Summary and conclusions

Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology

Volumn , Issue 9789401776011, 2016, Pages 289-297

  Iovita, Radu ^a   Sano, Katsuhiro ^b  

^a Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for the Evolution of Hominin Behaviour   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Archaeological record; Lithic assemblage; Projectile experiment; Projectile point; Sharp tooth

Indexed keywords

EID: 85044947445     PISSN: 18779077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7602-8_20     Document Type: Chapter

References (96)

1. Ahler, S. (1971). Projectile point form and function at Rodgers Shelter, Missouri (p. 8). Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society Research Series no. 8
2. Anderson, P. (1980). A testimony of prehistoric tasks: Diagnostic residues on stone tool working edges. World Archaeology, 12, 181– 194.
3. Barton, R. N. E., & Bergman, C. A. (1982). Hunters at Hengistbury: Some evidence from experimental archaeology. World Archaeology, 14, 237–248.
4. Bergman, C. A., & Newcomer, M. H. (1983). Flint arrowhead breakage: Examples from Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Journal of Field Archaeology, 10, 238–243.
5. Bell, R. E., & Perino, G. (1958). Guide to the identification of certain American Indian projectile points. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Anthropological Society
6. Bellier, C., Cattelain, P., & Otte, M.(Eds.). (2000). La Chasse dans la prehistoire, actes du colloque international de Treignes, 3–7 octobre 1990, Bruxelles. Liège: société royale belge d’Anthropologie et de Préhistoire.
7. Binford, L. R. (1981). Bones: Ancient men and modern myths. New York: Academic Press.
8. Binford, L. R., & Binford, S. R. (1966). A preliminary analysis of functional variability in the Mousterian of Levallois facies. American Anthropologist, 68, 238–295.
9. Blumenschine, R. J. (1987). Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche. Current Anthropology, 38, 383–407.
10. Boëda, E., Geneste, J. M., Griggo, C., Mercier, N., Muhesen, S., Reyss, J. L., et al. (1999). A Levallois point embedded in the vertebra of a wild ass (Equus africanus): Hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting weapons. Antiquity, 73, 394–402.
11. Bordes, F. (1961). Mousterian cultures in France: Artifacts from recent excavation dispel some popular misconceptions about Neanderthal man. Science, 134, 803.
12. Bratlund, B. (1991). A study of hunting lesions containing flint fragments on reindeer bones at Stellmoor, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. CBA Research Report, 77, 193–207.
13. Brown, K. S., Marean, C. W., Jacobs, Z., Schoville, B. J., Oestmo, S., Fisher, E. C., et al. (2012). An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa. Nature, 491, 590–593.
14. Browne, J. (1940). Projectile points. American Antiquity, 5, 209–213.
15. Bröndsted, J. (1957). Danmarks oldtid (Vol. 1). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
16. Bunn, H. T. (1981). Archaeological evidence for meat-eating by Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge. Nature, 291, 574–577.
17. Bunn, H. T. (1991). A taphonomic perspective on the archaeology of human origins. Annual Review of Anthropology, 20, 433–367.
18. Callow, P. (1986). The flint tools. In P. Callow & J. Conrnford (Eds.), La Cotte de St Brelade (pp. 251–314). Norwich, United Kingdom: Geo Books.
19. Cardillo, M., & Charlin, J. (2016). Morphological diversification of stemmed projectile points of Patagonia (Southernmost South America). Assessing spatial patterns by means of phylogenies and comparative methods. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 261– 272). Dordrecht: Springer.
20. Caspar, J. P. B. M. (1996). Preparing for the hunt in the Late Paleolithic camp at Rekem, Belgium. Journal of Field Archaeology, 23, 437–460.
21. Clarkson, C. (2016). Testing archaeological approaches to determining past projectile delivery systems using ethnographic and experimental data. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 189–201). Dordrecht: Springer.
22. Cotterell, B., & Kamminga, J. (1979). The mechanics of flaking. In B. Hayden (Ed.), Lithic use-wear analysis (pp. 97–112). New York: Academic Press.
23. Darwin, C. G. (1871). The Descent of Man. London: Murray.
24. Domınguez-Rodrigo, M. (2002). Hunting and scavenging by early humans: The state of the debate. Journal of World Prehistory, 16, 1–54.
25. Domınguez-Rodrigo, M., Egeland, C. P., & Barba, R. (2007). Deconstructing Olduvai: A taphonomic study of the Bed I sites. Dordrecht: Springer.
