Patterns of abundance and diversity in late Cenozoic bovids from the Turkana and Hadar Basins, Kenya and Ethiopia

Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology

Volumn , Issue 9781402030970, 2007, Pages 129-157

  Bobe, René ^a   Behrensmeyer, Anna K ^b   Eck, G G ^c   Harris, J M ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d George C Page Museum   (United States)

Author keywords

Bovidae; East Africa; Omo; Paleoenvironments; Pleistocene; Pliocene

Indexed keywords

EID: 85045845940     PISSN: 18779077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-3098-7_6     Document Type: Chapter

References (115)

1. Alemseged, Z., 2003. An integrated approach to taphonomy and faunal change in Shungura Formation (Ethiopia) and its implication for hominid evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 44, 461–478.
2. Alemseged, Z., Wynn, J.G., Kimbel, W.H., Reed, D., Geraads, D., Bobe, R., 2005. A new hominin from the Basal Member of the Hadar Formation, Dikika, Ethiopia, and its geological context. Journal of Human Evolution 49, 499–514.
3. Alemseged, Z., Bobe, R., Geraads, D., 2007. Comparability of fossil data and its significance for the interpretation of hominin environments: a case study in the lower Omo valley, Ethiopia. In: Bobe, R., Alemseged, Z., Behrensmeyer, A.K. (Eds.), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Springer, Dordrecht.
4. Aronson, J.L., Taieb, M., 1981. Geology and paleogeography of the Hadar hominid site, Ethiopia. In: Rapp, G., Vondra, C.F. (Eds.), Hominid Sites: Their Geologic Settings. Westview Press, Boulder, pp. 165–195.
5. Asfaw, B., White, T.D., Lovejoy, C.O., Latimer, B.M., Simpson, S., Suwa, G., 1999. Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284, 629–635.
6. Behrensmeyer, A.K., 1975. The taphonomy and paleoecology of Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages East of Lake Rudolf, Kenya. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 146(10), 473–578.
7. Behrensmeyer, A.K., 2006. Climate change and human evolution. Science 311, 476–478.
8. Behrensmeyer, A.K., Todd, N.E., Potts, R., Mcbrinn, G.E., 1997. Late Pliocene faunal turnover in the Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. Science 278, 1589–1594.
9. Behrensmeyer, A.K., Bobe, R., Campisano, C.J., Levin, N., 2004. High resolution taphonomy and paleoecology of the Plio-Pleistocene Koobi Fora Formation, northern Kenya, with comparisons to the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(3 (Supplement)), 38A.
10. Behrensmeyer, A.K., Bobe, R., Alemseged, Z., 2007. Approaches to the analysis of faunal change during the East African Pliocene. In: Bobe, R., Alemseged, Z., Behrensmeyer, A.K. (Eds.), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Springer, Dordrecht.
11. Benzécri, J.-P., 1992. Correspondence Analysis Handbook. Dekker, New York.
12. Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Aubry, M.-P., Hardenbol, J. (Eds.), 1995. Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
13. Boaz, N.T., 1977. Paleoecology of early Hominidae in Africa. The Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 50, 37–62.
14. Bobe, R., Behrensmeyer, A.K., 2004. The expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa in relation to mammalian evolution and the origin of the genus Homo. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 207, 399–420.
15. Bobe, R., Eck, G.G., 2001. Responses of African bovids to Pliocene climatic change. Paleobiology Memoirs, Paleobiology 27(Supplement 2), 1–47.
16. Bobe, R., Behrensmeyer, A.K., Chapman, R.E., 2002. Faunal change, environmental variability and late Pliocene hominin evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 42(4), 475–497.
17. Bonnefille, R., Potts, R., Chalie, F., Jolly, D., Peyron, O., 2004. High-resolution vegetation and climate change associated with Pliocene Australopithecus afarensis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101(33), 12125–12129.
18. Brown, F.H., 1969. Observations on the stratigraphy and radiometric age of the Omo Beds, lower Omo Basin, southern Ethiopia. Quaternaria 11, 7–14.
19. Brown, F.H., 1983. Chronology. In: de Heinzelin, J. (Ed.), The Omo Group. Musée Royale de l’Afrique Central, Tervuren, pp. 145–147.
20. Brown, F.H., 1994. Development of Pliocene and Pleistocene chronology of the Turkana Basin, East Africa, and its relation to other sites. In: Corruccini, R.S., Ciochon, R.L. (Eds.), Integrative Paths to the Past. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, pp. 285–312.
