Internet-based intervention to promote mental fitness in mildly depressed adults: Design of a randomized controlled trial

JMIR Research Protocols

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Bolier, Linda ^a,b   Haverman, Merel ^a   Kramer, Jeannet ^a   Boon, Brigitte ^a   Smit, Filip ^a,c   Riper, Heleen ^c,d,e   Bohlmeijer, Ernst ^b  

^a NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND ADDICTION   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

^c VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^d VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^e LEUPHANA UNIVERSITY OF LÜNEBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Depression, well being; Happiness; Mental health; Preventive medicine; Public health

Indexed keywords

EID: 85045157687     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19290748     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2196/resprot.1791     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Bijl RV, Ravelli A, van Zessen G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998 Dec;33(12):587-595. [Medline: 9857791]
2. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators, European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) Project. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2004(420):21-27. [doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00327.x] [Medline: 15128384]
3. WHO. The global burden of disease: update 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. URL: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/2004_report_update/en/index.html [accessed 2011-02-04] [WebCite Cache ID 5wFOFGpvj]
4. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators, European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) Project. Disability and quality of life impact of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2004(420):38-46. [doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00329.x] [Medline: 15128386]
5. Smit F, Cuijpers P, Oostenbrink J, Batelaan N, de Graaf R, Beekman A. Costs of nine common mental disorders: implications for curative and preventive psychiatry. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2006 Dec;9(4):193-200. [Medline: 17200596]
6. Keyes CL. Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: a complementary strategy for improving national mental health. Am Psychol 2007;62(2):95-108. [doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.95] [Medline: 17324035]
7. Cuijpers P, Smit F. [Subclinical depression: a clinically relevant condition?]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2008;50(8):519-528 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 18688776]
8. Milczarek M, Schneider E, Eusebio RG. Stress at work - facts and figures. European Risk Observatory Report. Luxembourg: European Communities; 2009. URL: http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/ TE-81-08-478-EN-C_OSH_in_figures_stress_at_work [accessed 2011-02-04] [WebCite Cache ID 5wFPWVnGs]
9. Weehuizen R. Mental Capital: The Economic Significance of Mental Health (dissertation). Maastricht: University of Maastricht; 2008. URL: http://www.merit.unu.edu/training/theses/Thesis_Weehuizen_final.pdf [accessed 2011-02-04] [WebCite Cache ID 5wFPsVjKG]
10. Walburg JA. Mentaal Vermogen -Investeren in geluk (Mental Capital - The investment in happiness). Amsterdam: Nieuw Amsterdam; 2008.
11. Beddington J, Cooper CL, Field J, Goswami U, Huppert FA, Jenkins R, et al. The mental wealth of nations. Nature 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1057-1060. [doi: 10.1038/4551057a] [Medline: 18948946]
12. WHO. Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice (summary report). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. URL: http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/promoting_mhh.pdf [accessed 2011-02-04] [WebCite Cache ID 5wFRHEWox]
13. Keyes CL. Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005 Jun;73(3):539-548. [doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.539] [Medline: 15982151]
14. Bergsma A, ten Have M, Veenhoven R, De Graaf R. Most people with mental disorders are happy: A 3-year follow-up in the Dutch general population. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2011;6(4):253-259 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1080/17439760.2011.577086]
15. Keyes CL, Grzywacz JG. Health as a complete state: the added value in work performance and healthcare costs. J Occup Environ Med 2005 May;47(5):523-532. [Medline: 15891532]
16. Veenhoven R. Gezond geluk: Effecten van geluk op gezondheid en wat dat kan betekenen voor de preventieve gezondheidszorg (Healthy happiness: effect of happiness on health and what this could mean for preventive public health). Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit; 2006. URL: http://www2.eur.nl/fsw/research/veenhoven/Pub2000s/2005e-fulln.pdf [accessed 2011-02-04] [WebCite Cache ID 5wFRirW83]
17. Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychol Bull 2005 Nov;131(6):803-855. [doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803] [Medline: 16351326]
18. Diener E. Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull 1984 May;95(3):542-575. [Medline: 6399758]
19. Ryff CD. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989;57:1069-1081. [doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069]
20. Fogg BJ. Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann; 2003.
