Paleolithic Diet and the Division of Labor in Mediterranean Eurasia

Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology

Volumn , Issue 9781402096983, 2009, Pages 157-169

  Stiner, Mary C ^a   Kuhn, Steven L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

Demography; Diet breadth; Division of labor; Hunter gatherers; Hunting; Middle paleolithic; Prey selection; Resource intensification; Upper paleolithic; Zooarchaeology

Indexed keywords

EID: 85045462163     PISSN: 18779077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9699-0_11     Document Type: Chapter

References (113)

1. Adler, D.S., Bar-Oz, G., Belfer-Cohen, A., Bar-Yosef, O., 2006. Ahead of the game – Middle and Upper Paleolithic hunting behaviors in the southern Caucasus. Current Anthropology 47, 89–118.
2. Anderson-Gerfaud, P., 1990. Aspects of behavior in the Middle Paleolithic: functional analysis of stone tools from southwest France. In: Mellars, P. (Ed.), The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective. University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 389–418.
3. Audouze, F., 1987. The Paris Basin in Magdalenian times. In: Soffer, O. (Ed.), The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives. Plenum, New York, pp. 183–200.
4. Bailey, R.C., 1991. The Behavioral Ecology of Efe Pygmy Men in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
5. Bailey, R.C., Aunger, A., 1989. Net hunters vs. archers: variations in women’s subsistence strategies in the Ituri Forest. Human Ecology 17 (3), 273–297.
6. Balikci, A., 1970. The Netsilik Eskimo. Natural History Press, Garden City, NY.
7. Barton, R.N.E., Currant, A., Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., Finlayson, C., Goldberg, P., Macphail, R., Pettit, P., Stringer, C., 1999. Gibraltar Neanderthals and results of recent excavations in Gorham’s, Vanguard, and Ibex caves. Antiquity 73, 13–24.
8. Bar-Yosef, O., 1981. The Epi-Palaeolithic complexes in the southern Levant. In: Cauvin, J., Sanlaville, P. (Eds.), Préhistoire du Levant. Éditions du C.N.R.S, Paris, pp. 389–408.
9. Bar-Yosef, O., 2000. The Middle and early Upper Paleolithic in Southwest Asia and neighboring regions. In: Bar-Yosef, O., Pilbeam, D. (Eds.), The Geography of Neandertals and Modern Humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean. Peabody Museum Bulletin 8. Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, pp. 107–156.
10. Berger, T., Trinkaus, E., 1995. Patterns of trauma among the Neanderthals. Journal of Archeological Science 22, 841–852.
11. Berke, H., 1984. The distributions of bones from large mammals at Petersfels. In: Berke, H., Hahn, J., Kind, C.-J. (Eds.), Upper Palaeolithic Settlement Patterns in Europe. Institut fur Urgeschichte der Universitat Tübingen, Verlag Archaeologica Venatoria, Tübingen, pp. 103–108
12. Beyries, S., 1987. Variabilité de l’Industrie Lithique as Mousterien. Approche Functionelle sur queleues Gisments Fraçaises. International Series S328. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
13. Binford, L.R., 1968. Post-Pleistocene adaptations. In: Binford, S.R., Binford, L.R. (Eds.), New Perspectives in Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago, IL, pp. 313–341.
14. Binford, L.R., 1978. Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. Academic Press, New York.
15. Binford, L.R., 1984. Faunal Remains from Klasies River Mouth. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
16. Binford, L.R., 2001. Constructing Frames of Reference. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
17. Bird, D.W., Bliege Bird, R., 2000. The ethnoarchaeology of juvenile foragers: shellfishing strategies among the Meriam children. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19, 461–476.
18. Bliege Bird, R., 1999. Cooperation and conflict: the behavioral ecology of the sexual division of labor. Evolutionary Anthropology 8, 65–75.
19. Bliege Bird, R., Bird, D., 2002. Constraints of knowing or constraints of growing? Fishing and collecting by the children of Mer. Human Nature 13, 239–267.