26. Fischer, A., Hansen, P. V., & Rasmussen, P. (1984). Macro and microwear traces on lithic projectile points. Experimental results and prehistoric examples. Journal of Danish Archaeology, 3, 19– 46.
27. Frison, G. C. (1974). Archeology of the Casper Site. In G. C. Frison (Ed.), The Casper site: A Hell Gap bison kill on the High Plains. New York: Academic Press.
28. Fullagar, R. (2016). Uncertain evidence for weapons and craft tools: Functional investigations of Australian microlith. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 159–166). Dordrecht: Springer.
29. Gaudzinski, S. (2004). Subsistence patterns of early Pleistocene hominids in the Levant–taphonomic evidence from the ‘Ubeidiya formation (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science, 31, 65–75.
30. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. (2016). Hunting lesions in Pleistocene and early Holocene European bone assemblages and their implications for our knowledge on the use and timing of lithic projectile technology. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 77–100). Dordrecht: Springer.
31. Gaudzinski, S., & Roebroeks, W. (2000). Adults only. Reindeer hunting at the Middle Palaeolithic site Salzgitter Lebenstedt, Northern Germany. Journal of Human Evolution, 38, 497–521.
32. Geneste, J. M., & Plisson, H. (1993). Hunting technologies and human behavior: Lithic analysis of Solutrean shouldered points. In H. Knecht, A. Pike-Tay & R. White (Eds.), Before Lascaux: The complex record of the Early Upper Paleolithic (pp. 117–135). Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo: CRC Press.
33. Henshilwood, C. S., & Marean, C. W. (2003). The origin of modern human behavior. Current Anthropology, 44, 627–651.
34. Hitchcock, R., & Bleed, P. (1997). Each according to need and fashion: Spear and arrow use among San hunters of the Kalahari. In H. Knecht (Ed.), Projectile technology (pp. 345–368). New York: Plenum Press.
35. Hoffman, C. (1985). Projectile point maintenance and typology: Assessment with factor analysis and canonical correlation. In C. Carr (Ed.), For concordance in archaeological analysis: Bridging data structure, quantitative technique, and theory (pp. 566–612). Kansas City, MO: Wesport Press.
36. Holdaway, S., & Douglass, M. (2011). A twenty-first century archaeology of stone artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 19, 101–131.
37. Huckell, B. B. (1982). The Denver elephant project: A report on experimentation with thrusting spears. Plains Anthropologist, 27, 217–224.
38. Hutchings, K. (2016). When is a point a projectile? Morphology, impact fractures, scientific rigor, and the limits of inference. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 3–12). Dordrecht: Springer.
39. Iovita, R., Schönekeß, H., Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S., & Jäger, F. (2016). Identifying weapon delivery systems using macrofracture analysis and fracture propagation velocity: A controlled experiment. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 13–27). Dordrecht: Springer.
40. Kelterborn, P. (1999). Analysen und Experimente zu Herstellung und Gebrauch von horgener Pfeilspitzen. Jahrbuch der schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, 83, 37–64.
41. Knecht, H. (Ed.). (1997). Projectile technology. New York: Plenum Press.
42. Lamarck, J.-B. (1820). Système analytique des connaissances positives de l’homme (pp. 1–371). Paris: CNRS/A Belin.
43. Langley, M. C. (2016). More to the point: Developing a multi-faceted approach to investigating the curation of Magdalenian osseous projectile points. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 229–244). Dordrecht: Springer.
44. Lazuén, T. (2012). European Neanderthal stone hunting weapons reveal complex behaviour long before the appearance of modern humans. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 2304–2311.
45. Lee, R. B., & DeVore, I. (Eds.). (1968). Man the hunter. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
46. Lombard, M. (2005). Evidence of hunting and hafting during the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A multianalytical approach. Journal of Human Evolution, 48, 279– 300.
47. Lombard, M., & Pargeter, J. (2008). Hunting with Howiesons Poort segments: Pilot experimental study and the functional interpretation of archaeological tools. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35, 2523–2531.
