메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 115, Issue 16, 2018, Pages E3635-E3644

Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes

Author keywords

Ethnic stereotypes; Gender stereotypes; Word embedding

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; DEMOGRAPHY; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; GENDER; HISTORY; HUMAN; LINGUISTICS; MACHINE LEARNING; MALE; OCCUPATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACISM; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIOLOGY; STEREOTYPY; TIME FACTOR; UNITED STATES; WORD EMBEDDING; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; INTERNET; LANGUAGE; MINORITY GROUP; PUBLICATION; RELIGION; SEXISM; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 85045508207     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720347115     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (925)

References (54)
  • 2
    • 0004116033 scopus 로고
    • Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co, Belmont, CA), 3rd Ed
    • Basow SA (1992) Gender: Stereotypes and Roles (Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co, Belmont, CA), 3rd Ed.
    • (1992) Gender: Stereotypes and Roles
    • Basow, S.A.1
  • 6
    • 84965931790 scopus 로고
    • Sex stereotypes and trait favorability on the adjective check list
    • Williams JE, Best DL (1977) Sex stereotypes and trait favorability on the adjective check list. Educ Psychol Meas 37:101–110.
    • (1977) Educ Psychol Meas , vol.37 , pp. 101-110
    • Williams, J.E.1    Best, D.L.2
  • 8
    • 34547148149 scopus 로고
    • Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students
    • Katz D, Braly K (1933) Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 28:280–290.
    • (1933) J Abnorm Soc Psychol , vol.28 , pp. 280-290
    • Katz, D.1    Braly, K.2
  • 9
    • 0000333788 scopus 로고
    • Stereotype persistence and change among college students
    • Gilbert GM (1951) Stereotype persistence and change among college students. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 46:245–254.
    • (1951) J Abnorm Soc Psychol , vol.46 , pp. 245-254
    • Gilbert, G.M.1
  • 10
    • 0014565856 scopus 로고
    • On the fading of social stereotypes: Studies in three generations of college students
    • Karlins M, Coffman TL, Walters G (1969) On the fading of social stereotypes: Studies in three generations of college students. J Pers Soc Psychol 13:1–16.
    • (1969) J Pers Soc Psychol , vol.13 , pp. 1-16
    • Karlins, M.1    Coffman, T.L.2    Walters, G.3
  • 11
    • 21344461648 scopus 로고
    • Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited
    • Devine PG, Elliot AJ (1995) Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 21:1139–1150.
    • (1995) Pers Soc Psychol Bull , vol.21 , pp. 1139-1150
    • Devine, P.G.1    Elliot, A.J.2
  • 12
    • 0034340213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future
    • Diekman AB, Eagly AH (2000) Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 26:1171–1188.
    • (2000) Pers Soc Psychol Bull , vol.26 , pp. 1171-1188
    • Diekman, A.B.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 14
    • 0035536624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised
    • Madon S, et al. (2001) Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 27:996–1010.
    • (2001) Pers Soc Psychol Bull , vol.27 , pp. 996-1010
    • Madon, S.1
  • 16
    • 85036165718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition
    • Fiske ST, Cuddy AJC, Glick P, Xu J (2002) A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. J Pers Soc Psychol 82:878–902.
    • (2002) J Pers Soc Psychol , vol.82 , pp. 878-902
    • Fiske, S.T.1    Cuddy, A.J.C.2    Glick, P.3    Xu, J.4
  • 17
    • 0002224422 scopus 로고
    • Molehill or mountain? What we know and don’t know about sex bias in language
    • eds Crawford M, Gentry M (Springer, New York)
    • Henley NM (1989) Molehill or mountain? What we know and don’t know about sex bias in language. Gender and Thought: Psychological Perspectives, eds Crawford M, Gentry M (Springer, New York), pp 59–78.
    • (1989) Gender and Thought: Psychological Perspectives , pp. 59-78
    • Henley, N.M.1
  • 18
    • 67449091593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men
    • eds (John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam)
    • Hellinger M, Bußmann H eds (2001) Gender Across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men, IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society (John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam), Vol 9.
    • (2001) IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society , vol.9
    • Hellinger, M.1    Bußmann, H.2
  • 19
    • 80053558787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural language processing (almost) from scratch
    • Collobert R, et al. (2011) Natural language processing (almost) from scratch. J Machine Learn Res 12:2493–2537.
    • (2011) J Machine Learn Res , vol.12 , pp. 2493-2537
    • Collobert, R.1
  • 20
    • 85019238255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings
    • eds Lee DD, Sugiyama M, Luxburg UV, Guyon I, Garnett R (Curran Associates, Inc, Barcelona)
    • Bolukbasi T, Chang KW, Zou JY, Saligrama V, Kalai AT (2016) Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29, eds Lee DD, Sugiyama M, Luxburg UV, Guyon I, Garnett R (Curran Associates, Inc, Barcelona), pp 4349–4357.
    • (2016) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , vol.29 , pp. 4349-4357
    • Bolukbasi, T.1    Chang, K.W.2    Zou, J.Y.3    Saligrama, V.4    Kalai, A.T.5
  • 21
    • 85018471624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases
    • Caliskan A, Bryson JJ, Narayanan A (2017) Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science 356:183–186.
    • (2017) Science , vol.356 , pp. 183-186
    • Caliskan, A.1    Bryson, J.J.2    Narayanan, A.3
