 105:9079–9909. doi:10.1029/1999JD900975.
105. Huang, J., and L., Jaeglé. 2017. Wintertime enhancements of sea salt aerosol in polar regions consistent with a sea ice source from blowing snow. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 (5): 3699–3712. doi:10.5194/acp-17-3699-2017.
106. Huang, Y., H., Shen, H., Chen, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Su, Y., Chen, N., Lin, S., Zhuo, Q., Zhong, et al. 2014. Quantification of global primary emissions of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP from combustion and industrial process sources. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (23): 13834–13843. PMID: 25347079. doi: 10.1021/es503696k.
107. Huang, Y., H., Shen, Y., Chen, Q., Zhong, H., Chen, R., Wang, G., Shen, J., Liu, B., Li, and S., Tao. 2015. Global organic carbon emissions from primary sources from 1960 to 2009. Atmos. Environ. 122 (Suppl. C): 505–512. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.017.
108. Huneeus, N., M., Schulz, Y., Balkanski, J., Griesfeller, J., Prospero, S., Kinne, S., Bauer, O., Boucher, M., Chin, F., Dentener, et al. 2011. Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11:7781–7816. doi:10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011.
109. Ichoku, C., and Y.J., Kaufman. 2005. A method to derive smoke emission rates from MODIS fire radiative energy measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 43 (11): 2636–2649. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.857328.
110. ICP FORESTS. 2017. Database. http://icp-forests.net (accessed November 9, 2017).
111. Im, U., R., Bianconi, E., Solazzo, I., Kioutsioukis, A., Badia, A., Balzarini, R., Baro, R., Bellasio, D., Brunner, C., Chemel, 2015. Evaluation of operational online coupled regional air quality models over Europe and North America in the context of AQMEII phase 2. Part II: Particulate matter. Atmos. Environ. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.072.
112. Integrated System for Wild-Land Fires (IS4FIRES). 2017. An integrated monitoring and modelling system for wildland fires. http://is4fires.fmi.fi (accessed November 1, 2017).
113. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2001. Climate change 2001, the scientific basic. Technical report. Cambridge, UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
114. International Institute for Applied System Analysis (IIASA). 2009. RCP database (version 2.0). http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web-apps/tnt/RcpDb (accessed October 3, 2017).
115. Jackson, E., and L., Aultman-Hall. 2010. Analysis of real-world lead vehicle operation for modal emissions and traffic simulation models. Transp. Res. Rec. 2158 (2158): 44–53. doi:10.3141/2158-06.
116. Jaeglé, L., P.K., Quinn, T.S., Bates, B., Alexander, and J.-T., Lin. 2011. Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: New constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 (7): 3137–3157. doi:10.5194/acp-11-3137-2011.
117. Jalkanen, J.P., A., Brink, J., Kalli, H., Pettersson, J., Kukkonen, and T., Stipa. 2009. A modelling system for the exhaust emissions of marine traffic and its application in the Baltic Sea area. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9 (23): 9209–9223. doi:10.5194/acp-9-9209-2009.
118. Jalkanen, J.P., L., Johansson, J., Kukkonen, A., Brink, J., Kalli, and T., Stipa. 2012. Extension of an assessment model of ship traffic exhaust emissions for particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 (5): 2641–2659. doi:10.5194/acp-12-2641-2012.
119. Janssens-Maenhout, G., M., Crippa, D., Guizzardi, F., Dentener, M., Muntean, G., Pouliot, T., Keating, Q., Zhang, J., Kurokawa, R., Wankmuller, et al. 2015. HTAP_v2.2: A mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (19): 11411–11432. doi:10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015.
120. Janssens-Maenhout, G., A.M.R., Petrescu, M., Muntean, and V., Blujdea. 2011. Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Methods to Support International Climate Agreements. Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management. 1:132–133. doi:10.1080/20430779.2011.579358.
121. Jickells, T.D., Z.S., An, K.K., Andersen, A.R., Baker, G., Bergametti, N., Brooks, J.J., Cao, P.W., Boyd, R.A., Duce, K.A., Hunter, et al. 2005. Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate. Science 308 (5718): 67–71. doi:10.1126/science.1105959.
122. Johansson, L., J.-P., Jalkanen, and J., Kukkonen. 2017. Global assessment of shipping emissions in 2015 on a high spatial and temporal resolution. Atmos. Environ. 167:403–415. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.042.
123. Jones, L., H., Smith, R., Claxton, and G., Thistlethwaite. 2017. Air quality pollutant inventories for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland: 1990–2015. Technical Report. Ricardo Energy & Environment, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK. https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat07/1710060932_DA_Air_Quality_Pollutant_Inventories_1990-2015_v01-01.pdf (accessed November 6, 2017).
124. Kaiser, J.W., A., Heil, M.O., Andreae, A., Benedetti, N., Chubarova, L., Jones, -J.-J., Morcrette, M., Razinger, M.G., Schultz, M., Suttie, et al. 2012. Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power. Biogeosciences 9:527–554. doi:10.5194/bg-9-527-2012.
125. Kanakidou, M., J.H., Seinfeld, S.N., Pandis, I., Barnes, F.J., Dentener, M.C., Facchini, R., van Dingenen, B., Ervens, A., Nenes, C.J., Nielsen, et al. 2005. Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: A review. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5:1053–1123. doi:10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005.
126. Karl, M., A., Guenther, R., Koble, A., Leip, and G., Seufert. 2009. A new European plant-specific emission inventory of biogenic volatile organic compounds for use in atmospheric transport models. Biogeosciences 6 (6): 1059–1087. doi:10.5194/bg-6-1059-2009.
127. Kim, B.Y., G.G., Fleming, J.J., Lee, I.A., Waitz, J.-P., Clarke, S., Balasubramanian, A., Malwitz, K., Klima, M., Locke, C.A., Holsclaw, et al. 2007. System for assessing Aviation’s Global Emissions (SAGE), Part 1: Model description and inventory results. Transp. Res. D 12:325–346. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2007.03.007.