48. Lombard, M., & Wadley, L. (2016). Hunting technologies during the Holwiesons Poort at Sibudu Cave: What they reveal about human cognition in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, between 65 and 62 ka. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 273–286). Dordrecht: Springer.
49. Marean, C. W., & Kim, S. Y. (1998). Mousterian large-mammal remains from Kobeh Cave: Behavioral implications for Neanderthals and early modern humans. Current Anthropology, 39 (supplement), 79–113.
50. Marreiros, J., Bicho, N., Gibaja, J., Cascalheira, J., & Pereira, T. (2016). Early Gravettian projectile technology in Southwestern Iberian Peninsula: The double backed and bipointed bladelets of Vale Boi (Portugal). In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 147–158). Dordrecht: Springer.
51. McBrearty, S., & Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn’t: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution, 39, 453–563.
52. Midoshima, T. (1991). Collisional flaking of the stone arrowhead and tanged point. Kodai, 92, 79–97.
53. Midoshima, T. (1996). Projectile experiments with backed points. Kanagawa Koko, 32, 79–97.
54. Milks, A., Dinnis, R., & Pope, M. (2016). Morphometric variability of Early Gravettian tanged “Font-Robert” points, and functional implications. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 135–146). Dordrecht: Springer.
55. Moss, E. H., & Newcomer, M. H. (1982). Reconstruction of tool use at Pincevent: Microwear and experiments in Tailler! Pourquoi faire: Préhistoire et technologie lithique II, Recent progress in microwear studies. Studia Praehistorica Belgica, 2, 289–312.
56. Münzel, S. C., & Conard, N. J. (2004). Cave bear hunting in the Hohle Fels, a cave site in the Ach Valley, Swabian Jura. Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève, 23, 877–885.
57. Newman, K., & Moore, M. W. (2013). Ballistically anomalous stone projectile points in Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40, 2614–2620.
58. Nitecki, M. H., & Nitecki, D. V. (1987). The evolution of human hunting. Springer.
59. Noe-Nygaard, N. (1974). Mesolithic hunting in Denmark illustrated by bone injuries caused by human weapons. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1, 217–248.
60. O’Connell, J. F. (1988). Hadza scavenging: Implications for Plio/Pleistocene hominid subsistence. Current Anthropology, 29, 356–363.
61. Odell, G. H., & Cowan, F. (1986). Experiments with spears and arrows on animal targets. Journal of Field Archaeology, 13, 195–212.
62. Odell, G. H., & Odell-Vereecken, F. (1980). Verifying the relationships of lithic use wear assessments by “blind tests”: The low-power approach. Journal of Field Archaeology, 7, 87–120.
63. Oswalt, W. H. (1976). An anthropological analysis of food-getting technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
64. Peterkin, G. L., Bricker, H. M., & Mellars, P. (1993). Hunting and animal exploitation in the later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Archaeological papers of the American Anthropological Association.
65. Pétillon, J.-M., Plisson, H., & Cattelain, P. (2016). Thirty years of experimental research on the breakage patterns of Stone Age osseous points. Overview, methodological problems and current perspectives. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 47–63). Dordrecht: Springer.
66. Pruetz, J. D., & Bertolani, P. (2007). Savannah chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, hunt with tools. Current Biology, 17, 412–417.
67. Rabinovich, R., Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S., Kindler, L., & Goren-Inbar, N. (2011). The Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov (Vol. III). Berlin: Springer.
68. Rios-Garaizar, J. (2016). Experimental and archeological observations of Northern Iberian Peninsula Middle Paleolithic Mousterian point assemblages. Testing the potential use of throwing spears among Neanderthals. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 213–225). Dordrecht: Springer.
69. Rots, V. (2009). The functional analysis of the Mousterian and Micoquian assemblages of Sesselfelsgrotte, Germany: Aspects of tool use and hafting in the European late Middle Palaeolithic. Quartär, 56, 37–66.
70. Rots, V. (2013). Insights into early Middle Palaeolithic tool use and hafting in western Europe. The functional analysis of level IIa of the early Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache Saint-Vaast (France). Journal of Archaeological Science, 40, 497–506.
71. Rots, V. (2016). Projectiles and hafting technology. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 167–185). Dordrecht: Springer.