  • 25
    • 84898956512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality
    • eds Burges CJC, Bottou L, Welling M, Ghahramani Z, Weinberger KQ (Curran Associates, Inc, Lake Tahoe, NV)
    • Mikolov T, Sutskever I, Chen K, Corrado GS, Dean J (2013) Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 26, eds Burges CJC, Bottou L, Welling M, Ghahramani Z, Weinberger KQ (Curran Associates, Inc, Lake Tahoe, NV), pp 3111–3119.
    • (2013) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , vol.26 , pp. 3111-3119
    • Mikolov, T.1    Sutskever, I.2    Chen, K.3    Corrado, G.S.4    Dean, J.5
  • 30
    • 80955180664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asian Americans as the model minority: An analysis of the popular press image in the 1960s and 1980s
    • ed Ono KA (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Malden, MA)
    • Osajima K (2005) Asian Americans as the model minority: An analysis of the popular press image in the 1960s and 1980s. A Companion to Asian American Studies, ed Ono KA (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Malden, MA), pp 215–225.
    • (2005) A Companion to Asian American Studies , pp. 215-225
    • Osajima, K.1
  • 38
    • 85045510732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feisty, frigid and frumpy: 25 Words we only use to describe women
    • Accessed August 21, 2017
    • Sanghani R (2016) Feisty, frigid and frumpy: 25 Words we only use to describe women. The Telegraph. Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/ambitiousfrigid-and-frumpy-25-words-we-only-use-to-describe-wom/. Accessed August 21, 2017.
    • (2016) The Telegraph
    • Sanghani, R.1
  • 40
    • 84979317947 scopus 로고
    • Behind the model-minority stereotype: Voices of high- And low-achieving Asian American students
    • Lee SJ (1994) Behind the model-minority stereotype: Voices of high- and low-achieving Asian American students. Anthropol Educ Q 25:413–429.
    • (1994) Anthropol Educ Q , vol.25 , pp. 413-429
    • Lee, S.J.1
  • 42
    • 0003562102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unraveling the “model minority"
    • (Teachers College Press, New York), 2nd Ed
    • Lee SJ (2015) Unraveling the “Model Minority” Stereotype: Listening to Asian American Youth (Teachers College Press, New York), 2nd Ed.
    • (2015) Stereotype: Listening to Asian American Youth
    • Lee, S.J.1
  • 43
    • 85037590411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A historic overview of Latino immigration and the demographic transformation of the United States
    • eds Gutierrez RA, Almaguer T (Univ of California Press, Oakland, CA)
    • Gutiérrez DG (2016) A historic overview of Latino immigration and the demographic transformation of the United States. The New Latino Studies Reader: A Twenty-First-Century Perspective, eds Gutierrez RA, Almaguer T (Univ of California Press, Oakland, CA), pp 108–125.
    • (2016) The New Latino Studies Reader: A Twenty-First-Century Perspective , pp. 108-125
    • Gutiérrez, D.G.1
  • 44
    • 77149132463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational feminization and pay: Assessing causal dynamics using 1950–2000 U.S. Census data
    • Levanon A, England P, Allison P (2009) Occupational feminization and pay: Assessing causal dynamics using 1950–2000 U.S. Census data. Soc Forces 88:865–891.
    • (2009) Soc Forces , vol.88 , pp. 865-891
    • Levanon, A.1    England, P.2    Allison, P.3
  • 48
    • 84893782439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 400 million word corpus of historical American English (1810–2009)
    • Pécs, 23–27 August 2010, eds Hegedus I, Fodor A (John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam)
    • Davies M (2010) The 400 million word corpus of historical American English (1810–2009). Selected Papers from the Sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23–27 August 2010, eds Hegedus I, Fodor A (John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam), Vol 325.
    • (2010) Selected Papers from The Sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), , vol.325
    • Davies, M.1
  • 51
    • 84968876691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistically significant detection of linguistic change
    • eds Gangemi A, Leonardi S, Panconesi A (International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, New York)
    • Kulkarni V, Al-Rfou R, Perozzi B, Skiena S (2015) Statistically significant detection of linguistic change. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web, eds Gangemi A, Leonardi S, Panconesi A (International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, New York), pp 625–635.
    • (2015) Proceedings of The 24th International Conference on World Wide Web , pp. 625-635
    • Kulkarni, V.1    Al-Rfou, R.2    Perozzi, B.3    Skiena, S.4
  • 52
    • 85070356403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural shift or linguistic drift? Comparing two computational measures of semantic change
    • eds Su J, Duh K, Carreras X (Association for Computational Linguistics, Austin, TX)
    • Hamilton WL, Leskovec J, Jurafsky D (2016) Cultural shift or linguistic drift? comparing two computational measures of semantic change. Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, eds Su J, Duh K, Carreras X (Association for Computational Linguistics, Austin, TX), pp 2116–2121.
    • (2016) Proceedings of The 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pp. 2116-2121
    • Hamilton, W.L.1    Leskovec, J.2    Jurafsky, D.3
  • 54
    • 85045516362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ideonomy.mit.edu/essays/ traits.html. Accessed August 21, 2017
    • Gunkel P (2013) 638 Primary personality traits. Available at ideonomy.mit.edu/essays/ traits.html. Accessed August 21, 2017.
    • (2013) 638 Primary Personality Traits
    • Gunkel, P.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.