128. Klimont, Z., K., Kupiainen, C., Heyes, P., Purohit, J., Cofala, P., Rafaj, J., Borken-Kleefeld, and W., Schöpp. 2017. Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 (14): 8681–8723. doi:10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017.
129. Köble, R., and G., Seufert. 2001. Novel maps for forest tree species in Europe. Proceedings of the 8th European symposium on the physico-chemical behaviour of air pollutants: A changing atmosphere, ed. Turino, Italy, September 17–20.
130. Kok, J.F., N.M., Mahowald, G., Fratini, J.A., Gillies, M., Ishizuka, J.F., Leys, M., Mikami, M.S., Park, S.U., Park, R.S., Van Pelt, et al. 2014. An improved dust emission model—Part 1: Model description and comparison against measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 (23): 13023–13041. doi:10.5194/acp-14-13023-2014.
131. Kok, J.F., E.J.R., Parteli, T.I., Michaels, and D.B., Karam. 2012. The physics of wind-blown sand and dust. Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 (10): 106901. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/106901.
132. Kuenen, J.J.P., A.J.H., Visschedijk, M., Jozwicka, and H.A.C.D., van der Gon. 2014. TNO-MACC_II emission inventory; a multi-year (2003–2009) consistent high-resolution European emission inventory for air quality modelling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 (20): 10963–10976. doi:10.5194/acp-14-10963-2014.
133. Kurokawa, J., T., Ohara, T., Morikawa, S., Hanayama, G., Janssens-Maenhout, T., Fukui, K., Kawashima, and H., Akimoto. 2013. Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13 (21): 11019–11058. doi:10.5194/acp-13-11019-2013.
134. Kühlwein, J., R., Friedrich, N., Kalthoff, U., Corsmeier, F., Slemr, M., Habram, & M., Möllmann-Coers. 2002. Comparison of modelled and measured total CO and NOx emission rates. Atmospheric Environment, 36: 53–60.
135. Lamarque, J.F., T.C., Bond, V., Eyring, C., Granier, A., Heil, Z., Klimont, D., Lee, C., Liousse, A., Mieville, B., Owen, et al. 2010. Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: Methodology and application. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (15): 7017–7039. doi:10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010.
136. Langmann, B., B., Duncan, C., Textor, J., Trentmann, and G.R., van der Werf. 2009. Vegetation fire emissions and their impact on air pollution and climate. Atmos. Environ. 43 (1): 107–116. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.047.
137. Langmann, B., A., Folch, M., Hensch, and V., Matthias. 2012. Volcanic ash over Europe during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland, April–May 2010. Atmos. Environ. 48:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.054.
138. Larsen, U., L., Pierobon, F., Baldi, F., Haglind, and A., Ivarsson. 2015. Development of a model for the prediction of the fuel consumption and nitrogen oxides emission trade-off for large ships. Energy 80:545–555. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.009.
139. Laurent, B., I., Tegen, K., Schepanski, B., Heinold, B., Marticorena, and G., Bergametti. 2009. Modelling mineral dust emissions. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) 7 (1): 10. doi:10.1088/1755-1307/1755-1307/7/1/012006.
140. Lee, D.S., D.W., Fahey, P.M., Forster, P.J., Newton, R.C., Wit, L.L., Lim, B., Owen, and R., Sausen. 2009. Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century. Atmos. Environ. 43:3520–3537. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024.
141. Lee, D. S., I., Kohler, E., Grobler, F., Rohrer, R., Sausen, L., Gallardo‐Klenner, J.G.J., Olivier, F.J., Dentener, and A.F., Bouwman. 1997. Estimations of global NOx emissions and their uncertainties. Atmos. Environ. 31 (12): 1735–1749. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00327-5.
142. Laurent, B., I., Tegen, K., Schepanski, B., Heinold, B., Marticorena, and G., Bergametti. 2009. Modelling mineral dust emissions. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) 7 (1): 10. doi:10.1088/1755-1307/1755-1307/7/1/012006.
143. Legrand, M.X., S.P., Yang, and N., Theys. 2016. Year-round records of sea salt, gaseous, and particulate inorganic bromine in the atmospheric boundary layer at coastal (Dumont d’Urville) and central (Concordia) East Antarctic sites. J. Geophys. Res 121 (2): 997–1023. doi:10.1002/2015JD024066.
144. Lelieveld, J., J.S., Evans, M., Fnais, D., Giannadaki, and A., Pozzer. 2015. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 525 (7569): 367–371. doi:10.1038/nature15371.
145. Levine, J.G., X., Yang, A.E., Jones, and E.W., Wolff. 2014. Sea salt as an ice core proxy for past sea ice extent: A process-based model study. J. Geophys. Res. 119 (9): 5737–5756. doi:10.1002/2013JD020925.
146. Lewis, E.R., and S.E., Schwartz. 2004. Sea salt aerosol production: mechanisms, methods, measurements and models—a critical review, vol. 152. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
147. Li, C. S., S., Frolking, and T.A., Frolking. 1992. A model of nitrous-oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events.1. model structure and sensitivity. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (D9): 9759–9776. doi:10.1029/92JD00509.
148. Li, M., Q., Zhang, J., Kurokawa, J.H., Woo, K.B., He, Z.F., Lu, T., Ohara, Y., Song, D.G., Streets, G.R., Carmichael, et al. 2017. MIX: A mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 (2): 935–963. doi:10.5194/acp-17-935-2017.
149. Li, M., Q., Zhang, D.G., Streets, K.B., He, Y.F., Cheng, L.K., Emmons, H., Huo, S.C., Kang, Z., Lu, M., Shao, et al. 2014. Mapping Asian anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds to multiple chemical mechanisms. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 (11): 5617–5638. doi:10.5194/acp-14-5617-2014.