20. Blurton Jones, N., Hawkes, K., O’Connell, J.F., 1989. Studying the costs of children in two foraging societies: implications for schedules of reproduction. In: Standon, V., Foley, R. (Eds.), Comparative Socieoecology of Mammals and Man. Blackwell, London, pp. 365–390.
21. Blurton Jones, N., Hawkes, K., O’Connell, J.F., 1997. Why do Hadza children forage? In: Seigel, N., Weisfield, G.E., Weisfield, C.C. (Eds.), Uniting Psychology and Biology: Integrative Perspectives on Human Development. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 279–313.
22. Boone, J., 2002. Subsistence strategies and early human population history: an evolutionary ecological perspective. World Archaeology 34, 6–25.
23. Briggs, J.L., 1970. Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
24. Broughton, J., 1997. Widening diet breadth, declining foraging efficiency, and prehistoric harvest pressure: ichthyofaunal evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound, California. Antiquity 71, 845–862.
25. e rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes, 546 pages.
26. Bunn, H.T., Harris, J., Isaac, G., Kaufulu, Z., Kroll, E., Schick, K., Toth, N., Behrensmeyer, A.K., 1980. FxJj50, an early Pleistocene site in northern Kenya. World Archaeology 12, 109–136.
27. Churchill, S.E., 1993. Weapon technology, prey size selection and hunting methods in modern hunter-gatherers: implications for hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. In: Peterkin, G.L., Bricker, H.M., Mellars, P. (Eds.), Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association No. 4, Washington, DC, pp. 11–24.
28. d’Errico, F., Zilhão, J., Baffier, D., Julien, M., Pelegrin, J., 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39, S1–S44.
29. d’Errico, F., Julien, M., Liolios, D., Vanhaeren, M., Baffier, D., 2003. Many awls in our argument. Bone tool manufacture and use in the Châtelperronian and Aurignacian levels of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure. In: Zilhão, J., d’Errico, F. (Eds.), The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Trabalhos de Arqueologia 33. Instituto Português de Arqueologia, Lisbon, pp. 247–270.
30. Donahue, R., 1988. Microwear analysis and site function of Paglicci Cave, level 4a. World Archaeology 19, 357–375.
31. Elston, R.G., Zeanah, D.W., 2002. Thinking outside the box: a new perspective on diet breadth and sexual division of labor in the Pre-archaic Great Basin. World Archaeology 34 (1), 103–130.
32. Endicott, K.L., 1999. Gender relations in hunter-gatherer societies. In: Lee, R.B., Daly, R. (Eds.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 411–418.
33. Flannery, K.V., 1969. Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East. In: Ucko, P.J., Dimbleby, G.W. (Eds.), The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. Aldine, Chicago, IL, pp. 73–100.
34. Gaudzinski, S., 2005. Monospecific or species-dominated faunal assemblages during the Middle Paleolithic in Europe. In: Hovers, E., Kuhn, S. (Eds.), Transitions Before the Transition: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age. Springer, New York, pp. 137–149.
35. Goren-Inbar, N., Sharon, G., Melamed, Y., Kislev, M., 2002. Nuts, nut cracking, and pitted stones at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99 (4), 2455–2460.
36. Grayson, D.K., Delpech, F., 2003. Ungulates and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition at Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France). Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 1633–1648.
37. Halperin, R.H., 1980. Ecology and mode of production: seasonal variation and the division of labor by sex among hunter-gatherers. Journal of Anthropological Research 36, 379–399.
38. Hawkes, K., 1996. Foraging differences between men and women: behavioral ecology of the sexual division of labor. In: Steele, J., Shennan, S. (Eds.), The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: Power, Sex, and Tradition. Routledge, London, pp. 283–305.
39. Hawkes, K., Bliege Bird, R., 2002. Showing off, handicap signaling, and the evolution of men’s work. Evolutionary Anthropology 11, 58–67.
40. Hawkes, K., Hill, K., O’Connell, J., 1982. Why hunters gather: optimal foraging and the Ache of eastern Paraguay. American Ethnologist 9, 378–398.
41. Henshilwood, C.S., Marean, C.W., 2003. The origin of modern human behavior: critique of the models and their test implications. Current Anthropology 44, 627–652.