21. Brown, F.H., 1995. The potential of the Turkana Basin for paleoclimatic reconstruction in East Africa. In: Vrba, E.S., Denton, G.H., Partridge, T.C., Burckle, L.H. (Eds.), Paleoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 319–330.
22. Brown, F.H., Feibel, C.S., 1985. Stratigraphical notes on the Okote Tuff Complex at Koobi Fora, Kenya. Nature 316, 794–797.
23. Brown, F.H., Feibel, C.S., 1986. Revision of lithostratigraphic nomenclature in the Koobi Fora region, Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society of London 143, 297–310.
24. Brown, F.H., McDougall, I., 1993. Geologic setting and age. In: Walker, A., Leakey, R.E. (Eds.), The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 9–20.
25. Brown, F.H., Nash, W.P., 1976. Radiometric dating and tuff mineralogy of Omo Group deposits. In: Coppens, Y., Howell, F.C., Isaac, G.L., Leakey, R.E. (Eds.), Earliest Man and Environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 50–63.
26. Brown, F.H., McDougall, I., Davis, T., Maier, R., 1985. An integrated Plio-Pleistocene chronology for the Turkana Basin. In: Delson, E. (Ed.), Ancestors: The Hard Evidence. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 82–90.
27. Brown, F.H., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Meyer, C.E., Haileab, B., 1992. Correlation of Pliocene and Pleistocene tephra layers between the Turkana Basin of East Africa and the Gulf of Aden. Quaternary International 13/14, 55–67.
28. Brown, F.H., Haileab, B., McDougall, I., 2006. Sequence of tuffs between the KBS Tuff and the Chari Tuff in the Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. Journal of the Geological Society of London 163, 185–204.
29. Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam, D.R., Mackaye, H.T., Likius, A., Ahounta, D., Beauvilain, A., Blondel, C., Bocherens, H., Boisserie, J.-R., de Bonis, L., Coppens, Y., Dejax, J., Denys, C., Duringer, P., Eisenmann, V., Fanone, G., Fronty, P., Geraads, D., Lehmann, T., Lihoreau, F., Louchart, A., Mahamat, A., Merceron, G., Mouchelin, G., Otero, O., Campomanes, P.P., Ponce de Leon, M., Rage, J.-C., Sapanet, M., Schuster, M., Sudre, J., Tassy, P., Valentin, X., Vignaud, P., Viriot, L., Zazzo, A., Zollikofer, C., 2002. A new hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418, 145–151.
30. Buzas, M.A., 1990. Another look at confidence limits for species proportions. Journal of Paleontology 64(5), 842–843.
31. Campisano, C.J., Behrensmeyer, A.K., Bobe, R., Levin, N., 2004. High resolution paleoenvironmental comparisons between Hadar and Koobi Fora: preliminary results of a combined geological and paleontological approach. PaleoAnthropology A35.
32. Cande, S.C., Kent, D.V., 1995. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 6093–6095.
33. Cerling, T.E., Harris, J.M., Passey, B.H., 2003. Diets of East African Bovidae based on stable isotope analysis. Journal of Mammalogy 84(2), 456–470.
34. Coppens, Y., 1975. Evolution des Hominidés et de leur environnement au cours du Plio-Pléistocène dans la basse vallée de l’Omo en Ethiopie. Comptes Rendus de l’ Académie des Sciences. Paris, Série D, Sciences Naturelles 281(22), 1693–1696.
35. Coppens, Y., Howell, F.C., Isaac, G.L., Leakey, R.E. (Eds.), 1976. Earliest Man and Environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin: Stratigraphy, Paleoecology, and Evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
36. DeGusta, D., Vrba, E.S., 2003. A method for inferring paleohabitats from the functional morphology of bovid astragali. Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 1009–1022.
37. de Heinzelin, J. (Ed.), 1983. The Omo Group. Musée Royale de l’Afrique Central, Tervuren.
38. de Heinzelin, J., Haesaerts, P., 1983a. The Shungura Formation. In: de Heinzelin, J. (Ed.), The Omo Group. Musée Royale de l’Afrique Central, Tervuren, pp. 25–127.
39. de Heinzelin, J., Haesaerts, P., 1983b. The Usno Formation. In: de Heinzelin, J. (Ed.), The Omo Group. Musée Royale de l’Afrique Central, Tervuren, pp. 129–139.
40. deMenocal, P.B., 1995. Plio-Pleistocene African Climate. Science 270(5233), 53–59.
41. deMenocal, P.B., 2004. African climate change and faunal evolution during the Plio-Pleistocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 220, 3–24.
42. Eck, G.G., 2007. The effects of collection strategy and effort on faunal recovery: a case study of the American and French collections from the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia. In: Bobe, R., Alemseged, Z., Behrensmeyer, A.K. (Eds.), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Springer, Dordrecht.