150. Liousse, C., M. O., Andreae, P., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, H., Cachier, J.M., Grégoire, P., Hobbs, D., Lavoué, F., Mouillot, J., Penner, et al. 2004. Deriving global quantitative estimates for spatial and temporal distributions of biomass burning emissions. In Emissions of atmospheric trace compounds–Advances in global change research, eds. C. Granier, P. Artaxo, and C. E. Reeves, 71–113. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
151. Liousse, C., E., Assamoi, P., Criqui, C., Granier, and R., Rosset. 2014. Explosive growth in African combustion emissions from 2005 to 2030. Environ. Res. Lett. 9 (3): 035003. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/035003.
152. Liu, H., M., Fu, X., Jin, Y., Shang, D., Shindell, G., Faluvegi, C., Shindell, and K., He. 2016. Health and climate impacts of ocean-going vessels in East Asia. Nature Climate Change 6 (11): 1037.
153. Liu, F., Q., Zhang, D., Tong, B., Zheng, M., Li, H., Huo, and K.B., He. 2015. High-resolution inventory of technologies, activities, and emissions of coal-fired power plants in China from 1990 to 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (23): 13299–13317. doi:10.5194/acp-15-13299-2015.
154. Lu, Z., Q., Zhang, and D.G., Streets. 2011. Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996–2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 (18): 9839–9864. doi:10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011.
155. Mahowald, N.M., S., Kloster, S., Engelstaedter, J.K., Moore, S., Mukhopadhyay, J.R., McConnell, S., Albani, S.C., Doney, A., Bhattacharya, M.A.J., Curran, et al. 2010. Observed 20th century desert dust variability: Impact on climate and biogeochemistry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (22): 10875–10893. doi:10.5194/acp-10-10875-2010.
156. Marécal, V., V.-H., Peuch, C., Andersson, S., Andersson, J., Arteta, M., Beekmann, A., Benedictow, R., Bergström, B., Bessagnet, A., Cansado, et al. 2015. A regional air quality forecasting system over Europe: The MACC-II daily ensemble production. Geosci. Model. Dev. 8:2777–2813. doi:10.5194/gmd-8-2777-2015.
157. Martensson, E.M., E.D., Nilsson, G., de Leeuw, L.H., Cohen, and H.-C., Hansson. 2003. Laboratory simulations and parameterization of the primary marine aerosol production. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108 (D9): 4297. doi:10.1029/2002JD002263.
158. Mason, R., P., Dolwick, P., Carey, E., Kinnee, and M., Wilson. 2008. Emissions processing and sensitivity air quality modeling of category 3 commercial marine vessel emissions. Ann. Arbor 1001:48105.
159. Mastin, L.G., M., Guffanti, R., Servranckx, P., Webley, S., Barsotti, K., Dean, A., Durant, J.W., Ewert, A., Neri, W.I., Rose, et al. 2009. A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 186 (1): 10–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.008.
160. Matthias, V., A., Aulinger, J., Bieser, J., Cuesta, B., Geyer, B., Langmann, I., Serikov, I., Mattis, A., Minikin, L., Mona, et al. 2012. The ash dispersion over Europe during the Eyjafjallajokull eruption—Comparison of CMAQ simulations to remote sensing and air-borne in-situ observations. Atmos. Environ. 48:184–194. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.077.
161. Meng, W., Q., Zhong, X., Yun, X., Zhu, T., Huang, H., Shen, Y., Chen, H., Chen, F., Zhou, J., Liu, X., Wang, E.Y., Zeng, and S., Tao. 2017. Improvement of a global high-resolution ammonia emission inventory for combustion and industrial sources with new data from the residential and transportation sectors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51 (5): 2821–2829. PMID: 28121429. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03694.
162. Menut, L., A., Goussebaile, B., Bessagnet, D., Khvorostiyanov, and A., Ung. 2012. Impact of realistic hourly emissions profiles on air pollutants concentrations modelled with CHIMERE. Atmos. Environ. 49:233–244. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.057.
163. Michel, C., C., Liousse, J.-M., Grégoire, K., Tansey, G.R., Carmichael, and J.-H., Woo. 2005. Biomass burning emission inventory from burnt area data given by the SPOT-VEGETATION system in the frame of TRACE-P and ACE-Asia campaigns. J. Geophys. Res. 110 (D9). doi:10.1029/2004JD005461.
164. Mieville, A., C., Granier, C., Liousse, B., Guillaume, F., Mouillot, J.F., Lamarque, J.M., Gregoire, and G., Petron. 2010. Emissions of gases and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century using satellite data and an historical reconstruction. Atmos. Environ. 44 (11): 1469–1477. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.011.
165. MIX. 2017. MIX dataset [in Chinese]. http://www.meicmodel.org/dataset-mix (accessed June 26, 2018).
166. Monahan, E.C., and I.O., Muircheartaigh. 1980. Optimal power-law description of oceanic whitecap coverage dependence on wind-speed. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10 (12): 2094–2099. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<2094:OPLDOO>2.0.CO;2.
167. Monahan, E.C., D.E., Spiel, and K.L., Davidson. 1986. A model of Marine Aerosol Generation via whitecaps and wave disruption. In Oceanic whitecaps. Oceanographic Sciences Library, ed. E.C. Monahan, and G.M. Niocaill, vol 2. Dordrecht: Springer.
168. Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate—City (MACCity). 2012. Index. http://accmip-emis.iek.fz-juelich.de/data/accmip/gridded_netcdf/accmip_interpolated/ (accessed November 1, 2017).
169. Moritz, M.A., E., Batllori, R.A., Bradstock, A.M., Gill, J., Handmer, P.F., Hessburg, J., Leonard, S., McCaffrey, D.C., Odion, T., Schoennagel, et al. 2014. Learning to coexist with wildfire. Nature 515 (7525): 58–66. doi:10.1038/nature13946.
170. Mu, M., J.T., Randerson, G.R., van der Werf, L., Giglio, P., Kasibhatla, D., Morton, G.J., Collatz, R.S., DeFries, E.J., Hyer, E.M., Prins, et al. 2010. Daily and 3-hourly variability in global fire emissions and consequences for atmospheric model predictions of carbon monoxide. J. Geophys. Res. 116:D24303. doi:10.1029/2011JD016245.