42. Henshilwood, C., d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., van Niekerk, K., Jacobs, Z., 2004. Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science 304 (5669), 404.
43. Horan, R.D., Bulte, E., Shogren, J., 2005. How trade saved humanity from biological exclusion: an economic theory of Neanderthal extinction. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 58, 1–29.
44. Hublin, J.-J., Barroso, C., Medina, P., Fontugne, M., Reyss, J., 1995. The Mousterian site of Zafarraya (Andalucia, Spain): dating and implications on the paleolithic peopling processes of Western Europe. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences. Série 2, Sciences de la terre et des planets 321, 931–937.
45. Hurtado, A.M., Hill, K., 1987. Early dry season subsistence ecology of Cuiva (Hiwi) foragers of Venezuela. Human Ecology 15, 163–187.
46. Jenness, D., 1922. The Life of the Copper Eskimo. Reports of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913–1918, N. 12. F.A. Acland, Ottawa.
47. Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Lancaster, J., Hurtado, A.M., 2000. A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology 9, 156–185.
48. Keeley, L.H., 1988. Hunter-gatherer economic complexity and population pressure. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7, 373–411.
49. Kelly, R.L., 1995. The Foraging Spectrum. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
50. Klein, R.G., 1999. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. (2nd edition). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
51. Klein, R.G., Edgar, B., 2002. The Dawn of Human Culture. Wiley, New York.
52. Kuhn, S.L., Stiner, M.C., 2001. The antiquity of hunter-gatherers. In: Panter-Brick, C., Layton, R.H., Rowley-Conwy, P.A. (Eds.), Hunter-Gatherers: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 99–142.
53. Kuhn, S.L., Stiner, M.C., 2006. What’s a mother to do? A hypothesis about the division of labor among Neanderthals and modern humans in Eurasia. Current Anthropology 47, 953–980.
54. Kuhn, S.L., Stiner, M.C., Reese, D.S., Güleç, E., 2001. Ornaments in the earliest Upper Paleolithic: new results from the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 98 (13), 7641–7646.
55. Landes, R., 1938. The Ojibwa Woman. Norton, New York.
56. Laughlin, W., 1969. The demography of hunters: an Eskimo example. In: Lee, R.B., Devore, I. (Eds.), Man the Hunter. Aldine, Chicago, IL, pp. 241–243.
57. Lemorini, C., 2000. Reconnaître de Tactiques d’Exploitation du Milieu au Palélithique Moyen. La Contribution de l’Analyse Fonctionelle. Étude Fonctionelle des Indsutries Lithiques au Grotta Breuil (Latium, Italie) et de La Colombette (Bonnieux, Valcluse, France). International Series 858. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
58. Lieberman, D.E., Devlin, M., Pearson, O.M., 2001. Articular surface area responses to mechanical loading: effects of exercise, age and skeletal location. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 116, 266–277.
59. Lupo, K.D., Schmitt, D.N., 1997. Experiments in bone boiling: nutritional returns and archaeological reflections. Anthropozoologica 25–26, 137–144.
60. Macarthur, R.H., Levins, R., 1964. Competition, habitat selection, and character displacement in a patchy environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 51, 1207–1210.
61. Macarthur, R.H., Levins, R., 1967. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. American Naturalist 101, 377–385.
62. Madella, M., Hovers, E., Jones, M.K., Goldberg, P., Goren, Y., 2002. The exploitation of plant resources by Neanderthals in Amud Cave (Israel): the evidence from Phytolith studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 703–719.
63. Marlowe, F.W., 2005. Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 14, 54–67.
64. Martínez Molina, K., 2005. Análisis Functional de Industrias Líticas del Pliestoceno Superior. El Paleolítico Medio del Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona) y del Paleolítico Superior de Üçağızlı (Hatay, Turquía) y del Molí del Salt (Vimbodí, Tarragona). Cambios en los Patrones Funcionales entre el Paleolítico medio y el Superior. Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Letters, Universitat Rovira I Virgili.
