Security provider or security consumer? The European union and conflict management

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 517-536

  Barbe, Esther ^a,b   Kienzle, Benjamin ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals Observatory of European Foreign Policy   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85044796705     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2007043     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. See European Council, A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy, Brussels, 12 December 2003, pp. 3-5.
2. See F. Duchêne, 'Europe in World Peace' in R. Mayne (ed.), Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead (Fontana, London, 1972), pp. 32-49
3. I. Manners, 'Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?' (2002) 40 Journal of Common Market Studies, pp. 235-258.
4. Special issue, edited by H. Sjursen, entitled 'What Kind of Power? European Foreign Policy in Perspective' (2006) 13 Journal of European Public Policy.
5. I. Manners, 'Normative Power Europe Reconsidered: Beyond the Crossroads' (2006) 13 Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 182-199.
6. See B. Giegerich and W. Wallace, 'Not Such a Soft Power: The External Deployment of European Forces' (2004) 46 Survival, pp. 163-182.
7. N. Gnesotto, 'Editorial: European Strategy as a Model', Newsletter, No. 9, Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 2004, pp. 1 and 4.
8. See M. Lerch and G. Schwellnus, 'Normative by Nature? The Role of Coherence in Justifying the EU's External Human Rights Policy' (2006) 13 Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 304-321. They actually argue that the EU's normative power depends heavily on the interaction between its policy goals, means and justifications, and therefore varies between different issue areas.
9. R. Dannreuther, 'Developing the Alternative to Enlargement: The European Neighbourhood Policy' (2006) 11 EFA Rev., pp. 194-198.
10. See E. Barbé, 'Defining Security in the Wider Europe Policy: A Critical Assessment', unpublished paper presented at the CHALLENGE conference Internal Freedom versus External Security? Assessing EU Policy in JHA and CFSP, 2005.
11. See K. Longhurst, 'From Security Consumer to Security Provider: Poland and Transatlantic Security in the Twenty-First Century' (2002) 2 Defence Studies, pp. 51-52. Longhurst herself refers to state actors. Nevertheless, her categorization is also useful for the EU.
12. See J. Huysmans, 'The European Union and the Securitization of Migration' (2000) 38 Journal of Common Market Studies, pp. 751-777.
13. See R. Youngs (ed.), Survey of European Democracy Promotion Policies 2000-2006 (FRIDE, Madrid, 2006), pp. 51-80.
14. 'A Human Security Doctrine for Europe: The Barcelona Report of the Study Group on Europe's Security Capabilities' in M. Glasius and M. Kaldor (eds), A Human Security Doctrine for Europe: Project, Principles, Practicalities (Routledge, London, 2006), p. 330.
15. European Security Strategy, note 1 above, p. 4.
16. For an overview of the Transnistrian conflict and the various issues involved, see 'Moldova's Uncertain Future', Europe Report, No. 175, International Crisis Group, 2006, available at
17. M. Vahl and M. Emerson, 'Chapter 4: Moldova and the Transnistrian Conflict' (2004) 1 Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, available at .
18. 'Moldova: No Quick Fix', Europe Report, No. 147, International Crisis Group, 2003, available at .
19. See N. Popescu, 'The EU in Moldova: Settling Conflicts in the Neighbourhood', Occasional Paper, No. 60, Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 2005, pp. 9-13.
20. See European Commission, Country Strategy Paper 2002-2006/National Indicative Programme 2002-2003 Moldova, 27 December 2001
21. European Commission, Country Strategy Paper 2002-2006/National Indicative Programme 2005-2006 Moldova, undated.
22. European Commission, Country Strategy Paper 2002-2006/National Indicative Programme 2002-2003, 27 December 2001, p. 7.
23. See European Commission, European Neighbourhood Policy, Country Report: Moldova SEC(2004) 567, Brussels, 12 May 2004
24. EU-Moldova Action Plan, undated.
25. General Affairs Council, 'Moldova: Council Conclusions', 2590th Council Meeting 10189/04 (Presse 195), Luxembourg, 14 June 2004, pp. 14-15.
26. See Economist Intelligence Unit ViewsWire, 'Heading for the Exit', The Economist, 30 January 2007, available at
27. G. Dura, EU Membership Gives Romania New Opportunities in Its Relations with Moldova, Centre for European Policy Studies, 31 January 2007, available at .
28. Interestingly, the EU BAM's website can be found on the Council's website for ESDP missions:
29. See Council of the European Union, Annual Report from the Council to the European Parliament on the Main Aspects and Basic Choices of CFSP, 10314/06, Brussels, 8 June 2006, p. 69.
30. See European Commission, ENP at Work: Ukraine and Moldova to Strengthen Border Cooperation, IP/06/1592, Brussels, 21 November 2006
31. Council of the European Union, EU-Ukraine Summit: Joint Press Statement, 14604/06 (Presse 297), Helsinki, 27 October 2006.
32. See O. Protsyk, 'Moldova's Dilemmas in Democratizing and Reintegrating Transnistria' (2006) 53 Problems of Post-Communism, p. 35.
33. Officially called the European Commission for Democracy through Law, the Venice Commission is an advisory body of the Council of Europe on constitutional matters. See .
34. See M. Vahl, 'The Europeanisation of the Transnistrian Conflict', CEPS Policy Brief, No. 73, Centre for European Policy Studies, 2005, p. 2.
35. See D. Lynch, 'The Security Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy' (2005) 40 International Spectator, pp. 37-38.
36. Council of the European Union, Council Joint Action 2005/265/CFSP of 23 March 2005 Appointing a Special Representative of the European Union for Moldova, OJ L81/50-52, 30 March 2005.
37. Council of the European Union, Council Common Position 2003/139/CFSP of 27 February 2003 Concerning Restrictive Measures against the Leadership of the Transnistrian Region of the Moldovan Republic, OJ L53/60-61, 28 February 2003.
38. The corresponding Common Positions are available at .
39. See Moldova: No Quick Fix, note 18 above, p. 26
40. See J. Dempsey, 'European Union Intervention: Troops May Play Peacekeeping Role in Moldova', Financial Times, 11 July 2003, p. 7.
41. See D. Lynch, 'Russia Faces Europe', Chaillot Papers, No. 60, Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 2003, p. 98.
42. C. Bretherton and J. Vogler, The European Union as a Global Actor (2nd edn, Routledge, London, 2006), p. 210.
43. See N. Popescu, '"Outsourcing" de facto Statehood: Russia and the Secessionist Entibies in Georgia and Moldova', CEPS Policy Brief, No. 109, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, 2006.
44. See 'Europe: A Thaw in the River', The Economist, 21 April 2007, p. 39
45. A. Rettman, 'EU Tries to Reassert Role in Future of Moldova', Euobserver, 25 May 2007, available at .
46. In 2005, the largest share of crude oil (36.4%) and gas imports (36.7%) into the EU came from the former Soviet Union and Russia respectively. See European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, European Union: Energy and Transport in Figures 2006: Part 2: Energy, available at .
47. See A. Rahr, 'The New OPEC: How Russia Aims to Become a Global Energy Power' (2006) 7 Internationale Politik: Transatlantic Edition, pp. 69-76.
48. See Romania's Position Document, UE-RO 1806/06, 12th EU-Romania Association Council, Brussels, 20 March 2006.