43. Eck, G.G., Jablonski, N.G., Leakey, M.G. (Eds.), 1987. Les Faunes Plio-Pléistocène de la Basse Vallée de l’Omo (Ethiopie): Cercopithecidae de la Formation de Shungura. CNRS, Paris.
44. Feibel, C.S., 1997. Debating the environmental factors in hominid evolution. GSA Today 7(3), 1–7.
45. Feibel, C.S., 2003a. Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Lothagam sequence. In: Leakey, M.G., Harris, J.M. (Eds.), Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 17–29.
46. Feibel, C.S., 2003b. Stratigraphy and depositional setting of the Pliocene Kanapoi Formation, lower Kerio valley, Kenya. In: Harris, J.M., Leakey, M.G. (Eds.), Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of the Early Pliocene Site of Kanapoi, Northern Kenya. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, pp. 9–20.
47. Feibel, C.S., Brown, F.H., McDougall, I., 1989. Stratigraphic context of fossil hominids from the Omo Group deposits: Northern Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78, 595–622.
48. Feibel, C.S., Harris, J.M., Brown, F.H., 1991. Palaeoenvironmental context for the late Neogene of the Turkana Basin. In: Harris, J.M. (Ed.), Koobi Fora Research Project, Volume 3: The fossil ungulates: geology, fossil artiodactyls, and paleoenvironments. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 321–370.
49. Gagnon, M., Chew, A.E., 2000. Dietary preferences in extant African Bovidae. Journal of Mammalogy 81(2), 490–511.
50. Gentry, A.W., 1978. Bovidae. In: Maglio, V.J., Cooke, H.B.S. (Eds.), Evolution of African Mammals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 540–572.
51. Gentry, A.W., 1985. Pliocene and Pleistocene Bovidae in Africa. In: Coppens, Y. (Ed.), L’Environnement des Hominidés au Plio-Pléistocène. Masson, Paris, pp. 119–122.
52. Geraads, D., 1994. Evolution of bovid diversity in the Plio Pleistocene of Africa. Historical Biology 7, 221–237.
53. Geraads, D., Coppens, Y., 1995. Évolution des faunes de mammifères dans le Plio-Pléistocène de la basse vallée de l’Omo (Éthiopie): apports de l’analyse factorielle. Comptes Rendus de l’ Académie des Sciences. Paris, série II a 320, 625–637.
54. Gray, B.T., 1980. Environmental Reconstruction of the Hadar Formation (Afar, Ethiopia). Ph.D. Thesis, Case Western Reserve University.
55. Greenacre, M.J., 1993. Correspondence Analysis in Practice. Academic Press, London.
56. Greenacre, M.J., Vrba, E.S., 1984. Graphical display and interpretation of antelope census data in African wildlife areas, using correspondence analysis. Ecology 65(3), 984–997.
57. Haileab, B., Brown, F.H., 1992. Turkana Basin-Middle Awash Valley correlations and the age of the Sagantole and Hadar Formations. Journal of Human Evolution 22, 453–468.
58. Haileab, B., Brown, F.H., 1994. Tephra correlations between the Gadeb prehistoric site and the Turkana Basin. Journal of Human Evolution 26, 167–173.
59. Haileab, B., Brown, F.H., McDougall, I., Gathogo, P.N., 2004. Gombe Group basalts and initiation of Pliocene deposition in the Turkana depression, northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. Geological Magazine 141(1), 41–53.
60. Haile-Selassie, Y., Suwa, G., White, T.D., 2004. Late Miocene Teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, and Early Hominid Dental Evolution. Science 303(5663), 1503–1505.
61. Harris, J.M. (Ed.), 1983. Koobi Fora Research Project, Volume 2: The fossil ungulates: Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, and Suidae. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
62. Harris, J.M. (Ed.), 1991. Koobi Fora Research Project, Volume 3: The fossil ungulates: geology, fossil artiodactyls, and paleoenvironments. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
63. Harris, J.M., 2003. Bovidae from the Lothagam succession. In: Leakey, M.G., Harris, J.M. (Eds.), Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 531–579.
64. Harris, J.M., Leakey, M.G. (Eds.), 2003. Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of the Early Pliocene Site of Kanapoi, Northern Kenya. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles.
65. Harris, J.M., Brown, F.H., Leakey, M.G., 1988. Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Pliocene and Pleistocene Localities West of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles.
66. Hayek, L.-A.C., Buzas, M.A., 1997. Surveying Natural Populations. Columbia University Press, New York.
67. Howell, F.C., 1968. Omo research expedition. Nature 219, 567–572.