65. Martinson, D.G., Pisias, N.G., Hays, J.D., Imbrie, J., Moore, T.C., Shackleton, N.J., 1987. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research 27, 1–29.
66. McBrearty, S., Brooks, A., 2000. The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 39, 453–563.
67. Mellars, P., 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
68. Nagaoka, L., 2002. The effects of resource depression on foraging efficiency, diet breadth, and patch use in southern New Zealand. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21, 419–442.
69. Osgood, C., 1940. Ingalik Material Culture. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 22. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
70. Owen, L., 2005. Distorting the Past: Gender and Division of Labor in the European Upper Paleolithic. Kerns, Tübingen.
71. Palmer, R., 1991. Optimization on rugged fitness landscapes. In: Perelson, E., Kaufman, S. (Eds.), Molecular Evolution on Rugged Fitness Landscapes. Addison, Redwood City, CA, pp. 3–25.
72. Panter-Brick, C., 2002. Sexual division of labor: energetic and evolutionary scenarios. American Journal of Human Biology 14 (5), 627–640.
73. Pennington, L., 1989. Bowes and Church’s Food Values of Portions Commonly Used. Harper & Row, New York.
74. Pennington, R., 2001. Hunter-gatherer demography. In: Panter-Brick, C., Layton, R.H., Rowley-Conwy, P.E. (Eds.), Hunter-Gatherers: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 170–204.
75. Pianka, E.R., 1988. Evolutionary Ecology (4th edition). Harper & Row, New York.
76. Potts, R., 1984. Home bases and early hominids. Scientific American 72, 338–347.
77. Richerson, P., Boyd, R., Bettinger, R., 2001. Was agriculture impossible during the Pleistocene but mandatory during the Holocene? A climate change hypothesis. American Antiquity 66, 387–412.
78. Semino, O., Passarino, J., Oefner, P.J., Lin, A.A., Arbuzova, S., Beckman, LE., De Benedictis, G., Francalacci, P., Kouvatsi, A., Umborska, S., Marcikiae, M., Mika, A., Mika, B., Primorac, D., Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S., Cavalii-Sforza, L.L., Underhill, P.A., 2000. The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y-chromosome perspective. Science 210, 1155–1159.
79. Shea, J., 1997. Middle Paleolithic spear point technology. In: Knecht, H. (Ed.), Projectile Technology. Plenum, New York, pp. 79–106.
80. Shennan, S., 2002. Genes, Memes and Human History. Darwinian Archaeology and Cultural Evolution. Thames & Hudson, London.
81. Simpson, E.H., 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163, 688.
82. Soffer, O., 1994. Ancestral lifeways in Eurasia – the Middle and Upper Paleolithic records. In: Nitecki, M.H., Nitecki, D.V. (Eds.), Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans. Plenum, New York, pp. 101–119.
83. Soffer, O., Adovasio, J.M., Hyland, D.C., Klima, B., Svoboda, J., 1998. Perishable technologies and the genesis of the Eastern Gravettian. Anthropologie 36 (1–2), 43–68.
84. Speth, J.D., Clark, J.L., 2006. Hunting and overhunting in the Levantine Late Middle Palaeolithic. Before Farming 3, 1–42.
85. Stephens, D.W., Krebs, J.R., 1986. Foraging Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
86. Stewart, K.M., 1989. Fishing Sites of North and East Africa in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene: Environmental Change and Human Adaptation. International Series 521. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
87. Stiner, M.C., 1994. Honor Among Thieves: A Zooarchaeological Study of Neandertal Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
88. Stiner, M.C., 2001. Thirty years on the “Broad Spectrum Revolution” and Paleolithic demography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98 (13), 6993–6996.
89. Stiner, M.C., 2003. Zooarchaeological evidence for resource intensification in Algarve, southern Portugal. Promontoria 1 (1), 27–61.
90. Stiner, M.C., 2005. The Faunas of Hayonim Cave (Israel): A 200,000-Year Record of Paleolithic Diet, Demography & Society. American School of Prehistoric Research Monographs. Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
91. Stiner, M., Kuhn, S., 2006. Changes in the “connectedness” and resilience of Paleolithic societies in Mediterranean ecosystems. Human Ecology 34, 693–712.