171. Mues, A., J., Kuenen, C., Hendriks, A., Manders, A., Segers, Y., Scholz, C., Hueglin, P., Builtjes, and M., Schaap. 2014. Sensitivity of air pollution simulations with LOTOS-EUROS to the temporal distribution of anthropogenic emissions. Atmo. Chem. Phys. 14 (2): 939–955. doi:10.5194/acp-14-939-2014.
172. Muller, J.F., T., Stavrakou, S., Wallens, I., de Smedt, M., van Roozendael, M.J., Potosnak, J., Rinne, B., Munger, A., Goldstein, and A.B., Guenther. 2008. Global isoprene emissions estimated using MEGAN, ECMWF analyses and a detailed canopy environment model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8 (5): 1329–1341. doi:10.5194/acp-8-1329-2008.
173. Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC). 2017. MEIC model [in Chinese]. http://www.meicmodel.org (accessed November 1, 2017).
174. Murray, L.T., D.J., Jacob, J.A., Logan, R.C., Hudman, and W.J., Koshak. 2012. Optimized regional and interannual variability of lightning in a global chemical transport model constrained by LIS/OTD satellite data. J. Geophys. Res. 117:D20307. doi:10.1029/2012JD017934.
175. National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA-GISS). 2017. Dust mineral fractions. https://data.giss.nasa.gov/mineralfrac/ (accessed November 1, 2017).
176. Neely, R.R., and A., Schmidt. 2016. VolcanEESM: Global volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions database from 1850 to present–Version 1.0. 10. Centre for Environmental Data Analysis, 4 February 2016. doi:10.5285/76ebdc0b-0eed-4f70-b89e-55e606bcd568.
177. Neff, J.C., A.P., Ballantyne, G.L., Farmer, N.M., Mahowald, J. L., Conroy, C.C., Landry, J.T., Overpeck, T.H., Painter, C.R., Lawrence, and R.L., Reynolds. 2008. Increasing eolian dust deposition in the western United States linked to human activity. Nature Geosci. 1 (3): 189–195. doi:10.1038/ngeo133.
178. Nenes, A., M.D., Krom, N., Mihalopoulos, P., van Cappellen, Z., Shi, A., Bougiatioti, P., Zarmpas, and B., Herut. 2011. Atmospheric acidification of mineral aerosols: A source of bioavailable phosphorus for the oceans. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 (13): 6265–6272. doi:10.5194/acp-11-6265-2011.
179. Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). 2015. Request for TNO-MACC-III European anthropogenic emissions. http://macc.copernicus-atmosphere.eu/services/esf/regional-emissions/data-request/ (accessed November1, 2017).
180. Nyord, T., K.M., Schelde, H.T., Sogaard, L.S., Jensen, and S.G., Sommer. 2008. A simple model for assessing ammonia emission from ammoniacal fertilisers as affected by pH and injection into soil. Atmos. Environ. 42 (19): 4656–4664. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.051.
181. O’Dowd, C.D., M.C., Facchini, F., Cavalli, D., Ceburnis, M., Mircea, S., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, Y.J., Yoon, and J.-P., Putaud. 2004. Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol. Nature 431 (7009): 676–680. doi:10.1038/nature02959.
182. Oderbolz, D.C., S., Aksoyoglu, J., Keller, I., Barmpadimos, R., Steinbrecher, C.A., Skjoth, C., Plass-Dulmer, and A.S.H., Prevot. 2013. A comprehensive emission inventory of biogenic volatile organic compounds in Europe: Improved seasonality and land-cover. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13 (4): 1689–1712. doi:10.5194/acp-13-1689-2013.
183. Ohara, T., H., Akimoto, J., Kurokawa, N., Horii, K., Yamaji, X., Yan, and T., Hayasaka. 2007. An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 (16): 4419–4444. doi:10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007.
184. Olivier, J.G.J., A. F., Bouwman, C.W.M., VanderMaas, and J.J.M., Berdowski. 1995. Emission database for global, atmospheric research (EDGAR): Version 2.0. Clim. Change Res. 65 (A & B): 651–659.
185. Olivier, J.G.J., J.A.H.W., Peters, J.A.H.W.J., Bakker, J.J., Berdowski, A.J.H., Visschedijk, and J.P.J., Bloos. 2002. Applications of EDGAR. Including a description of EDGAR 3.2. Reference database with trend data for 1970-1995 (No. RIVM--410200051). Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM.
186. Ott, L.E., K.E., Pickering, G.L., Stenchikov, D.J., Allen, A.J., DeCaria, B., Ridley, R.-F., Lin, S., Lang, and W.-K., Tao. 2010. Production of lightning NOx and its vertical distribution calculated from three-dimensional cloud-scale chemical transport model simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 115 (D4). doi:10.1029/2009JD011880.
187. Ovadnevaite, J., A., Manders, G., de Leeuw, D., Ceburnis, C., Monahan, A.-I., Partanen, H., Korhonen, and C.D., O’Dowd. 2014. A sea spray aerosol flux parameterization encapsulating wave state. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 (4): 1837–1852. doi:10.5194/acp-14-1837-2014.
188. Peking University (PKU). 2017. Data download. http://inventory.pku.edu.cn/download/download.html (accessed November1, 2017).
189. Pérez, C., K., Haustein, Z., Janjic, O., Jorba, N., Huneeus, J.M., Baldasano, T., Black, S., Basart, S., Nickovic, R.L., Miller, et al. 2011. Atmospheric dust modeling from meso to global scales with the online NMMB/BSC-Dust model—Part 1: Model description, annual simulations and evaluation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11:13001–13027. doi:10.5194/acp-11-13001-2011.
190. Perlwitz, J.P., C.P., Garcia-Pando, and R.L., Miller. 2015. Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols—Part 1: Representing key processes. Atm. Chem. Phys. 15 (20): 11593–11627. doi:10.5194/acp-15-11593-2015.
191. Perlwitz, J.P., C.P., Garcia-Pando, and R.L., Miller. 2015a. Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols—Part 2: Model evaluation and identification of key processes with observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (20): 11629–11652. doi:10.5194/acp-15-11629-2015.
