The roots of early black nationalism: Northern african americans' invocations of haiti in the early nineteenth century

Slavery and Abolition

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 61-85

  Fanning, Sara C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85045161553     PISSN: 0144039X     EISSN: 17439523     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01440390701269780     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Correspondence relative to the Emigration to Hayti of the Free People of Colour in the United States. Together with the Instructions to the Agent sent out by President Boyer. New York: Mahlon Day, 1824.
2. Adeleke, Tunde. 1998. UnAfrican Americans: Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalists and the Civilizing Mission, Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
3. Baur, John Edward. 1947. “Mulatto Machiavelli, Jean Pierre Boyer, and the Haiti of His Day.”. Journal of Negro History, 32 (3) July: 307–53.
4. Bell, Madison Smartt. 1995. All Souls' Rising, New York: Pantheon Books.
5. Bell, Madison Smartt. 2001. Master of the Crossroads, New York: Penguin Books.
6. Bell, Madison Smartt. 2004. The Stone that the Builder Refused, New York: Pantheon Books.
7. Bellegarde, Dantès. 1943. “Alexandre Pétion: A Pioneer of Pan Americanism.”. Bulletin of the Pan American Union, 77: 244–52.
8. Blackburn, Robin. 1988. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848, New York: Verso.
9. Blackett, R. J. M., 1983. Building an Antislavery Wall: Black Americans in the Atlantic Abolitionist Movement, 1830–1860, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
10. Bolster, W. Jeffrey. 1997. Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11. Bracey, John H., Meir, August, and Rudwick, Elliot. 1970. Black Nationalism in America, Edited by: Bracey, John H., Meir, August, and Rudwick, Elliot. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
12. Brown, Gordon S., 2005. Toussaint's Clause: The Founding Fathers and the Haitian Revolution, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
13. Bruce, Dickson D., Jr. 1995. National Identity and African-American Colonization, 1773–1817. Historian, 58 (1) Autumn: 15–29.
14. Bruce, Dickson D., Jr. 2001. Origins of African American Literature, 1680–1865, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
15. Christophe, Henry. 1811. The Formation of the New Dynasty Philadelphia
16. Cole, Herbert. 1967. Christophe, King of Haiti, New York: Viking Press.
17. Cuffe, Paul. 1839. Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Paul Cuffe, a Pequot Indian: During Thirty years Spent at Sea, and Traveling in Foreign Lands, Vernon, CT: Horace N. Bill.
18. Dain, Bruce. 1993. “Haiti and Egypt in Early Black Racial Discourse in the United States.”. Slavery and Abolition, 14 (3): 139–61.
19. Dayan, Joan. 1995. Haiti, History and the Gods, Berkeley, CA: University California Press.
20. Dixon, Chris. 2000. African America and Haiti: Emigration and Black Nationalism in the Nineteenth century, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
21. Dubois, Laurent. 2004. Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
22. Egerton, Douglas R., 1993. Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
23. Egerton, Douglas R., 1999. He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives of Denmark Vesey, Madison, WI: Madison House.
24. Egerton, Douglas R., 2002. “The Empire of Liberty Reconsidered.”. In The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic, Edited by: James, Horn, Jan Ellen, Lewis, and Peter, Onuf. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
25. Equiano, Olaudah. 2001. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African, written by himself, Edited by: Werner, Sollors. New York: Norton.
26. Fick, Carolyn E., 1990. The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below, Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
27. Fick, Carolyn E., April 2003. “The Haitian Revolution and the Rights of Man: Slave Emancipation, Citizenship and the Emerging Nation,” paper presented at the War and Citizenship conference ”. April, Austin: University of Texas.
28. Fischer, Sibylle. 2004. Modernity Disavowed: Haiti and the Cultures of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
29. Foner, Philip. 1983. History of Black Americans: From the Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom to the Compromise of 1850, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
30. Frey, Sylvia. 1991. Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
31. Geggus, David. 2001. “Preface.”. In Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World, Edited by: David, Geggus. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
32. Gellman, Michael, and Quigley, David. 2003. Jim Crow New York: A Documentary History of Race and Citizenship, 1777–1877, Edited by: Gellman, Michael, and Quigley, David. New York: New York University Press.