68. Howell, F.C., Haesaerts, P., de Heinzelin, J., 1987. Depositional environments, archeological occurrences and hominids from Members E and F of the Shungura Formation (Omo basin, Ethiopia). Journal of Human Evolution 16, 665–700.
69. Johanson, D.C., Taieb, M., 1976. Plio-Pleistocene hominid discoveries in Hadar, Ethiopia. Nature 260, 293–297.
70. Johanson, D.C., Taieb, M., Coppens, Y., 1982. Pliocene hominids from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia (1973–1977): stratigraphic, chronologic, and paleoenvironmental contexts, with notes on hominid morphology and systematics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 57(4), 373–402.
71. Kalb, J.E., Oswald, E.B., Mebrate, A., Tebedge, C., Jolly, C., 1982. Stratigraphy of the Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 11, 95–127.
72. Kappelman, J., Plummer, T., Bishop, L., Duncan, A., Appleton, S., 1997. Bovids as indicators of Plio-Pleistocene paleoenvironments in East Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 32, 229–256.
73. Kimbel, W.H., Walter, R.C., Johanson, D.C., Reed, K.E., Aronson, J.E., Assefa, Z., Marean, C.W., Eck, G.G., Bobe, R., Hovers, E., Rak, Y., Vondra, C.F., Yemane, T., York, D., Chen, Y., Evenssen, N., Smith, P., 1996. Late Pliocene Homo and Oldowan tools from the Hadar Formation (Kada Hadar Member), Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 31, 549–561.
74. Kingdon, J., 1982a. East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume III, Part C: Bovids. Academic Press, London.
75. Kingdon, J., 1982b. East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume III, Part D: Bovids. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
76. Lanphere, M.A., Champion, D.E., Christiansen, R.L., Izett, G.A., Obradovich, J.D., 2002. Revised ages for tuffs of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field: Assignment of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff to a new geomagnetic polarity event. GSA Bulletin 114, 559–568.
77. Leakey, L.N., 2001. Body weight estimation of Bovidae and Plio-Pleistocene faunal change, Turkana Basin, Kenya. Ph.D. Thesis, University College London.
78. Leakey, M.G., Harris, J.M. (Eds.), 2003. Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York.
79. Leakey, M.G., Leakey, R.E. (Eds.), 1978. Koobi Fora Research Project, Volume 1: The fossil hominids and an introduction to their context, 1968–1974. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
80. Leakey, M.G., Feibel, C.S., McDougall, I., Walker, A., 1995. New four-million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature 376, 565–571.
81. Leakey, M.G., Feibel, C.S., McDougall, I., Ward, C.V., Walker, A., 1998. New specimens and confirmation of an early age for Australopithecus anamensis. Nature 393, 62–66.
82. Leakey, M.G., Spoor, F., Brown, F.H., Gathogo, P.N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L.N., McDougall, I., 2001. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages. Nature 410, 433–440.
83. Ludwig, J.A., Reynolds, J.F., 1988. Statistical Ecology: A Primer on Methods and Computing. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
84. Magurran, A.E., 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
85. 39 Ar dating of the hominid-bearing Pliocene–Pleistocene sequence at Koobi Fora, northern Kenya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, 159–175.
86. McDougall, I., Feibel, C.S., 1999. Numerical age control for the Miocene-Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift. Journal of the Geological Society of London 156, 731–745.
87. McDougall, I., Feibel, C.S., 2003. Numerical age control for the Miocene–Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift. In: Leakey, M.G., Harris, J.M. (Eds.), Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 43–64.
88. McDougall, I., Davies, T., Maier, R., Rudowski, R., 1985. Age of the Okote Tuff Complex at Koobi Fora, Kenya. Nature 316, 792–794.
89. McDougall, I., Brown, F.H., Cerling, T.E., Hillhouse, J.W., 1992. A reappraisal of the geomagnetic polarity time scale to 4 Ma using data from the Turkana Basin, East Africa. Geophysical Research Letters 19, 2349–2352.
90. McHenry, H.M., Coffing, K., 2000. Australopithecus to Homo: transformations in body and mind. Annual Review of Anthropology 29, 125–146.
91. Plummer, T.W., Bishop, L.C., 1994. Hominid paleoecology at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania as indicated by antelope remains. Journal of Human Evolution 27, 47–75.
92. Potts, R., 1998. Environmental hypotheses of hominin evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 41, 93–136.