92. Stiner, M.C., Munro, N.D., Surovell, T.A., 2000. The tortoise and the hare: small game use, the Broad Spectrum Revolution, and Paleolithic demography. Current Anthropology 41, 39–73.
93. Stiner, M.C., Pehlevan, C., Sagir, M., Özer, I., 2002. Zooarchaeological studies at Üçağizlı Cave: preliminary results on Paleolithic sub- sistence and shell ornaments. Araşterma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Ankara 17, 29–36.
94. Tchernov, E., 1992. Evolution of complexities, exploitatation of the biosphere and zooarchaeology. Archaeozoologica V (1), 9–42.
95. Tchernov, E., 1998a. Are Late Pleistocene environmental factors, faunal changes and cultural transformations causally connected? The case of the southern Levant. Paléorient 23 (2), 209–228.
96. Tchernov, E., 1998b. The faunal sequence of the southeast Asian Middle Paleolithic in relation to hominid dispersal events. In: Akazawa, T., Aoki, K., Bar-Yosef, O. (Eds.), Neanderthals and Modern Humans in West Asia. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 77–90.
97. Trinkaus, E., 1983. Neandertal postcrania and the adaptive shift to modern humans. In: Trinkaus, E. (Ed.), The Mousterian Legacy. International Series 164, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, pp. 165–200.
98. Trinkaus, E., 1986. The Neandertals and modern human origins. Annual Review of Anthropology 15, 193–218.
99. Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., Stringer, C., James, S.L., Todd, J.A., Mienis, H.K., 2006. Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312, 1785–1788
100. Vaughn, P.C., 1985. Use-Wear Analysis of Flakes Stone Tools. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
101. Waguespack, N.M., 2005. The organization of male and female labor in foraging societies: implications for early Paleoindian archaeology. American Anthropologist 107 (4), 666–676.
102. Walker, R., Hill, K., Kaplan, H., McMillan, G., 2002. Age-dependency in hunting ability among the Ache of eastern Paraguay. Journal of Human Evolution 42, 639–657.
103. Watanabe, H., 1969. Subsistence and ecology of northern food gatherers with special reference to the Ainu. In: Lee, R., Devore, I. (Eds.), Man the Hunter. Aldine, Chicago, IL, pp. 69–77.
104. Weiss, E., Wetterstrom, W., Nadel, D. Bar-Yosef, O., 2004. The broad spectrum revisited: evidence from plant remains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (26), 9551–9555.
105. Weniger, G.-C., 1987. Magdalenian settlement pattern and subsistence in Central Europe: the southwestern and central German cases. In: Soffer, O. (Ed.), The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives. Plenum, New York, pp. 201–215.
106. West, D., 1997. Hunting Strategies in Central Europe During the Last Glacial Maximum. International Series 672. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
107. Wiessner, P., 2004. Owners of the future: calories, cash and self-sufficiency in the Nyae Nyae area between 1996 and 2003. Visual Anthropology Review 19 (1–2), 149–159.
108. Winterhalder, B., Goland, C., 1993. On population, foraging efficiency, and plant domestication. Current Anthropology 34, 710–715.
109. Wrangham, R., Jones, J.H., Layden, G., Pilbeam, D., Conklin-Brittain, N., 1999. The raw and the stolen: cooking and the ecology of human origins. Current Anthropology 40, 567–594.
110. Wright, K., 1994. Ground-stone tools and hunter-gatherer subsistence in southwest Asia: implications for the transition to farming. American Antiquity 59, 238–263.
111. Wright, S., 1932. The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Genetics 1, 356–366.
112. Yellen, J.E., Brooks, A.S., Cornelissen, E., Klein, R.G., Mehlman, M., Stewart, K., 1995. A middle Stone Age worked bone industry from Katanda, upper Semliki River valley (Kivu), Zaire. Science 268, 553–556.
113. Zubrow, E., 1989. The demographic modelling of Neandthal extinction. In: Mellars, P., Stringer, C.B. (Eds.), The Human Revolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 212–231.