192. Pierce, T., C., Geron, G., Pouliot, E., Kinnee, and J., Vukovich. 2002. Integration of the Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS3) into the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. Preprints, 12th Joint Conf. on the Application of Air Pollution Meteorology with the Air and Waste Management Association, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Norfolk, VA, J85–J86.
193. Pierce, T.E., and P.S., Waldruff. 1991. PC-BEIS—A personal-computer version of the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 41 (7): 937–941. doi:10.1080/10473289.1991.10466890.
194. Pósfai, M., and P.R., Buseck. 2010. Nature and climate effects of individual tropospheric aerosol particles. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 38:17–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100032.
195. Pouliot, G., T., Keating, G., Maenhout, C., Chang, J., Beidler, and R., Cleary. 2014. The incorporation of the US National Emission Inventory into Version 2 of the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants Inventory. Air Pollut. Model. Appl. 23:265–268.
196. Pouliot, G., and T., Pierce. April 14–17, 2009. Integration of the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) into the CMAQ Modeling System. Presented at 18thAnnual International Emission Inventory Conference, Baltimore, MD, [Dates].
197. Pouliot, G., T., Pierce, H.D., van der Gon, M., Schaap, M., Moran, and U., Nopmongcol. 2012. Comparing emission inventories and model-ready emission datasets between Europe and North America for the AQMEII project. Atmospheric Environment 53:4–14. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.041.
198. Pouliot, G., H.A.C.D., van der Gon, J., Kuenen, J.H., Zhang, M.D., Moran, and P.A., Makar. 2015. Analysis of the emission inventories and model-ready emission datasets of Europe and North America for phase 2 of the AQMEII project. Atmos. Environ. 115(August):345–360. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.061.
199. Prüss-Üstün, A., C., Corvalán, R., Bos, and M., Neira. 2016. Preventing disease through healthy environments. A global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks. Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
200. Radu, O.B., D.P., van Vuuren, S., Deetman, G., Maenhout, and M., Muntean. 2012. Long-term emission scenarios as a function of climate and air pollution control policies. PEGASOS Deliverable 3.2. FP7-ENV-2010.1.1.2-1.
201. Raffort, V., Y., Kim, L., Donnat, C., Juery, C., Seigneur, and O., Duclaux. 2015. Plume-in-grid model for the evaluation of particulate matter contribution of industrial point and volume sources: Application to refinery sources in the Paris region. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 57 (3–4): 238–248. doi:10.1504/IJEP.2015.074508.
202. Rakha, H., K., Ahn, and A., Trani. 2004. Development of VT-Micro model for estimating hot stabilized light duty vehicle and truck emissions. Transp. Res. D Transp. Environ. 9 (1): 49–74. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(03)00054-3.
203. Randerson, J.T., G.R., van der Werf, L., Giglio, G.J., Collatz, and P.S., Kasibhatla. 2015. Global Fire Emissions Database, version 4 (GFEDv4). Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1293.
204. Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS). 2007. Data download site. Accessed November1, 2017. https://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/index.html#data%20sets.
205. Reidy, B., U., Dammgen, H., Dohler, B., Eurich-Menden, F.K., van Evert, N.J., Hutchings, H.H., Luesink, H., Menzi, T.H., Misselbrook, G.J., Monteny, and J., Webb. 2008. Comparison of models used for national agricultural ammonia emission inventories in Europe: Liquid manure systems. Atmos. Environ. 42 (14): 3452–3464. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.009.
206. Rhodes, R.H., X., Yang, E.W., Wolff, J.R., McConnell, and M.M., Frey. 2017. Sea ice as a source of sea salt aerosol to Greenland ice cores: A model-based study. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17:9417–9433. doi:10.5194/acp-17-9417-2017.
207. Riahi, K., A., Gruebler, and N., Nakicenovic. 2007. Scenarios of long-term socio-economic and environmental development under climate stabilization. Technolo. Forecasting Social Change 74 (7): 887–935. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2006.05.026.
208. Roelle, P.A., and V.P., Aneja. 2005. Modeling of ammonia emissions from soils. Environ. Eng. Sci. 22 (1): 58–72. doi:10.1089/ees.2005.22.58.
209. Saikawa, E., H., Kim, M., Zhong, A., Avramov, Y., Zhao, G., Janssens-Maenhout, J., Kurokawa, Z., Klimont, F., Wagner, V. Naik, et al. 2017. Comparison of emissions inventories of anthropogenic air pollutants and greenhouse gases in China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 (10): 6393. doi: 10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017.
210. Sakulyanontvittaya, T., P., Piyachaturawat, G., Yarwood, and A., Guenther. 2010. Enhancement of GLOBEIS. Final report. Austin, TX:Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
211. Sakulyanontvittaya, T., G., Yarwood, and A., Guenther. 2012. Improved biogenic emission inventories across the west. Final report. Vintage 19. Novato, CA: ENVIRON International Corporation.
212. Sausen, R., and U., Schumann. 2000. Estimates of the climate response to aircraft CO2 and NOx emissions scenarios. Clim. Change 44 (1): 27–58. doi:10.1023/A:1005579306109.
213. Saylor, R. D., 2013. The Atmospheric Chemistry and Canopy Exchange Simulation System (ACCESS): Model description and application to a temperate deciduous forest canopy. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13 (2): 693–715. doi:10.5194/acp-13-693-2013.
214. Schneider, C., M., Pelzer, N., Toenges-Schuller, M., Nacken, and A., Niederau. 2016. ArcGIS basierte Lösung zur detaillierten, deutschlandweiten Verteilung (Gridding) nationaler Emissionsjahreswerte auf Basis des Inventars zur Emissionsberichterstattung. Technical report [in German]. Dessau-Roßlau, Germany: Umweltbundesamt (UBA). https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1968/publikationen/2016-11-09_griddingtool_greta_langfassung_final.pdf (accessed November 01, 2017).
