When do journalists learn about ethics? An examination of introductory and graduating students’ ethical perceptions

Journalism and Mass Communication Educator

Volumn 62, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 161-175

  Reinardy, Scott ^a   Moore, Jensen ^b  

^a BALL STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85044505665     PISSN: 10776958     EISSN: 21614326     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769580706200204     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Ron F. Smith, Groping for Ethics in Journalism, 4th ed. (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1999).
2. Marianne Jennings, “In Search of Journalistic Ethics,” USA Today Magazine, July 1, 2000, 56-57.
3. Dan Trigoboff, “New Rules,” Broadcasting 6. Cable 130 (11 September 2000): 52-54.
4. Jason Garcia, “Ethics Hotline,” American Journalism Review 23 (March 2001): 17.
5. William A. Hachten, The Troubles of Journalism: A Critical Look at What’s Right and Wrong with the Press, 2d ed. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 2001).
6. Lori Robertson, “Ethically Challenged,” American Journalism Review 23 (March 2001): 20-29;
7. Jean Burleson Mackay, “The Media Ethics Necessity” (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Toronto, Ontario, 2004).
8. X Mackay, “The Media Ethics Necessity”; Maggie Jones Patterson and Steve Urbanski, “What Jayson Blair and Janet Cooke Say about the Press and the Erosion of Public Trust” (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Toronto, Ontario, 2004)
9. Dan Shaver, “Newsroom Ethics: Peeling the Onion” (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJCMC, Toronto, Ontario, 2004).
10. Leo C. Rosten, The Washington Correspondents (NY Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1937), 219-36.
11. Warren Breed, “Social Control in the Newsroom: A Functional Analysis,” Social Forces 33 (May 1955): 326-35.
12. Michael Bugeja, “Ethics Are Lived, Not Learned,” Quill 88 (April 2000): 15-17.
13. Lee Anne Peck, “Misplaced Confidence? The Validity of a Media Ethics Course” (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Toronto, Ontario, 2004)
14. Gary Hanson, “Learning Ethics on the Job or in the Classroom?” ASJMC Insights (fall 2001).
15. Erik H. Erickson, Childhood and Society (New York: Norton, 1964).
16. Lawrence Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach,” in Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues, ed. Thomas Lickona (NY Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976).
17. William Graves Perry, Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme (NY Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970).
18. Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization”.
19. Perry, Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years.
20. Sonya Forte Duhe, “Letting Students Live the Challenge of Practicing Ethical Journalism,” ASJMC Insights (fall 2001).
21. David M. Arant and Phil Meyer, “Changing Values in the Newsroom: A Survey of Daily Newspaper Staff Members,” Nieman Reports 51 (fall 1997).
22. USA Today, “USA TodayIGallup Poll,” December 11, 2006, http://www.usatoday.com/news/polls/tables/live/2006-12-11-ethics.htm (December 21, 2006).
23. USA Today, “USA Today/Gallup Poll.”.
24. Kelly McBride, “Journalists: More Ethical Than People Realize?” Poynter online, December 17, 2004, http://www.poynter.org/content/content-view.asp?id=75962 (October 20, 2005).
25. Brian Brooks, George Kennedy, Daryl R. Moen, and Don Ranly, News Reporting and Writing (Boston: BedfordISt. Martin’s, 2002).
26. Associated Press Managing Editors, “APME statement of ethical principles,”
27. http://www.apme.com/ethics (October 20, 2005).
28. Joseph S. Myers, The Journalistic Code of Ethics: A Collection of Codes, Creeds and Suggestions for the Guidance of Editors and Publishers (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1922).
29. Craig Branson, “A Look at the Formation of ASNE,” April 25, 2002, http://www.asne.org/print.cfm?printer-page=% 2Findex%2Ecfm%3FID%3D3460 (October 20, 2005).
30. Cleve Mathews, “Ethical Codes and Beyond,” Nieman Reports 48 (spring 1994): 73-76.
31. David Pritchard and Madelyn Peroni Morgan, “Impact of Ethics Codes on Judgments by Journalists: A Natural Experiment,” Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 934-41.
32. Herb Strentz, “Universal Ethical Standards?” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 17 (fall 2002): 263-76.
33. Kenneth Starck, “What’s Right/Wrong with Journalism Ethics Research?” Journalism Studies 2 (Febr-Starck, 2001): 133-52.
34. Starck “What’s RightIWrong.”.
35. Lee Wilkins and Renita Coleman, The Moral Media: How Journalists Reason about Ethics (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 2005).
36. Wilkins and Coleman, The Moral Media, 3.
37. Erickson, Childhood and Society.
38. Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization”.