33. Genovese, Eugene. 1979. From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
34. Gilje, Paul. 1996. Rioting in America, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
35. Gossett, Thomas F., 1967, 1997. Race: The History of an Idea in America, new edition, New York: Oxford University Press.
36. Granville, Jonathas Henri Theodore. 1873. Biographie de Jonathas Granville par son fils, Paris: Imprimerie de E. Briere.
37. Griggs, Earl Leslie, and Prator, Clifford H., 1952. Henry Christophe and Thomas Clarkson; A Correspondence, Edited by: Griggs, Earl, Leslie, Prator and Clifford, H., Berkeley: University California Press.
38. Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. 1992. Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century, Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press.
39. Hall, Prince. 2001. “A Charge of 1797.”. In Pamphlets of Protest: An Anthology of Early African-American Protest Literature, Edited by: Richard, Newman, Patrick, Rael, and Philip, Lapsansky. 44–51. New York: Routledge.
40. Hargreaves, Mary H.W., 1985. The Presidency of John Quincy Adams, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
41. Haytien Emigration Society of Philadelphia. 1825. Information for the Free People of Colour who are Inclined to Emigrate to Hayti, Philadelphia: J. H. Cunningham.
42. Hickey, Donald R., 1982. “America's Response to the Slave Revolt in Haiti, 1791–1806.”. Journal of the Early Republic, 2 Winter: 361–79.
43. Horton, Lois. 1999. “From Class to Race in Early America: Northern Post-Emancipation Racial Reconstruction.”. Journal of the Early Republic, 19 (4) Winter: 629–49.
44. Hunt, Alfred. 1988. Haiti's Influence on Antebellum America: Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
45. Hunt, Benjamin. 1860. Remarks on Hayti as a place of settlement for Afric-Americans; and on the Mulatto as a race for the Tropics, Philadelphia: T. B. Pugh.
46. Jackson, James O., 1976. “The Origins of Pan-African Nationalism: Afro-American and Haytian Relations, 1800–1863.”. In Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University.
47. James, C. L. R., 1963. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, New York: Vintage Books.
48. Johnson, Michael P., 2001. “Denmark Vesey and His Co-Conspirators.”. William and Mary Quarterly, 3 (58): 915–76.
49. Jordan, Winthrop. 1968. White Over Black: American Attitudes towards the Negro, 1550–1812, New York: W. W. Horton.
50. 1999. Special Issue on Racial Consciousness and Nation-Building in the Early Republic. Journal of the Early Republic, 19 Winter
51. 1886. Les Constitutions d'Haiti, Paris: Louis-Joseph Janvier.
52. Logan, R. W., 1969. The Diplomatic Relations of the United States with Haiti, 1776–1891, New York: Kraus Reprint.
53. Matthewson, Tim. 1995. “Jefferson and Haiti.”. Journal of Southern History, 61 (2) May: 209–248.
54. Matthewson, Tim. 1996. “Jefferson and Nonrecognition of Haiti.”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 140 (1) March: 22–46.
55. Matthewson, Tim. 2003. A Proslavery Foreign Policy: Haitian-American Relations during the Early Republic., Westport, CT: Praeger.
56. McClellanIII and James, E., 1992. Colonialism and Science: Saint Domingue in the Old Regime, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
57. McCullough, David. 2001. John Adams, New York: Simon & Schuster.
58. Melish, Joanne Pope. 1998. Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and ‘Race’ in New England, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
59. Mintz, Sidney, and Price, Richard. 1976. The Birth of African-American Culture: An Anthropological Perspective, Boston: Beacon Press. reprinted 1992
60. Montague, L. L., 1940. Haiti and the United States, 1714–1938, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
61. Moses, Wilson. 1978. Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925, Hamden, CT: Archon.
62. Moses, Wilson. 1998. Afrotopia: The Roots of African American Popular History, New York: Cambridge University Press.
63. Mullin, Michael. 1992. Africa in America: Slave Acculturation and Resistance in the American South and the British Caribbean, 1736–1831, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
64. Nash, Gary. 1988. Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community 1720–1840, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
65. Nicholls, David. 1979. From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour and National Independence in Haiti, New York: Cambridge University Press. reprinted 1996
66. Onuf, Peter. 2000. Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhood, Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
67. Pasley, Jeffrey. 2001. “The Tyranny of Printers”: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic, Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
68. Pétion, Alexandre, Fontanges, François de vicornte, and Esmangrt, M., 1818. The Constitution of the Republic of Hayti; to which is added Documents relating to the Correspondence of his most Christian Majesty, with the President of Hayti; preceded by a Proclamation to the People and the Army, New York: James Tredwell.