21. Ritterband LM, Gonder-Frederick LA, Cox DJ, Clifton A, WEst RW, Borowitz SM. Internet interventions: In review, in use, and into the future. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2003;34(5):527-534. [doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.34.5.527]
22. Smit F, Riper H. E-mental health: presence and future -factsheet. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut; 2008. URL: http://www.icom.trimbos.nl/documents/downloads/factsheet%20e-mental%20health%20(I.COM).pdf [accessed 2011-02-04] [WebCite Cache ID 5wFSSFd8Q]
23. Spek V, Cuijpers P, Nyklicek I, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V. Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2007 Aug;37(3):319-328. [Medline: 17112400]
24. Spek V, Cuijpers P, Nyklicek I, Smiths N, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V. One-year follow-up results of a randomized controlled clinical trial on Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for subthreshold depression in people over 50 years. Psychol Med 2007 Mar;38(5):635-639. [Medline: 18205965]
25. Warmerdam L, van Straten A, Twisk J, Riper H, Cuijpers P. Internet-based treatment for adults with depressive symptoms: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008;10(4):e44 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1094] [Medline: 19033149]
26. van Straten A, Cuijpers P, Smits N. Effectiveness of a web-based self-help intervention for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008;10(1):e7 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.954] [Medline: 18364344]
27. Emmons RA, McCullough ME. Counting blessings versus burdens: an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003 Feb;84(2):377-389. [Medline: 12585811]
28. Seligman ME, Steen TA, Park N, Peterson C. Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. Am Psychol 2005;60(5):410-421. [doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410] [Medline: 16045394]
29. Sheldon KM, Lyubomirsky S. How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2006;1:73-82. [doi: 10.1080/17439760500510676]
30. Lyubomirsky S, Sheldon KM, Schkade D. Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change. Review of General Psychology 2005;9:111-131. [doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111]
31. Otake K, Shimai S, Tanaka-Matsumi J, Otsui K, Fredrickson BL. Happy people become happier through kindness: A counting kindnesses intervention. J Happiness Stud 2006 Sep;7(3):361-375. [doi: 10.1007/s10902-005-3650-z] [Medline: 17356687]
32. Sheldon KM, Kasser T, Smith K, Share T. Personal goals and psychological growth: testing an intervention to enhance goal attainment and personality integration. J Pers 2002 Feb;70(1):5-31. [Medline: 11908535]
33. Green LS, Oades LG, Grant AM. Cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused life coaching: Enhancing goal striving, well-being, and hope. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2006;1:142-149. [doi: 10.1080/17439760600619849]
34. Spence GB, Grant AM. Professional and peer life coaching and the enhancement of goal striving and well-being: An exploratory study. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2007;2:185-194. [doi: 10.1080/17439760701228896]
35. Sin NL, Lyubomirsky S. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol 2009 May;65(5):467-487. [doi: 10.1002/jclp.20593] [Medline: 19301241]
36. Mitchell J, Stanimirovic R, Klein B, Vella-Brodrick D. A randomised controlled trial of a self-guided internet intervention promoting well-being. Computers in Human Behavior 2009;25(3):749-760 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.chb2009.02.03]
37. Abbott JA, Klein B, Hamilton C, Rosenthal A. The impact of online resilience training for sales managers on wellbeing and performance. E-Journal of Applied Psychology 2009;5(1):89-95 [FREE Full text]
38. Parks-Sheiner AC. Positive psychotherapy: Building a model of empirically supported self-help. Cambridge: ProQuest Dissertation Publishing; 2009.
39. psyfit.nl. URL: http://www.psyfit.nl/ [accessed 2012-01-27] [WebCite Cache ID 650azWEEe]
40. Lyubomirsky S. The how of happiness: A practical approach to getting the life you want. New York: Penguin; 2008.
41. Bergsma A. Do self-help books help? Journal of Happiness Studies 2007;9(3):341-360. [doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9041-2]
42. Haringsma R, Engels GI, Beekman AT, Spinhoven P. The criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a sample of self-referred elders with depressive symptomatology. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004 Jun;19(6):558-563. [doi: 10.1002/gps.1130] [Medline: 15211536]
43. Keyes CL, Shmotkin D, Ryff CD. Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. J Pers Soc Psychol 2002 Jun;82(6):1007-1022. [Medline: 12051575]
44. Westerhof GJ, Keyes CLM. Maandblad Geestelijke Gezondheid(63):808-820. 2008. Geestelijke gezondheid is meer dan de afwezigheid van ziekte (Mental health is more then the absence of disease)URL: http://mgv.boomtijdschriften.nl/artikelen/GV-63-10-808_Geestelijke%20gezondheid%20is%20meer%20dan%20de%20af.html [accessed 2012-04-21] [WebCite Cache ID 675eBetjx]
45. Donker T, van Straten A, Marks I, Cuijpers P. Brief self-rated screening for depression on the Internet. J Affect Disord 2010 May;122(3):253-259. [doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.07.013] [Medline: 19679358]
46. Notenboom M, Van Male J. Positive mental health - Resultaten naar aanleiding van een verkennend onderzoek, intern rapport (Positive mental health - results of a exploratory focus group study - internal report). Amsterdam: Markt- en communicatieonderzoek Ferro; 2008.
47. Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2004 Jul;57(1):35-43. [doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7] [Medline: 15256293]
48. Riper H, Kramer J. Kleur je leven - internettherapie preventie van depressie (Color Your life - internettherapie for the prevention of depression). Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut; 2007. URL: https://www.kleurjeleven.nl/ [accessed 2011-02-04] [WebCite Cache ID 5wFYdNvip]
49. CuijpersP. Everything under control - problem solving therapy at the internet. Amsterdam: VU University Amsterdam; 2005. Everything under control - problem solving therapy at the internetURL: https://www.allesondercontrole.nu/portal/ [accessed 2011-02-04] [WebCite Cache ID 5wFYtBKUM]
50. Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Farrer L. Adherence in internet interventions for anxiety and depression. J Med Internet Res 2009;11(2):e13 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1194] [Medline: 19403466]
51. Keyes CL. The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. J Health Soc Behav 2002 Jun;43(2):207-222. [Medline: 12096700]
52. Lamers SM, Westerhof GJ, Bohlmeijer ET, ten Klooster PM, Keyes CL. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF). J Clin Psychol 2011 Jan;67(1):99-110. [doi: 10.1002/jclp.20741] [Medline: 20973032]
53. Bech P. Measuring the dimension of psychological general well-being by the WHO-5. Quality of Life Newsletter 2004;32:15-16.
54. Henkel V, Mergl R, Kohnen R, Maier W, Möller HJ, Hegerl U. Identifying depression in primary care: a comparison of different methods in a prospective cohort study. BMJ 2003 Jan 25;326(7382):200-201. [Medline: 12543837]
55. Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977;1:385-401. [doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306]
56. Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, Van Limbeek J, Braam AW, De Vries MZ, Van Tilburg W. Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D): results from a community-based sample of older subjects in The Netherlands. Psychol Med 1997 Jan;27(1):231-235. [Medline: 9122304]
57. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992 Jun;30(6):473-483. [Medline: 1593914]
58. Brazier JE, Harper R, Jones NM, O'Cathain A, Thomas KJ, Usherwood T, et al. Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: new outcome measure for primary care. BMJ 1992 Jul 18;305(6846):160-164. [Medline: 1285753]
59. Hakkaart-van Roijen L, van Straten A, Donker M. Trimbos/iMTA questionnaire for costs associated with psychiatric illness (TIC-P). Rotterdam: iMTA; 2002. URL: http://publishing.eur.nl/ir/repub/asset/1337/bmgimt20020711143439.pdf [accessed 2011-02-04] [WebCite Cache ID 5wFaoT3tw]
60. Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Tan SS, Bouwmans CAM. Handleiding voor kostenonderzoek - methoden en standaard kostprijzen voor economische evaluaties in de gezondheidszorg (Manual for costing research - in Dutch, actualized version 2010). Rotterdam: Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University; 2010. URL: http://www.cvz.nl/binaries/content/documents/cvzinternet/nl/documenten/rubriek+zorgpakket/cfh/handleiding-kostenonderzoek-2010.pdf [accessed 2011-02-11] [WebCite Cache ID 5wPnmh9GI]
61. Koopmanschap MA. PRODISQ: a modular questionnaire on productivity and disease for economic evaluation studies. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2005 Feb;5(1):23-28. [doi: 10.1586/14737167.5.1.23] [Medline: 19807557]
62. de Brey H. A cross-national validation of the client satisfaction questionnaire: the Dutch experience. Eval Program Plann 1983;6(3-4):395-400. [Medline: 10267266]
63. Nguyen TD, Attkisson CC, Stegner BL. Assessment of patient satisfaction: development and refinement of a service evaluation questionnaire. Eval Program Plann 1983;6(3-4):299-313. [Medline: 10267258]
64. Lipsey MW. Design sensitivity: statistical power for experimental research. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications; 1990.
65. Altman DG. Better reporting of randomised controlled trials: the CONSORT statement. BMJ 1996 Sep 7;313(7057):570-571. [Medline: 8806240]
66. Eysenbach G, CONSORT-EHEALTH Group. CONSORT-EHEALTH: improving and standardizing evaluation reports of Web-based and mobile health interventions. J Med Internet Res 2011;13(4):e126 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1923] [Medline: 22209829]
67. Dempster AP, Laird NM. Rubin DB: Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Methodological) 1977;39(Suppl 1):1-38. [doi: 10.2307/2984875]
68. Sterne JA, White IR, Carlin JB, Spratt M, Royston P, Kenward MG, et al. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ 2009;338:b2393. [Medline: 19564179]
69. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
70. Veenhoven R. Happiness as an aim in public policy: The greatest happiness principle. In: Positive psychology in practice. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley; 2004.
71. Buchanan T. Online assessment: Desirable or dangerous? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2002;33(2):148-154. [doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.33.2.148]
72. Eysenbach G, CONSORT-EHEALTH Group. CONSORT-EHEALTH: improving and standardizing evaluation reports of Web-based and mobile health interventions. J Med Internet Res 2011;13(4):e126 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1923] [Medline: 22209829]