39. Perry, Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years.
40. Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization.”.
41. Perry, Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years, 207-08.
42. James R. Rest, “Background: Theory and Research,” in Moral Development in the Professions, ed. James R. Rest and Darcia Narvaez (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1994).
43. Rest, “Background: Theory and Research,” 17.uary 2001: 133-52.
44. Keith Goree, “Teaching Moral Development in Journalism Education,” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 15 (spring 2000): 101-14.
45. Goree, “Teaching Moral Development,” 102.
46. Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content (White Plains, NY Longman Publishers, 1996).
47. David H. Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit, The American Journalist:A Portrait of U S. News People and Their Work (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986)
48. David H. Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit, The American Journalist in the 2990s: U S. News People at the End of an Era (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates,1996).
49. st Century: U S. News People at the Dawn of a New Millennium (Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Earlbaum Assoc., 2007).
50. Breed, “Social Control.”
51. Breed, “Social Control,” 328.
52. Gary Hanson, “Learning Journalism Ethics: The Classroom versus the Real World,” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 17 (summer 2002): 235-47.
53. Hanson, “Learning Journalism Ethics,” 245.
54. Edmund B. Lambeth, Clifford G. Christians, Kenneth Fleming, and Seow Ting Lee, “Media Ethics Teaching in Century 21: Progress, Problems, and Challenges,” Journalism b Mass Communication Educator 59 (autumn Lambeth et al., “Media Ethics Wilkins and Coleman, The 2004): 239-58.
55. Teaching,” 2 5 1. Moral Media.
56. Wilkins and Coleman, The Moral Media. 129.
57. James H. Watt and Sjef A. van den Berg, Research Methods for Communication Science (Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 1995).
58. This response rate was undoubtedly lower due to the fact that many journalism students in the introductory course are advertisinglstrategic communication or photojournalism track students who did not fit into either the broadcast or print categories specified in this study.
59. Matthias Schonlau, Ronald D. Fricker Jr., and Marc N. Elliott, Conducting Research Survey Via E-mail and the Web (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2002)
60. Roger D. Wimmer and Joseph R. Dominick, Mass Media Research: An Introduction, 8th ed. (Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education, 2006).
61. The ethics courses taken by introductory journalism students were probably either (1) taken in high school or (2) taken in a different program as the class recruited from is the very first class required in the journalism program at the particular university of study.
62. The ethics courses taken by introductory journalism students were probably either (1) taken in high school or (2) taken in a different program as the class recruited from is the very first class required in the journalism program at the particular university of study.
63. T statistics, df, and significance levels using equal variances not assumed were used for those groups that violated Levine’s test for equality of variances. Questions were specific to either print or broadcast practices. For instance, the broadcast survey asked respondents to rate the statement, “Coaching a source on how to respond or improve a sound bite.” Clearly that is not applicable to print journalism so it was excluded from the print survey.
64. Hanson, “Learning Journalism Ethics.”.
65. Hanson, “Learning Journalism Ethics,” 245.
66. Wilkins and Coleman, The Moral Media; Erickson, Childhood and Society; Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization”
67. Perry, Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years.
68. Wilkins and Coleman, The Moral Media; Erickson, Childhood and Society; Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization”
69. Perry, Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years.
70. Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization.”.
71. Wilkins and Coleman, The Moral Media.
72. Wilkins and Coleman, The Moral Media, 113.
73. Weaver and Wilhoit, The American Journalist; Weaver and Wilhoit, The American Journalist in the 1990s
74. et al.Weaver, The American Journalist in the 21st Centuq.
75. Rosten, The Washington Correspondents.
76. Breed, “Social Control”.
77. Weaver and Wilhoit, The American Journalist
78. Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message.
79. Perry, Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years.
80. Goree, “Teaching Moral Development.”
81. Rest, “Background: Theory and Research.”
82. Rest, “Background: Theory and Research.” 16.