215. Schultz, M., S., Rast, M. van het Bolscher, T. Pulles, R. Brand, J., Pereira, B., Mota, A., Spessa, S., Dalsøren, T., van Nojie, et al. 2007. Emission data sets and methodologies for estimating emissions, Final Report, Jülich/Hamburg, Germany.
216. Schultz, M.G., A., Heil, J.J., Hoelzemann, A., Spessa, K., Thonicke, J., Goldammer, A.C., Held, J.M., Pereira, and M., Van Het Bolscher. 2008. Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22. doi:10.1029/2007GB003031.
217. Schumann, U., and H., Huntrieser. 2007. The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 (14): 3823–3907. doi:10.5194/acp-7-3823-2007.
218. Schwede, D., G., Pouliot, and T., Pierce. 2005. Changes to the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System version 3 (BEIS3). 4th Annual CMAS Models-3 Users’ Conference, Chapel Hill, NC, September 26–28.
219. Seiler, W., and P.J., Crutzen. 1980. Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning. Clim. Change 2 (3): 207–247. doi:10.1007/BF00137988.
220. Schulz, M., J.M. Prospero, A.R. Baker, F. Dentener, L. Ickes, P.S. Liss, N.M. Mahowald, S. Nickovic, C.P. García-Pando, S. Rodríguez, et al. 2012. Atmospheric transport and deposition of mineral dust to the ocean: implications for research needs. Environmental Science & Technology 46 (19): 10390–10404.
221. Sharpley, A.N., and Williams, J.R., 1990. EPIC Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator: 1. Model Documentation. USA Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 1768, USA Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
222. Simpson, D., A., Benedictow, H., Berge, R., Bergstrom, L.D., Emberson, H., Fagerli, C.R., Flechard, G.D., Hayman, M., Gauss, J.E., Jonson, et al. 2012. The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model—Technical description. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 (16): 7825–7865. doi:10.5194/acp-12-7825-2012.
223. Simpson, D., W., Winiwarter, G., Borjesson, S., Cinderby, A., Ferreiro, A., Guenther, C.N., Hewitt, R., Janson, M.A.K., Khalil, S., Owen, et al. 1999. Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (D7): 8113–8152. doi:10.1029/98JD02747.
224. Sindelarova, K., C., Granier, I., Bouarar, A., Guenther, S., Tilmes, T., Stavrakou, J.F., Muller, U., Kuhn, P., Stefani, and W., Knorr. 2014. Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 (17): 9317–9341. doi:10.5194/acp-14-9317-2014.
225. Skjoth, C.A., C., Geels, H., Berge, S., Gyldenkaerne, H., Fagerli, T., Ellermann, L.M., Frohn, J., Christensen, K.M., Hansen, K., Hansen, and O., Hertel. 2011. Spatial and temporal variations in ammonia emissions—A freely accessible model code for Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 (11): 5221–5236. doi:10.5194/acp-11-5221-2011.
226. Skjoth, C.A., O., Hertel, S., Gyldenkaerne, and T., Ellermann. 2004. Implementing a dynamical ammonia emission parameterization in the large-scale air pollution model ACDEP. J. Geophys. Res. 109 (D6): D06306.
227. Smith, M.H., P.M., Park, and I.E., Consterdine. 1993. Marine aerosol concentrations and estimated fluxes over the sea. Q. J. R. Meteorlog. Soc. 119 (512): 809–824. doi:10.1002/qj.49711951211.
228. Soares, J., and M., Sofiev. 2014. A global wildfire emission and atmospheric composition: Refinement of the integrated system for wild-land fires IS4FIRES. Air Pollut. Model. Appl. xxiii:253–258.
229. Sofiev, M., R., Vankevich, M., Lotjonen, M., Prank, V., Petukhov, T., Ermakova, J., Koskinen, and J., Kukkonen. 2009. An operational system for the assimilation of the satellite information on wild-land fires for the needs of air quality modelling and forecasting. Atmos. Chem. Phy. 9 (18): 6833–6847. doi:10.5194/acp-9-6833-2009.
230. Solazzo, E., R., Bianconi, K., Robert Vautard, M.D., Wyat Appel, C.H., Moran, B., Bessagnet, J. H., Jørgen Brandt, C.C., Christensen, I., Coll, H., Denier van der Gon, et al. 2012. Model evaluation and ensemble modelling of surface-level ozone in Europe and North America in the context of AQMEII. Atmos. Environ. 53:60–74. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.003.
231. Sparks, R.S.J., M.I., Bursik, S.N., Carey, J., Gilbert, L.S., Glaze, H., Sigurdsson, and A.W., Woods. 1997. Volcanic plumes. Wiley. ISBN: 0471939013.
232. Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE). 2017. Plume rise calculation in SMOKE. https://www.cmascenter.org/smoke/documentation/4.5/html/ch06s03.html#sect_programs_elevpoint_briggs (accessed October17, 2017).
233. Stockwell, C.E., P.R., Veres, J., Williams, and R.J., Yokelson. 2015. Characterization of biomass burning emissions from cooking fires, peat, crop residue, and other fuels with high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (2): 845–865. doi:10.5194/acp-15-845-2015.
234. Stockwell, C.E., R.J., Yokelson, S.M., Kreidenweis, A.L., Robinson, P.J., DeMott, R.C., Sullivan, J., Reardon, K.C., Ryan, D.W.T., Griffith, and L., Stevens. 2014. Trace gas emissions from combustion of peat, crop residue, domestic biofuels, grasses, and other fuels: Configuration and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) component of the fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14:9727–9754. doi:10.5194/acp-14-9727-2014.
235. Stockwell, W.R., F., Kirchner, M., Kuhn, and S., Seefeld. 1997. A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 102 (D22): 25847–25879. doi:10.1029/97JD00849.
236. Stockwell, W.R., P., Middleton, J.S., Chang, and X., Tang. 1990. The second generation regional acid deposition model chemical mechanism for regional air quality modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 95 (D10): 16343–16367. doi:10.1029/JD095iD10p16343.
237. Stohl, A., B., Aamaas, M., Amann, L.H., Baker, N., Bellouin, T.K., Berntsen, O., Boucher, R., Cherian, W., Collins, N., Daskalakis, et al. 2015. Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (18): 10529–10566. doi:10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015.