93. Quade, J., Levin, N., Semaw, S., Stout, D., Renne, P., Rogers, M., Simpson, S., 2004. Paleoenvironments of the earliest stone toolmakers, Gona, Ethiopia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116(11– 12), 1529–1544.
94. Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Meyer, C.E., Roth, P.H., Brown, F.H., 1985. Ages of tuff beds at East African early hominid sites and sediments in the Gulf of Aden. Nature 313, 306–308.
95. Senut, B., Pickford, M., Gommery, D., Mein, P., Cheboi, K., Coppens, Y., 2001. First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). Comptes Rendus de l’ Académie des Sciences. Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des planetes 332, 137–144.
96. Shackleton, N.J., 1995. New data on the evolution of Pliocene climatic variability. In: Vrba, E.S., Denton, G.H., Partridge, T.C., Burckle, L.H. (Eds.), Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 242–248.
97. Shipman, P., Harris, J.M., 1988. Habitat preference and paleoecology of Australopithecus boisei in Eastern Africa. In: Grine, F.E. (Ed.), Evolutionary History of the “Robust” Australopithecines. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp. 343–381.
98. Spencer, L.M., 1997. Dietary adaptations of Plio-Pleistocene Bovidae: implications for hominid habitat use. Journal of Human Evolution 32(2–3), 201–228.
99. Sponheimer, M., Reed, K.E., Lee-Thorp, J.A., 1999. Combining isotopic and ecomorphological data to refine bovid paleodietary reconstruction: A case study from the Makapansgat Limeworks hominin locality. Journal of Human Evolution 36(6), 705–718.
100. Tauxe, L., Deino, A.D., Behrensmeyer, A.K., Potts, R., 1992. Pinning down the Bruhnes/Matuyama and upper Jaramillo boundaries: a reconciliation of orbital and isotopic time scales. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 109, 561–572.
101. Tiercelin, J.J., 1986. The Pliocene Hadar Formation, Afar depression of Ethiopia. In: Frostick, L.E. (Ed.), Sedimentation in the African Rift. Geological Society Special Publication, pp. 221–240.
102. Van Couvering, J.A. (Ed.), 1996. The Pleistocene Boundary and the Beginning of the Quaternary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
103. Vrba, E.S., 1974. Chronological and ecological implications of the fossil Bovidae at the Sterkfontein australopithecine site. Nature 256, 19–23.
104. Vrba, E.S., 1980. The significance of bovid remains as indicators of environment and predation patterns. In: Behrensmeyer, A.K., Hill, A. (Eds.), Fossils in the Making: Vertebrate Taphonomy and Paleoecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 247–271.
105. Vrba, E.S., 1987. Ecology in relation to speciation rates: some case histories of Miocene – recent mammal clades. Evolutionary Ecology 1, 283–300.
106. Vrba, E.S., 1988. Late Pliocene climatic events and hominid evolution. In: Grine, F.E. (Ed.), The evolutionary history of the robust australopithecines. Aldine de Gruytersr, New York, pp. 405–426.
107. Vrba, E.S., 1995a. The fossil record of African antelopes (Mammalia: Bovidae) in relation to human evolution and paleoclimate. In: Vrba, E.S., Denton, G.H., Partridge, T.C., Burckle, L.H. (Eds.), Paleoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 385–424.
108. Vrba, E.S., 1995b. On the connection between paleoclimate and evolution. In: Vrba, E.S., Denton, G.H., Partridge, T.C., Burckle, L.H. (Eds.), Paleoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 24–45.
109. Vrba, E.S., Denton, G.H., Prentice, M.L., 1989. Climatic influences on early hominid behavior. Ossa 14, 127–156.
110. 39 Ar dating of the Denen Dora and lower Kada Hadar members of the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia. Geology 22, 6–10.
111. Walter, R.C., Aronson, J.L., 1993. Age and source of the Sidi Hakoma Tuff, Hadar Formation, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 25, 229–240.
112. White, T.D., Johanson, D.C., Kimbel, W.H., 1981. Australopithecus africanus: its phyletic position reconsidered. South African Journal of Science 77, 445–470.
113. White, T.D., Suwa, G., Hart, W.K., Walter, R.C., WoldeGabriel, G., de Heinzelin, J., Clark, J.D., Asfaw, B., Vrba, E.S., 1993. New discoveries of Australopithecus at Maka in Ethiopia. Nature 366, 261–265.
114. Wood, B.A., 1991. Koobi Fora Research Project, Volume 4: Hominid cranial remains. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
115. Wynn, J.G., 2004. Influence of Plio-Pleistocene aridification on human evolution: evidence from paleosols of the Turkana Basin, Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123(2), 106–118.