72. Rust, A. (1943). Die alt- und mittelsteinzeitlichen Funde von Stellmoor. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag.
73. Sano, K., Denda, Y., & Oba, M. (2016). Experiments in fracture patterns and impact velocity with replica hunting weapons from Japan. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 29–46). Dordrecht: Springer.
74. Salem, P. E., & Churchill, S. E. (2016). Penetration, tissue damage, and lethality of wood- versus lithic-tipped projectiles. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 203–212). Dordrecht: Springer.
75. Schiffer, M. B. (1987). Formation processes of the archaeological record. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
76. Semenov, S. A. (1964). Prehistoric technology: An experimental study of the oldest tools and artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear. London: Cory, Adams, & Mackey.
77. Shea, J. J. (1988). Spear points from the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Journal of Field Archaeology, 15, 441–450.
78. Shea, J. J., & Sisk, M. L. (2010). Complex projectile technology and Homo sapiens dispersal into western Eurasia. PaleoAnthropology, 2010, 100–122.
79. Shott, M. J. (1996). An exegesis of the curation concept. Journal of Anthropological Research, 52, 259–280.
80. Shott, M. J. (2016). Survivorship distribution in experimental spear points: Implications for tool design and assemblage formation. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 245–258). Dordrecht: Springer.
81. Sisk, M. L., & Shea, J. J. (2011). The African origin of complex projectile technology: An analysis using tip cross-sectional area and perimeter. International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2011, 1– 8. doi:10.4061/2011/968012.
82. Stiner, M. C. (1994). Honor among thieves: A zooarchaeological study of neandertal ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
83. Stoczkowski, W. (2002). Explaining human origins. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge University Press.
84. Thieme, H. (1997). Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature, 385, 807–810.
85. Tringham, R., Cooper, G., Odell, G. H., Voytek, B., & Whitman, A. (1974). Experimentation in the formation of edge damage: A new approach to lithic analysis. Journal of Field Archaeology, 1, 171–196.
86. Troels-Smith, J. (1959). En elmetreaes bue fra aamosen og andre traesager fra tidlig-neolitisk tid. Aarboger for nordisk, 122–146.
87. Tsirk, A. (1979). Regarding fracture initiations. In B. Hayden (Ed.), Lithic use-wear analysis (pp. 83–96). New York: Academic Press.
88. Villa, P., Boscato, P., Ranaldo, F., & Ronchitelli, A. (2009). Stone tools for the hunt: Points with impact scars from a Middle Paleolithic site in southern Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, 850–859.
89. Waguespack, N. M., Surovell, T. A., Denoyer, A., Dallow, A., Savage, A., Hyneman, J., et al. (2009). Making a point: Wood versus stone-tipped projectiles. Antiquity, 83, 786–800.
90. Wannenburgh, A., Johnson, P., & Bannister, A. (1999). The Bushmen. Cape Town: Struik.
91. Whittaker, J. C. (2016). Levers, not springs: How a spearthrower works and why it matters. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 65–74). Dordrecht: Springer.
92. Wiessner, P. (1983). Style and social information in Kalahari San projectile points. American Antiquity, 48, 253–276.
93. Wilkins, J., & Schoville, B. J. (2016). Edge damage on 500-thousand-year-old spear tips from Kathu Pan 1, South Africa: The combined effects of spear use and taphonomic processes. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 101–117). Dordrecht: Springer.
94. Wilkins, J., Schoville, B. J., Brown, K. S., & Chazan, M. (2012). Evidence for early hafted hunting technology. Science, 338, 942– 946.
95. Yaroshevich, A., Zaidner, Y., & Weinstein-Evron, M. (2016). Projectile damage and point morphometry at the Early Middle Paleolithic Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel (Isral): Preliminary results and interpretations. In R. Iovita & K. Sano (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to the study of Stone Age weaponry (pp. 119–134). Dordrecht: Springer.
96. Yaroshevich, A., Kaufman, D., Nuzhnyy, D., Bar-Yosef, O., & Weinstein-Evron, M. (2010). Design and performance of microlith implemented projectiles during the Middle and the Late Epipaleolithic of the Levant: Experimental and archaeological evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37, 368–388.