69. Porter, Doroth y. 1971. Early Negro Writing 1760–1837, Edited by: Porter and Doroth, y. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
70. Roberts, Kevin. 2003. “Slaves and Slavery in Louisiana: The Evolution of Atlantic World Identities, 1791–1831.”. In Ph.D. dissertation, Austin: University of Texas at.
71. Robinson, Donald L., 1970. Slavery in the Structure of American Politics, 1765–1820, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanich.
72. Saunders, Prince. 1818. Address delivered at Bethel Church, Philadelphia; on the 30th of September, 1818: Before the Pennsylvania Augustine Society, for the Education of People of Colour; A Memoir Presented to the American Convention for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, and Improving the Condition of the African Race, December 11th, 1818, Philadelphia: Dennis Heartt.
73. Scott, Julius. 1986. “‘The Common Wind’: Currents of Afro-American Communication in the Era of the Haitian Revolution.”. In Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University.
74. Sheller, Mimi. 1997. “Sword-bearing Citizens: Militarism and Manhood in Nineteenth-century Haiti.”. Plantation Society in the Americas, 4 (2&3) Fall: 233–78.
75. Sheller, Mimi. 1997. “Saint Domingue in Virginia: Ideology, Local Meanings, and Resistance to Slavery, 1791–1800.”. Journal of Southern History, 63 (3) August: 531–32.
76. Sheller, Mimi. 1997. From Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion and Identity in Gabriel's Virginia, 1730–1810, New York: Cambridge University Press.
77. Sidbury, James. Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic, New York: Oxford University Press. forthcoming
78. Stuckey, Sterling. 1987. Slave Culture: The Foundations of Nationalist Thought, New York: Oxford University Press.
79. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 1990. Haiti, State against Nation: Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism, New York: Monthly Review Press.
80. Vastey, Baron von, and Pompee, Valentin. 1817. Baron de. Reflexions on the blacks and whites, remarks upon a letter addressed by M. Mazères, a French ex-colonist, to J.C.L. Sismonde de Sintmondi, containing observations on the blacks and whites, the civilization of Africa, the kingdom of Hayti, London: J. Hatchard.
81. Vastey, Baron von, and Pompee, Valentin. 1818. Political Remarks upon certain French Publications and Journals concerning Hayti London
82. Vastey, Baron von, and Pompee, Valentin. 1969, 1823. An Essay on the Causes of the Revolution and Civil Wars of Hayti, New York: Negro Universities Press.
83. Walker, George E., 1993. The Afro-American in New York City, 1827–1860, New York: Garland.
84. Walker, James St G., 1976. The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870, New York: Africana.
85. White, Arthur O., 1975. “Prince Saunders: An Instance of Social Mobility among Antebellum New England Blacks.”. Journal of Negro History, 60 (4) October: 526–35.
86. White, Ashli. 2003. “‘A Flood of Impure Lava’: Saint Dominguan Refugees in the United States 1791–1820.”. In Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.
87. White, Shane. 1994. “‘It Was a Proud Day’: African Americans, Festivals, and Parades in the North, 1741-1834.”. Journal of American History, 81 (1) June: 13–50.
88. Winch, Julie. 1988. American Free Blacks and Emigration to Haiti, 1–22. San German, Puerto Rico: Centro de Investigaciones del Caribe y America Latina, Universidad Interamerica de Puerto Rico, Recinto de san Germán (August.
89. Zilversmit, Arthur. 1967. The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
90. Zuckerman, Michael. 1993. “The Power of Blackness: Thomas Jefferson and the Revolution in St. Domingue.”. In Almost Chosen People: Oblique Biographies in the American Grain Michael Zuckerman, Berkeley, CA: Berkeley University Press.