238. Stohl, A., A.J., Prata, S., Eckhardt, L., Clarisse, A., Durant, S., Henne, N.I., Kristiansen, A., Minikin, U., Schumann, P., Seibert, et al. 2011. Determination of time-and height-resolved volcanic ash emissions and their use for quantitative ash dispersion modeling: The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 (9): 4333–4351. doi: 10.5194/acp-11-4333-2011.
239. Syakila, A., and C., Kroeze. 2011. The global nitrous oxide budget revisited. Greenhouse Gas Meas. Manag. 1 (1): 17–26. doi:10.3763/ghgmm.2010.0007.
240. Tegen, I., S.P., Harrison, K., Kohfeld, I.C., Prentice, M., Coe, and M., Heimann. 2002. Impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosol: Results from a model study. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (D21): 4576.
241. Tegen, I., M., Werner, S. P., Harrison, and K.E., Kohfeld. 2004. Relative importance of climate and land use in determining present and future global soil dust emission. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31:1–4.
242. Teixeira, J.C., A.C., Carvalho, P., Tuccella, G., Curci, and A., Rocha. 2016. WRF-chem sensitivity to vertical resolution during a saharan dust event. Phys. Chem. Earth 94:188–195. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2015.04.002.
243. UNEP, WMO, UNCCD. 2016. Global assessment of sand and dust storms. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
244. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. 2011 version 6.3 technical support document. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/2011v6_3_2017_emismod_tsd_aug2016_final.pdf (accessed November8, 2017).
245. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2017a. National Emissions Inventory (NEI). https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/national-emissions-inventory-nei (accessed October12, 2017).
246. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2017b. 2014 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) Data. https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/2014-national-emissions-inventory-nei-data (accessed November1, 2017).
247. Van Aardenne, J., J.F., Dentener, J.G.J., Olivier, C.G.M., Klein Goldewijk, and J., Lelieveld. 2001. A 1°×1° resolution data set of historical anthropogenic trace gas emissions for the period 1890-1990. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15:909–928. doi:10.1029/2000GB001265.
248. van der Gon, H.A.C.D., C.R. Bergström, C., Fountoukis, C., Johansson, S.N., Pandis, D., Simpson, and A.J.H., Visschedijk. 2015. Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe–Revised estimates and an evaluation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15:6503–6519. doi:10.5194/acp-15-6503-2015.
249. van der Gon, D., C., Hendriks, J., Kuenen, A., Segers, and A., Visschedijk. 2011. Description of current temporal emission patterns and sensitivity of predicted AQ for temporal emission patterns. EU FP7 MACC Deliverable Report D_D-EMIS_1 3. TNO, Utrecht.
250. Van der Werf, G. R., J.T., Randerson, L., Giglio, G.J., Collatz, P.S., Kasibhatla, and A.F., Arellano. 2006. Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6:3423–3441. doi:10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006.
251. Van der Werf, G. R., J.T., Randerson, L., Giglio, G.J., Collatz, M., Mu, P.S., Kasibhatla, D.C., Morton, R.S., DeFries, Y., Jin, and T.T., van Leeuwen. 2010. Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10:11707–11735. doi:10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010.
252. Van der Werf, G.R., J.T., Randerson, L., Giglio, T.T., van Leeuwen, Y., Chen, B.M., Rogers, M., Mu, M.J.E., van Marle, D.C., Morton, G.J., Collatz, et al. 2017. Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 9:697–720. doi:10.5194/essd-9-697-2017.
253. Van Vuuren, D.P., J. A., Edmonds, M., Kainuma, K., Riahi, and J., Weyant. 2011. A special issue on the RCPs. Clim. Change 109 (1–2): 1–4. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0157-y.
254. Vedrenne, M., R., Borge, J., Lumbreras, M.E., Rodríguez, D., De La Paz, J., Pérez, J.M., De Andrés, and C.A., Quaassdorff. 2016. A comprehensive approach for the evaluation and comparison of emission inventories in Madrid. Atmos. Environ. 145 (Suppl. C): 29–44. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.020.
255. Vestreng, V., G., Myhre, H., Fagerli, S., Reis, and L., Tarrasón. 2007. Twenty-five years of continuous sulphur dioxide emission reduction in europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 (13): 3663–3681. doi:10.5194/acp-7-3663-2007.
256. Vidic, S., 2002. Frequency distributions of effective plume height. Internal Technical Note, EMEP, 10 September 2002, Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Zagreb, Croatia.
257. Vukovich, J.M., and T., Pierce. 2002. The Implementation of BEIS3 within the SMOKE modeling framework. Proceedings of the 11th International Emissions Inventory Conference, Atlanta, GA, April 15–18. USA EPA.
258. Wang, C., J.J., Corbett, and J., Firestone. 2008. Improving spatial representation of global ship emissions inventories. Environ. Sci, Technol. 42 (1): 193–199. doi:10.1021/es0700799.
259. Wang, H.K., and L.X., Fu. 2010. Developing a high-resolution vehicular emission inventory by integrating an emission model and a traffic model: Part 1-modeling fuel consumption and emissions based on speed and vehicle-specific power. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 60 (12): 1463–1470. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.60.12.1463.
260. Wang, L., M.J., Newchurch, A., Pour-Biazar, S., Kuang, M., Khan, X., Liu, W., Koshak, and K., Chance. 2013a. Estimating the influence of lightning on upper tropospheric ozone using NLDN lightning data and CMAQ model. Atmos. Environ. 67:219–228. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.001.
261. Wang, R., S., Tao, P., Ciais, H.Z., Shen, Y., Huang, H., Chen, G.F., Shen, B., Wang, W., Li, Y.Y., Zhang, Y., Lu, D., Zhu, et al. 2013b. High-resolution mapping of combustion processes and implications for CO2 emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13 (10): 5189–5203. doi:10.5194/acp-13-5189-2013.
262. Wang, R., S., Tao, H., Shen, Y., Huang, H., Chen, Y., Balkanski, O., Boucher, P., Ciais, G., Shen, W., Li, et al. 2014. Trend in global black carbon emissions from 1960 to 2007. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (12): 6780–6787. PMID: 24825392. doi: 10.1021/es5021422.
263. Wang, S.S., J.Y., Zheng, F., Fu, S.S., Yin, and L.J., Zhong. 2011. Development of an emission processing system for the Pearl River Delta Regional air quality modeling using the SMOKE model: Methodology and evaluation. Atmos. Environ. 45 (29): 5079–5089. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.037.
264. Wang, S.W., Q., Zhang, D.G., Streets, K.B., He, R.V., Martin, L.N., Lamsal, D., Chen, Y., Lei, and Z., Lu. 2012. Growth in NOx emissions from power plants in China: Bottom-up estimates and satellite observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 (10): 4429–4447. doi:10.5194/acp-12-4429-2012.
265. Wasiuk, D.K., M.A.H., Khan, D.E., Shallcross, and M.H.A., Lowenberg. 2016. A commercial aircraft fuel burn and emissions inventory for 2005–2011. Atmosphere 7 (6): 78. doi:10.3390/atmos7060078.
266. Wiedinmyer, C., S.K., Akagi, R.J., Yokelson, L.K., Emmons, J.A., Al-Saadi, J.J., Orlando, and A.J., Soja. 2011. The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): A high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 (3): 625–641. doi:10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011.
267. Wiedinmyer, C., B., Quayle, C., Geron, A., Belote, D., McKenzie, X.Y., Zhang, S., O’Neill, and K.K., Wynne. 2006. Estimating emissions from fires in North America for air quality modeling. Atmos. Environ. 40 (19): 3419–3432. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.010.
268. Wilkerson, J., M.Z., Jacobson, A., Malwitz, S., Balasubramanian, R., Wayson, G., Fleming, A., Naiman, and S., Lele. 2010. Analysis of emission data from global commercial aviation: 2004 and 2006. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (13): 6391–6408. doi:10.5194/acp-10-6391-2010.
269. Williams, E.J., G.L., Hutchinson, and F.C., Fehsenfeld. 1992. NOx and N2O emissions from soil. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 6 (4): 351–388. doi:10.1029/92GB02124.
270. Wilson, T.W., L.A., Ladino, P.A., Alpert, M.N., Breckels, I.M., Brooks, J., Browse, S.M., Burrows, K.S., Carslaw, J.A., Huffman, C., Judd, et al. 2015. A marine biogenic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles. Nature 525 (7568): 234–238. doi:10.1038/nature14986.
271. World Health Organization, UNAIDS. 2006. Air quality guidelines: Global update 2005. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
272. Xu, L., L.M., Russell, and S.M., Burrows. 2016. Potential sea salt aerosol sources from frost flowers in the pan-Arctic region. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121 (18): 10,840–10,856. doi:10.1002/2015JD024713.
273. Yarwood, G., J., Jung, G.Z., Whitten, G., Heo, J., Mellberg, and M., Estes. 2010. Updates to the Carbon Bond mechanism for version 6 (CB6). In 2010 CMAS Conference, Chapel Hill, NC, October. http://www. cmascenter. org/conference/2010/abstracts/emery_updates_carbon_2010. pdf (accessed November 1, 2017).
274. Yarwood, G., S., Rao, M.A., Yocke, and G.Z., Whitten. 2005. Updates to the carbon bond chemical mechanism: CB05. Final report to the US EPA, RT-0400675. http://www.camx.com/publ/pdfs/cb05_final_report_120805.pdf (accessed November 1, 2017).
275. Yarwood, G., G., Wilson, C., Emery, and A., Guenther. 1999. Development of GLOBEIS-A State of the science biogenic emissions modeling system. Final report to the Texas. Austin, TX: Natural Resource Conservation Commission.
276. Yienger, J.J., and H., Levy. 1995. Empirical-model of global soil-biogenic NOx emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 100 (D6): 11447–11464. doi:10.1029/95JD00370.
277. Yokelson, R.J., I.R., Burling, J.B., Gilman, C., Warneke, C.E., Stockwell, J., De Gouw, S.K., Akagi, S.P., Urbanski, P., Veres, J.M., Roberts, et al. 2013. Coupling field and laboratory measurements to estimate the emission factors of identified and unidentified trace gases for prescribed fires. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13 (1): 89–116. doi: 10.5194/acp-13-89-2013.
278. Zhang, S.J., Y., Wu, R.K., Huang, J.D., Wang, H., Yan, Y.L., Zheng, and J.M., Hao. 2016. High-resolution simulation of link-level vehicle emissions and concentrations for air pollutants in a traffic-populated eastern Asian city. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (15): 9965–9981. doi:10.5194/acp-16-9965-2016.
279. Zhang, X., J.J.H., Helsdon, and R.D., Farley. 2003. Numerical modeling of lightning produced NOx using an explicit lightning scheme: 2. Three dimensional simulation and expanded chemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (D18):ACH 6‐1‐ACH 6‐17.
280. Zheng, B., H., Huo, Q., Zhang, Z.L., Yao, X.T., Wang, X.F., Yang, H., Liu and K.B., He. 2014. High-resolution mapping of vehicle emissions in China in 2008. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14:9787–9805.
281. Zhao, C., S., Chen, L.R., Leung, Y., Qian, J.F., Kok, R.A., Zaveri, and J., Huang. 2013. Uncertainty in modeling dust mass balance and radiative forcing from size parameterization. Atmos. Chem. Phy. 13:10733–10753. doi:10.5194/acp-13-10733-2013.
282. Zhao, C., M.Y., Huang, J.D., Fast, L.K., Berg, Y., Qian, A., Guenther, D.S., Gu, M., Shrivastava, Y., Liu, S., Walters, et al. 2016. Sensitivity of biogenic volatile organic compounds to land surface parameterizations and vegetation distributions in California. Geosci. Model Dev. 9 (5): 1959–1976. doi:10.5194/gmd-9-1959-2016.